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<h1 class="entry-title single-entry-title"> Researchers Sequence Genome of Giant Symbiotic Bacterium</h1>
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<span class="date"> Dec 19, 2023 by </span>
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<article id="post-96222" class="post-96222 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-biology category-genetics tag-acanthuridae tag-bacteria tag-bulbnose-unicornfish tag-dna tag-epulopiscium tag-epulopiscium-viviparus tag-fish tag-gene tag-genome tag-heterotroph tag-metabolism tag-naso tag-naso-tonganus tag-protein tag-surgeonfish tag-symbiosis tag-unicornfish">
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<p><strong>Giant bacteria are intriguing, underexplored biological enigmas. Many well-studied giants use abundant internal small-molecule stores and/or light to satisfy their oversized energy demands. However, the ways giant heterotrophs (organisms that cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources of organic carbon) fulfill their expanded needs remain elusive. Bacteria of the genus <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epulonipiscium" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>Epulopiscium</em></a> are intestinal symbionts of tropical marine surgeonfish that are exceptional and unique in the bacterial world. They are the largest known heterotrophic bacteria — a large cigar-shaped individual is a million times the volume of <a href="https://www.sci.news/biology/escherichia-coli-bacteria-multigenerational-memory-12481.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>Escherichia coli</em></a>. To determine how <em>Epulopiscium</em> bacteria fuel their robust metabolism, biologists generated a high-quality draft genome of <em>Epulopiscium viviparus</em> and reconstructed its metabolic potential using a comprehensive approach.</strong></p>
<div id="attachment_96223" style="width: 590px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://cdn.sci.news/images/enlarge11/image_12545e-Epulopiscium-viviparus.jpg"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-96223" class="wp-image-96223 size-full" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12545-Epulopiscium-viviparus.jpg" alt="Confocal micrograph of Epulopiscium viviparus. Image credit: Sannino et al., doi: 10.1073/pnas.2306160120." width="580" height="352" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12545-Epulopiscium-viviparus.jpg 580w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12545-Epulopiscium-viviparus-300x182.jpg 300w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12545-Epulopiscium-viviparus-80x50.jpg 80w" sizes="(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px"></a><p id="caption-attachment-96223" class="wp-caption-text">Confocal micrograph of <em>Epulopiscium viviparus</em>. Image credit: Sannino <em>et al</em>., doi: 10.1073/pnas.2306160120.</p></div>
<p>“This incredible giant bacterium is unique and interesting in so many ways: its enormous size, its mode of reproduction, the methods by which it meets its metabolic needs and more,” said Cornell University Professor Esther Angert, senior authors of the study.</p>
<p>“Revealing the genomic potential of this organism just kind of blew our minds.”</p>
<p>First discovered in 1985, <em>Epulopiscium</em> bacteria live symbiotically within the intestinal tracts of surgeonfish in the family <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthuridae" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Acanthuridae</a> in tropical marine coral reef environments, such as the Great Barrier Reef and in the Red Sea.</p>
<p>Because of its gargantuan size, scientists initially believed it was some distinct type of protozoan.</p>
<p>“Studying these giant bacteria requires capturing the fish in which they live and preserving the cells or extracting DNA and RNA as quickly and carefully as possible,” Professor Angert said.</p>
<p>Professor Angert and her colleagues were especially interested to learn how <em>Epulopiscium viviparus</em> fuels its extreme metabolic needs.</p>
<p>Bacteria that feed off nutrients in their environment, rather than creating their own energy from sunlight, generally fall into two camps: those that have access to oxygen and those that don’t.</p>
<p>“Without oxygen, bacteria often use fermentation to extract energy, and fermenting organisms just don’t get as much bang for the buck from nutrients,” Professor Angert said.</p>
<p><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/uTl8D6arBes?si=pwZEL-0sbptkd0hD" width="580" height="326" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>Seeing that <em>Epulopiscium viviparus</em> is indeed a fermenter just made the puzzle larger, as its huge size, extreme reproduction and ability to swim would all require more energy, not less.</p>
<p>The researchers discovered that <em>Epulopiscium viviparus</em> has modified its metabolism to make the most of its environment, by using a rare method to make energy and to move (the same swimming method is used by the bacteria that cause cholera), and by devoting a huge portion of its genetic code to making enzymes that can harvest the nutrients available in its host’s gut.</p>
<p>Among the most highly produced enzymes are those used to make <a href="https://www.acs.org/molecule-of-the-week/archive/a/adenosine-triphosphate.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ATP</a>, the energy currency of all cells.</p>
