AztecProtocol · charlielye · Jun 25, 2026 · Jun 25, 2026 · Jun 25, 2026 · Jun 25, 2026
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ endef
 # PHONY TARGETS - List every target that has a file/dir of the same name.
 #==============================================================================
 
-.PHONY: noir barretenberg noir-projects l1-contracts release-image boxes playground docs aztec-up spartan wsdb bb-avm-sim
+.PHONY: noir barretenberg noir-projects l1-contracts release-image boxes playground docs aztec-up spartan lmdblib kvdb wsdb bb-avm-sim
 
 #==============================================================================
 # BOOTSTRAP TARGETS
@@ -321,11 +321,20 @@ ipc-runtime-cross-arm64-macos:
 ipc-runtime-cross: ipc-runtime ipc-runtime-cross-arm64-linux ipc-runtime-cross-amd64-macos ipc-runtime-cross-arm64-macos
 
 #==============================================================================
-# WSDB
+# Native packages (lmdblib, kvdb, wsdb)
 #==============================================================================
 
-wsdb: ipc-codegen ipc-runtime bb-cpp-native
-	$(call build,$@,wsdb)
+# lmdblib and kvdb are barretenberg-free: they build against their own deps
+# (lmdb, msgpack-c, node-addon-api) only, never bb.
+.PHONY: lmdblib kvdb
+lmdblib:
+	$(call build,$@,native-packages/lmdblib)
+
+kvdb: lmdblib
+	$(call build,$@,native-packages/kvdb)
+
+wsdb: ipc-codegen ipc-runtime bb-cpp-native lmdblib
+	$(call build,$@,native-packages/wsdb)
 
 #==============================================================================
 # .claude tooling
@@ -393,7 +402,7 @@ l1-contracts-tests: l1-contracts-verifier
 # Yarn Project - TypeScript monorepo with all TS packages
 #==============================================================================
 
-yarn-project: bb-ts noir-projects l1-contracts wsdb bb-avm-sim
+yarn-project: bb-ts noir-projects l1-contracts wsdb kvdb bb-avm-sim
 	$(call build,$@,yarn-project)
 
 yarn-project-tests: yarn-project

@@ -1,16 +1,23 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
 source $(git rev-parse --show-toplevel)/ci3/source_bootstrap
 
-hash=$(hash_str $(cache_content_hash ^aztec-up/) $(../ipc-runtime/bootstrap.sh hash) $(../wsdb/bootstrap.sh hash) $(../barretenberg/ts/bootstrap.sh hash) $(../yarn-project/bootstrap.sh hash))
+hash=$(hash_str $(cache_content_hash ^aztec-up/) $(../ipc-runtime/bootstrap.sh hash) $(../native-packages/kvdb/bootstrap.sh hash) $(../native-packages/wsdb/bootstrap.sh hash) $(../barretenberg/ts/bootstrap.sh hash) $(../yarn-project/bootstrap.sh hash))
 
 # Bare aliases ("nightly", "latest") resolve to this major version.
 DEFAULT_MAJOR_VERSION=${AZTEC_TOOLCHAIN_DEFAULT_MAJOR_VERSION:-4}
 
 function wsdb_package_dirs {
-  for package_dir in "$root"/wsdb/ts/packages/*; do
+  for package_dir in "$root"/native-packages/wsdb/ts/packages/*; do
     [ -d "$package_dir" ] && echo "$package_dir"
   done
-  echo "$root/wsdb/ts"
+  echo "$root/native-packages/wsdb/ts"
+}
+
+function kvdb_package_dirs {
+  for package_dir in "$root"/native-packages/kvdb/ts/packages/*; do
+    [ -d "$package_dir" ] && echo "$package_dir"
+  done
+  echo "$root/native-packages/kvdb/ts"
 }
 
