Update Dockerfile, use Ubuntu 24.04 LTS

[dweindl]

Requires installing amici inside a virtual environment (This environment is externally managed [...]).

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 77.92%. Comparing base (ffe2dc9) to head (213c8c4).
Report is 1 commits behind head on develop.

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff             @@
##           develop    #2698      +/-   ##
===========================================
+ Coverage    77.91%   77.92%   +0.01%     
===========================================
  Files          326      326              
  Lines        22999    22999              
  Branches      1479     1479              
===========================================
+ Hits         17920    17923       +3     
+ Misses        5068     5065       -3     
  Partials        11       11              

Flag	Coverage Δ
cpp	74.78% <ø> (+0.01%)	⬆️
cpp_python	33.58% <ø> (ø)
petab	39.44% <ø> (ø)
python	72.96% <ø> (+<0.01%)	⬆️

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see 3 files with indirect coverage changes

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