<p>A highly folded membrane that runs along the outer edge of <em>Epulopiscium viviparus</em> provides important space for the energy-producing and -transporting proteins, with some surprising similarities to how mitochondria function in the cells of more complex organisms.</p>
<p>“We all know that phrase ‘the mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell,’ and amazingly, these membranes in <em>Epulopiscium viviparus</em> have kind of converged on the same model as the mitochondria,” Professor Angert said.</p>
<p>“They have a highly folded membrane that increases surface area where these energy-producing pumps can work, and that increased surface area creates a powerhouse of energy.”</p>
<p>“This basic research has a host of potential future applications, particularly as <em>Epulopiscium viviparus</em> has such effective strategies to make use of the nutrients found in algae.”</p>
<p>“Algae is a growing target for livestock feeds, renewable energy and human nutrition, since its growth doesn’t compete with land-based agriculture.”</p>
<p>The <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2306160120" target="_blank" rel="noopener">study</a> appears in the <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em>.</p>
<p><span style="color: #808080;">_____</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #808080;">David R. Sannino <em>et al</em>. 2023. The exceptional form and function of the giant bacterium Ca. <em>Epulopiscium viviparus</em> revolves around its sodium motive force. <em>PNAS</em> 120 (52): e2306160120; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2306160120</span></p>
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<div class="single-tags"> <a href="https://www.sci.news/tag/acanthuridae" rel="tag">Acanthuridae</a><a href="https://www.sci.news/tag/bacteria" rel="tag">Bacteria</a><a href="https://www.sci.news/tag/bulbnose-unicornfish" rel="tag">Bulbnose unicornfish</a><a href="https://www.sci.news/tag/dna" rel="tag">DNA</a><a href="https://www.sci.news/tag/epulopiscium" rel="tag">Epulopiscium</a><a href="https://www.sci.news/tag/epulopiscium-viviparus" rel="tag">Epulopiscium viviparus</a><a href="https://www.sci.news/tag/fish" rel="tag">Fish</a><a href="https://www.sci.news/tag/gene" rel="tag">Gene</a><a href="https://www.sci.news/tag/genome" rel="tag">Genome</a><a href="https://www.sci.news/tag/heterotroph" rel="tag">Heterotroph</a><a href="https://www.sci.news/tag/metabolism" rel="tag">Metabolism</a><a href="https://www.sci.news/tag/naso" rel="tag">Naso</a><a href="https://www.sci.news/tag/naso-tonganus" rel="tag">Naso tonganus</a><a href="https://www.sci.news/tag/protein" rel="tag">Protein</a><a href="https://www.sci.news/tag/surgeonfish" rel="tag">Surgeonfish</a><a href="https://www.sci.news/tag/symbiosis" rel="tag">Symbiosis</a><a href="https://www.sci.news/tag/unicornfish" rel="tag">Unicornfish</a></div>
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<div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/biology/limnonectes-phyllofolia-12555.html" title="New Species of Tiny Fanged Frog Discovered in Indonesia"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12555f-Limnonectes-phyllofolia-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="Limnonectes phyllofolia. Image credit: Frederick et al., doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292598." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12555f-Limnonectes-phyllofolia-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12555f-Limnonectes-phyllofolia-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px"></a></div>
<div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href="https://www.sci.news/biology/limnonectes-phyllofolia-12555.html" title="New Species of Tiny Fanged Frog Discovered in Indonesia">New Species of Tiny Fanged Frog Discovered in Indonesia</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Dec 21, 2023 |
Biology</span> </div>
</div>
<div class="block-item-small">
<div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/astronomy/highly-active-repeating-fast-radio-burst-12554.html" title="Astronomers Detect Highly Active Repeating Fast Radio Burst"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2015/12/image_3484f-Fast-Radio-Burst-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="An artist’s impression of FRB 110523 reaching Earth; the colors represent the burst arriving at different radio wavelengths, with long wavelengths (red) arriving seconds after short wavelengths (blue). Image credit: Jingchuan Yu / Beijing Planetarium." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2015/12/image_3484f-Fast-Radio-Burst-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2015/12/image_3484f-Fast-Radio-Burst-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px"></a></div>
<div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href="https://www.sci.news/astronomy/highly-active-repeating-fast-radio-burst-12554.html" title="Astronomers Detect Highly Active Repeating Fast Radio Burst">Astronomers Detect Highly Active Repeating Fast Radio Burst</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Dec 21, 2023 |
Astronomy</span> </div>
</div>
<div class="block-item-small">