 function barretenberg_ts_package_dirs {
@@ -117,6 +124,7 @@ EOF
       echo $root/ipc-runtime/ts
       barretenberg_ts_package_dirs
       wsdb_package_dirs
+      kvdb_package_dirs
       $root/noir/bootstrap.sh get_projects
       $root/yarn-project/bootstrap.sh get_projects
     } | DRY_RUN= parallel --tag --line-buffer --halt now,fail=1 "retry 'cd {} && dump_fail \"deploy_npm $version\" >/dev/null'"

diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/CMakeLists.txt b/barretenberg/cpp/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ project(
 # === Platform Guard Reference ===
 # __wasm__  : Compiler-defined for WebAssembly. Guards threading, file I/O, networking.
 # _WIN32    : Compiler-defined for Windows. Guards POSIX APIs (mmap, signals, IPC).
-# BB_LITE   : CMake option. Excludes server-side subsystems (lmdb, world_state, ipc, nodejs_module).
+# BB_LITE   : CMake option. Excludes server-side subsystems (ipc, vm2_wsdb, cdb, avm).
 #             Enabled for: iOS, Android, Windows cross-compiles.
 # WASM      : CMake variable mirroring __wasm__ for CMake-level logic.
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ option(ENABLE_PIC "Builds with position independent code" OFF)
 option(SYNTAX_ONLY "only check syntax (-fsyntax-only)" OFF)
 option(ENABLE_WASM_BENCH "Enable BB_BENCH benchmarking support in WASM builds (dev only, not for releases)" OFF)
 option(AVM "enable building of vm2 module and bb-avm" ON)
-option(BB_LITE "Exclude server-side subsystems: lmdb, world_state, ipc, nodejs_module" OFF)
+option(BB_LITE "Exclude server-side subsystems: ipc, vm2_wsdb, cdb, avm" OFF)
 
 if(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR MATCHES "aarch64" OR CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR MATCHES "arm64")
     message(STATUS "Compiling for ARM.")

diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/CMakePresets.json b/barretenberg/cpp/CMakePresets.json
@@ -801,25 +801,25 @@
       "name": "amd64-linux",
       "configurePreset": "amd64-linux",
       "inheritConfigureEnvironment": true,
-      "targets": ["bb", "nodejs_module", "bb-external", "aztec-wsdb", "bb-avm-sim"]
+      "targets": ["bb", "nodejs_module", "bb-external", "bb-avm-sim"]
     },
     {
       "name": "arm64-linux",
       "configurePreset": "arm64-linux",
       "inheritConfigureEnvironment": true,
-      "targets": ["bb", "nodejs_module", "bb-external", "aztec-wsdb", "bb-avm-sim"]
+      "targets": ["bb", "nodejs_module", "bb-external", "bb-avm-sim"]
     },
     {
       "name": "amd64-macos",
       "configurePreset": "amd64-macos",
       "inheritConfigureEnvironment": true,
-      "targets": ["bb", "nodejs_module", "bb-external", "aztec-wsdb", "bb-avm-sim"]
+      "targets": ["bb", "nodejs_module", "bb-external", "bb-avm-sim"]
     },
     {
       "name": "arm64-macos",
       "configurePreset": "arm64-macos",
       "inheritConfigureEnvironment": true,
-      "targets": ["bb", "nodejs_module", "bb-external", "aztec-wsdb", "bb-avm-sim"]
+      "targets": ["bb", "nodejs_module", "bb-external", "bb-avm-sim"]
     },
     {
       "name": "amd64-windows",

diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/scripts/audit/audit_scopes/merkle_tree_audit_scope.md b/barretenberg/cpp/scripts/audit/audit_scopes/merkle_tree_audit_scope.md
@@ -20,14 +20,14 @@ Note: Paths relative to `aztec-packages/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg`
 ### Node Store (Cache + Metadata)
 8. `crypto/merkle_tree/node_store/cached_content_addressed_tree_store.hpp`
 9. `crypto/merkle_tree/node_store/content_addressed_cache.hpp`
-10. `crypto/merkle_tree/node_store/tree_meta.hpp`
+10. `crypto/merkle_tree/tree_meta.hpp`
 