<div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/space/enceladus-surface-pristine-organic-material-12553.html" title="Enceladus’ Surface May Contain Relatively High Abundances of Pristine Organic Material"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2019/12/image_7889f-Enceladus-Tiger-Stripes-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="Enceladus’ tiger stripes are known to be spewing ice from the moon’s icy interior into space, creating a cloud of fine ice particles over the moon’s south pole and creating Saturn’s mysterious E-ring. Evidence for this has come from NASA’s Cassini spacecraft that orbited Saturn from 2004 to 2017. Pictured here, a high resolution image of Enceladus is shown from a close flyby. Tiger stripes are visible in false-color blue. Image credit: NASA / ESA / JPL / SSI / Cassini Imaging Team." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2019/12/image_7889f-Enceladus-Tiger-Stripes-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2019/12/image_7889f-Enceladus-Tiger-Stripes-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px"></a></div>
<div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href="https://www.sci.news/space/enceladus-surface-pristine-organic-material-12553.html" title="Enceladus’ Surface May Contain Relatively High Abundances of Pristine Organic Material">Enceladus’ Surface May Contain Relatively High Abundances of Pristine Organic Material</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Dec 21, 2023 |
Astrobiology</span> </div>
</div>
<div class="block-item-small">
<div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/astronomy/hubble-dwarf-irregular-galaxy-ugc-8091-12552.html" title="Hubble Takes Close Look at UGC 8091"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12552-UGC-8091-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="This Hubble image shows UGC 8091, a dwarf irregular galaxy some 7 million light-years away in the constellation of Virgo. The color image was made from separate exposures taken with Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) and Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3). Image credit: NASA / ESA / Hubble / Yumi Choi, NSF’s NOIRLab / Karoline Gilbert, STScI / Julianne Dalcanton, Center for Computational Astrophysics & Flatiron Institute, University of Washington." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12552-UGC-8091-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12552-UGC-8091-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px"></a></div>
<div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href="https://www.sci.news/astronomy/hubble-dwarf-irregular-galaxy-ugc-8091-12552.html" title="Hubble Takes Close Look at UGC 8091">Hubble Takes Close Look at UGC 8091</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Dec 20, 2023 |
Astronomy</span> </div>
</div>
<div class="block-item-small">
<div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/space/nasa-deep-space-optical-communications-12551.html" title="NASA Streams Cat Video from Deep Space via Laser"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12551-Taters-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="A computer screen shows Taters the cat in a still from the first high-definition streaming video to be sent via laser from deep space, as well as the incoming data stream delivering the frames from the video. Image credit: NASA." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12551-Taters-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12551-Taters-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px"></a></div>
<div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href="https://www.sci.news/space/nasa-deep-space-optical-communications-12551.html" title="NASA Streams Cat Video from Deep Space via Laser">NASA Streams Cat Video from Deep Space via Laser</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Dec 20, 2023 |
Space Exploration</span> </div>
</div>
<div class="block-item-small">
<div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/archaeology/northwest-shelf-12250.html" title="Up To Half Million People Once Lived on Now-Submerged Northwest Shelf of Sahul"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12550-Northwest-Shelf-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="Map of Sahul showing the extent of the now-submerged continental shelf (dark gray), with the area of the Northwest Shelf demarcated by a dashed black box, and the present-day distribution of the Köppen climate groups (seasonal precipitation and temperature) showing the extent of modern-day Australia and New Guinea. The tropical distribution of Late Pleistocene sites containing early axe technology are shown as black circles, sites without early axe technology as gray circles, and sites demonstrating Late Pleistocene occupation of the now submerged continental shelves as white circles. Image credit: Peter Hiscock / Norman et al., doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108418." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12550-Northwest-Shelf-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12550-Northwest-Shelf-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px"></a></div>
<div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href="https://www.sci.news/archaeology/northwest-shelf-12250.html" title="Up To Half Million People Once Lived on Now-Submerged Northwest Shelf of Sahul">Up To Half Million People Once Lived on Now-Submerged Northwest Shelf of Sahul</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Dec 20, 2023 |
Archaeology</span> </div>
</div>
<div class="block-item-small">
<div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/astronomy/christmas-tree-star-cluster-image-12549.html" title="Astronomers Release Stunning Image of ‘Christmas Tree’ Star Cluster"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12549-NGC-2264-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="This composite image shows the young star cluster NGC 2264, also known as the Christmas Tree Cluster. Image credit: NASA / CXC / SAO / T.A. Rector, NRAO, AUI, NSF, NOIRLab & AURA / B.A. Wolpa, NOIRLab, NSF & AURA / IPAC / Caltech / Universe of Massachusetts / L. Frattare / J.Major." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12549-NGC-2264-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12549-NGC-2264-300x300.jpg 300w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12549-NGC-2264-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12549-NGC-2264.jpg 580w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px"></a></div>
<div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href="https://www.sci.news/astronomy/christmas-tree-star-cluster-image-12549.html" title="Astronomers Release Stunning Image of ‘Christmas Tree’ Star Cluster">Astronomers Release Stunning Image of ‘Christmas Tree’ Star Cluster</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Dec 20, 2023 |
Astronomy</span> </div>
</div>
<div class="block-item-small">
<div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/biology/human-driven-bird-extinctions-12548.html" title="Humans May Have Led to Extinction of At Least 1,300 Bird Species since Pleistocene: Study"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12548-Bird-Extinctions-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="Human colonization and associated bird extinctions: human expansion across the planet is classified into four major waves; major human dispersal routes are indicated with arrows, and silhouettes show example fossil (pre-Holocene - 1500 CE) and observed (1500 CE - present) bird extinctions. Image credit: Cooke et al., doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-43445-2." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12548-Bird-Extinctions-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12548-Bird-Extinctions-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px"></a></div>
<div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href="https://www.sci.news/biology/human-driven-bird-extinctions-12548.html" title="Humans May Have Led to Extinction of At Least 1,300 Bird Species since Pleistocene: Study">Humans May Have Led to Extinction of At Least 1,300 Bird Species since Pleistocene: Study</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Dec 20, 2023 |
Biology</span> </div>
</div>
<div class="block-item-small">
<div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/paleontology/gremlin-slobodorum-12547.html" title="New Herbivorous Dinosaur Species Identified in Canada"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12547f-Gremlin-slobodorum-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="Gremlin slobodorum. Image credit: Ddinodan / Sci.News." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12547f-Gremlin-slobodorum-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12547f-Gremlin-slobodorum-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px"></a></div>
<div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href="https://www.sci.news/paleontology/gremlin-slobodorum-12547.html" title="New Herbivorous Dinosaur Species Identified in Canada">New Herbivorous Dinosaur Species Identified in Canada</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Dec 19, 2023 |
Paleontology</span> </div>
</div>
<div class="block-item-small">
<div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/astronomy/webb-gravitationally-lensing-galaxy-cluster-12546.html" title="Webb Focuses on Gravitationally-Lensing Galaxy Cluster"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12546-SDSS-J1226-2152-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="This Hubble image shows the galaxy cluster SDSS J1226+2152. Image credit: NASA / ESA / CSA / Webb / J. Rigby / JWST TEMPLATES Team." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12546-SDSS-J1226-2152-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12546-SDSS-J1226-2152-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px"></a></div>
<div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href="https://www.sci.news/astronomy/webb-gravitationally-lensing-galaxy-cluster-12546.html" title="Webb Focuses on Gravitationally-Lensing Galaxy Cluster">Webb Focuses on Gravitationally-Lensing Galaxy Cluster</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Dec 19, 2023 |
Astronomy</span> </div>
</div>
<div class="block-item-small">
<div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/biology/epulopiscium-viviparus-genome-12545.html" title="Researchers Sequence Genome of Giant Symbiotic Bacterium"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12545-Epulopiscium-viviparus-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="Confocal micrograph of Epulopiscium viviparus. Image credit: Sannino et al., doi: 10.1073/pnas.2306160120." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12545-Epulopiscium-viviparus-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12545-Epulopiscium-viviparus-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px"></a></div>
<div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href="https://www.sci.news/biology/epulopiscium-viviparus-genome-12545.html" title="Researchers Sequence Genome of Giant Symbiotic Bacterium">Researchers Sequence Genome of Giant Symbiotic Bacterium</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Dec 19, 2023 |