 ### Append-Only Tree
 11. `crypto/merkle_tree/append_only_tree/content_addressed_append_only_tree.hpp`
 
 ### Indexed Tree
 12. `crypto/merkle_tree/indexed_tree/content_addressed_indexed_tree.hpp`
-13. `crypto/merkle_tree/indexed_tree/indexed_leaf.hpp`
+13. `crypto/merkle_tree/indexed_leaf.hpp`
 
 ## Summary of Module
 

diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/CMakeLists.txt b/barretenberg/cpp/src/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -115,22 +115,17 @@ add_subdirectory(barretenberg/ultra_honk)
 add_subdirectory(barretenberg/vm2_stub)
 add_subdirectory(barretenberg/wasi)
 
-if(NOT BB_LITE)
-    add_subdirectory(barretenberg/lmdblib)
-endif()
-
 if(NOT FUZZING AND NOT WASM AND NOT BB_LITE)
-    # Fuzzing preset cannot be built with world_state as world_state cannot compile with MULTITHREADING=OFF
-    # Mobile builds exclude these modules that require LMDB or aren't needed on mobile
+    # Mobile builds exclude these modules that aren't needed on mobile
     add_subdirectory(barretenberg/aztec)
-    add_subdirectory(barretenberg/world_state)
     # NOTE: Do not conditionally base this on the AVM flag as it defines a necessary vm2_sim library.
     add_subdirectory(barretenberg/vm2)
     add_subdirectory(barretenberg/ipc)
-    add_subdirectory(barretenberg/wsdb)
     add_subdirectory(barretenberg/vm2_wsdb)
     add_subdirectory(barretenberg/cdb)
     add_subdirectory(barretenberg/avm)
+    # nodejs_module hosts only the msgpack_client NAPI wrappers now (bb.js's SHM
+    # transport). The lmdb_store kv-store NAPI moved to native-packages/kvdb.
     add_subdirectory(barretenberg/nodejs_module)
 endif()
 
@@ -146,7 +141,6 @@ if(FUZZING_AVM)
     if(FUZZING)
         # Only add these if they weren't added above (when NOT FUZZING AND NOT WASM)
         add_subdirectory(barretenberg/aztec)
-        add_subdirectory(barretenberg/world_state)
         add_subdirectory(barretenberg/vm2)
     endif()
     add_subdirectory(barretenberg/avm_fuzzer)
@@ -215,11 +209,9 @@ set(BARRETENBERG_TARGET_OBJECTS
 set(BB_EXTERNAL_TARGET_OBJECTS ${BARRETENBERG_TARGET_OBJECTS})
 
 if(NOT WASM AND NOT FUZZING AND NOT BB_LITE)
-    # enable merkle trees and lmdb (not for mobile builds)
+    # enable merkle trees (not for mobile builds)
     list(APPEND BARRETENBERG_TARGET_OBJECTS $<TARGET_OBJECTS:crypto_merkle_tree_objects>)
-    list(APPEND BARRETENBERG_TARGET_OBJECTS $<TARGET_OBJECTS:lmdblib_objects>)
     list(APPEND BARRETENBERG_TARGET_OBJECTS $<TARGET_OBJECTS:api_objects>)
-    list(APPEND BARRETENBERG_TARGET_OBJECTS $<TARGET_OBJECTS:world_state_objects>)
 endif()
 
 add_library(

diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/avm/CMakeLists.txt b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/avm/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ target_link_libraries(
     barretenberg
     vm2_sim
     wsdb_ipc_merkle_db
-    wsdb_ipc_client
     cdb_ipc_client
     ipc_runtime
     env

diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/avm/avm_execute.cpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/avm/avm_execute.cpp
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 namespace bb::avm {
 
 using namespace bb::avm2;
-using namespace bb::world_state;
+using bb::crypto::merkle_tree::WorldStateRevision;
 