Biology</span> </div>
</div>
<div class="block-item-small">
<div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/biology/bonobo-chimp-friend-face-long-term-memory-12544.html" title="Bonobos and Chimps Recognize Faces of Their Friends Even after Many Years of Separation"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12544-Bonobos-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="Bonobos (Pan paniscus) in Edinburgh Zoo. Image credit: Kate Grounds / Edinburgh Zoo." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12544-Bonobos-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12544-Bonobos-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px"></a></div>
<div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href="https://www.sci.news/biology/bonobo-chimp-friend-face-long-term-memory-12544.html" title="Bonobos and Chimps Recognize Faces of Their Friends Even after Many Years of Separation">Bonobos and Chimps Recognize Faces of Their Friends Even after Many Years of Separation</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Dec 19, 2023 |
Biology</span> </div>
</div>
<div class="block-item-small">
<div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/archaeology/cuneiform-inscribed-bricks-geomagnetic-field-mesopotamia-12543.html" title="Cuneiform-Inscribed Bricks Unveil Strength of Ancient Geomagnetic Field in Mesopotamia"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12543-Mesopotamian-Brick-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="This ancient brick from the Slemani Museum dates to the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II (ca. 604 to 562 BCE) based on the interpretation of the inscription; this object was looted from its original context before being acquired by the Slemani Museum and stored in that museum with agreement from the central government. Image credit: Howland et al., doi: 10.1073/pnas.2313361120." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12543-Mesopotamian-Brick-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12543-Mesopotamian-Brick-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px"></a></div>
<div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href="https://www.sci.news/archaeology/cuneiform-inscribed-bricks-geomagnetic-field-mesopotamia-12543.html" title="Cuneiform-Inscribed Bricks Unveil Strength of Ancient Geomagnetic Field in Mesopotamia">Cuneiform-Inscribed Bricks Unveil Strength of Ancient Geomagnetic Field in Mesopotamia</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Dec 19, 2023 |
Archaeology</span> </div>
</div>
<div class="block-item-small">
<div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/biology/mouse-brain-atlas-12542.html" title="Researchers Create Comprehensive Map of Mouse Brain"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12542-Mouse-Brain-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="Transcriptomic cell-type taxonomy of the whole mouse brain. Image credit: Yao et al., doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06812-z." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12542-Mouse-Brain-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12542-Mouse-Brain-300x300.jpg 300w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12542-Mouse-Brain-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12542-Mouse-Brain.jpg 580w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px"></a></div>
<div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href="https://www.sci.news/biology/mouse-brain-atlas-12542.html" title="Researchers Create Comprehensive Map of Mouse Brain">Researchers Create Comprehensive Map of Mouse Brain</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Dec 18, 2023 |
Biology</span> </div>
</div>
<div class="block-item-small">
<div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/astronomy/webb-images-uranus-rings-moons-12541.html" title="Webb Captures New Images of Uranus, Its Enigmatic Rings and Moons"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12541f-Uranus-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="This Webb image exquisitely captures the seasonal north polar cap of Uranus, including the bright, white, inner cap and the dark lane in the bottom of the polar cap. Uranus’ dim inner and outer rings are also visible in this image, including the elusive Zeta ring -- the extremely faint and diffuse ring closest to the planet. Image credit: NASA / ESA / CSA / STScI." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12541f-Uranus-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12541f-Uranus-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px"></a></div>
<div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href="https://www.sci.news/astronomy/webb-images-uranus-rings-moons-12541.html" title="Webb Captures New Images of Uranus, Its Enigmatic Rings and Moons">Webb Captures New Images of Uranus, Its Enigmatic Rings and Moons</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Dec 18, 2023 |
Astronomy</span> </div>
</div>
<div class="block-item-small">
<div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/physics/trilobite-rydberg-molecules-12540.html" title="Physicists Observe Trilobite Rydberg Molecules"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12540-Trilobite-Rydberg-Molecule-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="Sketch of a Rydberg molecule (a): the coordinates of the Rydberg electron (blue) and ground state atom (green) relative to the Rydberg core (red) are denoted with black arrows; the relevant spins are that of the Rydberg electron s1, the electron of the ground state atom s2 and the nuclear spin of the ground state atom I. Sketch of a trilobite molecule (b): the Rydberg core and the ground state atom are shown (with exaggerated size) as red and green spheres respectively; the electronic probability density projected to 2D is indicated by the density of blue dots. Image credit: Althön et al., doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-43818-7." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12540-Trilobite-Rydberg-Molecule-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12540-Trilobite-Rydberg-Molecule-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px"></a></div>
<div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href="https://www.sci.news/physics/trilobite-rydberg-molecules-12540.html" title="Physicists Observe Trilobite Rydberg Molecules">Physicists Observe Trilobite Rydberg Molecules</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Dec 18, 2023 |
Physical Chemistry</span> </div>
</div>
<div class="block-item-small">
<div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/genetics/line-1-retrotransposon-12539.html" title="Scientists Reveal Structure of Ancient Virus-Like Genetic Element"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12539f-LINE-1-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="The human genome contains approximately half a million copies of LINE-1. Image credit: Baldwin et al., doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06947-z." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12539f-LINE-1-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12539f-LINE-1-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px"></a></div>
<div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href="https://www.sci.news/genetics/line-1-retrotransposon-12539.html" title="Scientists Reveal Structure of Ancient Virus-Like Genetic Element">Scientists Reveal Structure of Ancient Virus-Like Genetic Element</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Dec 18, 2023 |
Genetics</span> </div>
</div>
<div class="block-item-small">
<div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/astronomy/hubble-active-spiral-galaxy-12538.html" title="Hubble Space Telescope Snaps Beautiful Image of Active Spiral Galaxy"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12538-MCG-01-24-014-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="This Hubble image shows MCG-01-24-014, an active spiral galaxy some 275 million light-years away in the constellation of Hydra. Image credit: NASA / ESA / Hubble / C. Kilpatrick" loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12538-MCG-01-24-014-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12538-MCG-01-24-014-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px"></a></div>
<div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href="https://www.sci.news/astronomy/hubble-active-spiral-galaxy-12538.html" title="Hubble Space Telescope Snaps Beautiful Image of Active Spiral Galaxy">Hubble Space Telescope Snaps Beautiful Image of Active Spiral Galaxy</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Dec 18, 2023 |
Astronomy</span> </div>
</div>
<div class="block-item-small">
<div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/space/enceladus-plume-hydrogen-cyanide-12537.html" title="Planetary Researchers Detect Hydrogen Cyanide in Plume of Enceladus"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12537-Enceladus-Plume-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="Illustration of plume activity on Enceladus. Image credit: Peter et al., doi: 10.1038/s41550-023-02160-0." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12537-Enceladus-Plume-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12537-Enceladus-Plume-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px"></a></div>
<div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href="https://www.sci.news/space/enceladus-plume-hydrogen-cyanide-12537.html" title="Planetary Researchers Detect Hydrogen Cyanide in Plume of Enceladus">Planetary Researchers Detect Hydrogen Cyanide in Plume of Enceladus</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Dec 17, 2023 |
Planetary Science</span> </div>
</div>
<div class="block-item-small">
<div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/archaeology/wooden-saddle-mongolia-12536.html" title="1,600-Year-Old Wooden Saddle Unearthed in Mongolia"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12536-Wooden-Saddle-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="Birch composite frame saddle from Urd Ulaan Uneet, Mongolia (top left) and an artist’s reconstruction. Image credit: P. Lopez Calle." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12536-Wooden-Saddle-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12536-Wooden-Saddle-300x300.jpg 300w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12536-Wooden-Saddle-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/12/image_12536-Wooden-Saddle.jpg 580w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px"></a></div>
<div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href="https://www.sci.news/archaeology/wooden-saddle-mongolia-12536.html" title="1,600-Year-Old Wooden Saddle Unearthed in Mongolia">1,600-Year-Old Wooden Saddle Unearthed in Mongolia</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Dec 15, 2023 |
Archaeology</span> </div>
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