 // Cancellation for the single in-flight simulation. bb-avm-sim runs exactly one
 // simulation at a time; the SIGUSR1 handler (which may run on any thread) cancels

diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/avm/avm_execute.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/avm/avm_execute.hpp
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #include "barretenberg/avm/generated/avm_ipc_server.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/cdb/cdb_ipc_client.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/vm2/simulation/lib/cancellation_token.hpp"
-#include "barretenberg/wsdb/generated/wsdb_ipc_client.hpp"
+#include "barretenberg/vm2_wsdb/generated/wsdb_ipc_client.hpp"
 
 #include <atomic>
 

diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/avm/avm_ipc_server.cpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/avm/avm_ipc_server.cpp
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #include "barretenberg/avm/avm_execute.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/cdb/cdb_ipc_client.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/common/log.hpp"
-#include "barretenberg/wsdb/generated/wsdb_ipc_client.hpp"
+#include "barretenberg/vm2_wsdb/generated/wsdb_ipc_client.hpp"
 #include "ipc_runtime/ipc_server.hpp"
 #include "ipc_runtime/serve_helper.hpp"
 #include "ipc_runtime/signal_handlers.hpp"

diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/avm_fuzzer/common/interfaces/dbs.cpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/avm_fuzzer/common/interfaces/dbs.cpp
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 #include "barretenberg/avm_fuzzer/fuzz_lib/constants.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/aztec/aztec_constants.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/common/throw_or_abort.hpp"
-#include "barretenberg/crypto/merkle_tree/indexed_tree/indexed_leaf.hpp"
+#include "barretenberg/crypto/merkle_tree/indexed_leaf.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/crypto/poseidon2/poseidon2.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/vm2/common/aztec_types.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/vm2/simulation/lib/contract_crypto.hpp"

diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/avm_fuzzer/common/interfaces/dbs.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/avm_fuzzer/common/interfaces/dbs.hpp
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #include <memory>
 #include <stack>
 
-#include "barretenberg/crypto/merkle_tree/indexed_tree/indexed_leaf.hpp"
+#include "barretenberg/crypto/merkle_tree/indexed_leaf.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/vm2/common/aztec_types.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/vm2/simulation/interfaces/db.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/vm2/simulation/lib/memory_merkle_db.hpp"

diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/avm_fuzzer/fuzz_lib/simulator.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/avm_fuzzer/fuzz_lib/simulator.hpp
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 #include "barretenberg/avm_fuzzer/common/interfaces/dbs.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/avm_fuzzer/common/process.hpp"
-#include "barretenberg/crypto/merkle_tree/indexed_tree/indexed_leaf.hpp"
+#include "barretenberg/crypto/merkle_tree/indexed_leaf.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/vm2/common/avm_io.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/vm2/common/aztec_types.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/vm2/common/field.hpp"

diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/avm_fuzzer/fuzzer_lib.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/avm_fuzzer/fuzzer_lib.hpp
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 #include "barretenberg/avm_fuzzer/fuzz_lib/simulator.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/avm_fuzzer/mutations/bytecode.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/avm_fuzzer/mutations/tx_data.hpp"
-#include "barretenberg/crypto/merkle_tree/indexed_tree/indexed_leaf.hpp"
+#include "barretenberg/crypto/merkle_tree/indexed_leaf.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/serialize/msgpack_impl.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/vm2/common/avm_io.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/vm2/common/aztec_types.hpp"

diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/avm_fuzzer/mutations/bytecode.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/avm_fuzzer/mutations/bytecode.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "barretenberg/crypto/merkle_tree/indexed_tree/indexed_leaf.hpp"
+#include "barretenberg/crypto/merkle_tree/indexed_leaf.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/vm2/common/aztec_types.hpp"
 #include <random>
 #include <vector>

diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/aztec/aztec_hash_policy.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/aztec/aztec_hash_policy.hpp
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 #include "barretenberg/aztec/aztec_constants.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/crypto/merkle_tree/hash.hpp"
-#include "barretenberg/crypto/merkle_tree/indexed_tree/indexed_leaf.hpp"
+#include "barretenberg/crypto/merkle_tree/indexed_leaf.hpp"
 
 namespace bb::aztec {
 

diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/benchmark/CMakeLists.txt b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/benchmark/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -8,7 +8,5 @@ add_subdirectory(relations_bench)
 add_subdirectory(sumcheck_bench)
 add_subdirectory(translator_bench)
 add_subdirectory(poseidon2_bench)
-add_subdirectory(indexed_tree_bench)
-add_subdirectory(append_only_tree_bench)
 add_subdirectory(ultra_bench)
 add_subdirectory(circuit_construction_bench)
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/benchmark/append_only_tree_bench/CMakeLists.txt b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/benchmark/append_only_tree_bench/CMakeLists.txt
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/benchmark/indexed_tree_bench/CMakeLists.txt b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/benchmark/indexed_tree_bench/CMakeLists.txt
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/crypto/merkle_tree/CMakeLists.txt b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/crypto/merkle_tree/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 # merkle tree is agnostic to hash function
 barretenberg_module(
     crypto_merkle_tree
-    lmdblib
 )
 # Need -fPIC because it's linked into the nodejs_module shared library
 set_target_properties(crypto_merkle_tree_objects PROPERTIES POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON)

diff --git a/...merkle_tree/indexed_tree/indexed_leaf.hpp → ...nberg/crypto/merkle_tree/indexed_leaf.hpp b/...merkle_tree/indexed_tree/indexed_leaf.hpp → ...nberg/crypto/merkle_tree/indexed_leaf.hpp
diff --git a/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/crypto/merkle_tree/response.hpp b/barretenberg/cpp/src/barretenberg/crypto/merkle_tree/response.hpp
@@ -7,9 +7,8 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "barretenberg/crypto/merkle_tree/hash_path.hpp"
-#include "barretenberg/crypto/merkle_tree/indexed_tree/indexed_leaf.hpp"
-#include "barretenberg/crypto/merkle_tree/lmdb_store/lmdb_tree_store.hpp"
-#include "barretenberg/crypto/merkle_tree/node_store/tree_meta.hpp"
+#include "barretenberg/crypto/merkle_tree/indexed_leaf.hpp"
+#include "barretenberg/crypto/merkle_tree/tree_meta.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/crypto/merkle_tree/types.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/ecc/curves/bn254/fr.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/serialize/msgpack.hpp"
@@ -218,42 +217,6 @@ struct GetLowIndexedLeafResponse {
     }
 };
 
-struct CommitResponse {
-    TreeMeta meta;
-    TreeDBStats stats;
-
-    CommitResponse() = default;
-    ~CommitResponse() = default;
-    CommitResponse(const CommitResponse& other) = default;
-    CommitResponse(CommitResponse&& other) noexcept = default;
-    CommitResponse& operator=(const CommitResponse& other) = default;
-    CommitResponse& operator=(CommitResponse&& other) noexcept = default;
-};
-
-struct UnwindResponse {
-    TreeMeta meta;
-    TreeDBStats stats;
-
-    UnwindResponse() = default;
-    ~UnwindResponse() = default;
-    UnwindResponse(const UnwindResponse& other) = default;
-    UnwindResponse(UnwindResponse&& other) noexcept = default;
-    UnwindResponse& operator=(const UnwindResponse& other) = default;
-    UnwindResponse& operator=(UnwindResponse&& other) noexcept = default;
-};
-
-struct RemoveHistoricResponse {
-    TreeMeta meta;
-    TreeDBStats stats;
-
-    RemoveHistoricResponse() = default;
-    ~RemoveHistoricResponse() = default;
-    RemoveHistoricResponse(const RemoveHistoricResponse& other) = default;
-    RemoveHistoricResponse(RemoveHistoricResponse&& other) noexcept = default;
-    RemoveHistoricResponse& operator=(const RemoveHistoricResponse& other) = default;
-    RemoveHistoricResponse& operator=(RemoveHistoricResponse&& other) noexcept = default;
-};
-
 template <typename ResponseType> struct TypedResponse {
     ResponseType inner;
     bool success{ true };

diff --git a/...ypto/merkle_tree/node_store/tree_meta.hpp → ...etenberg/crypto/merkle_tree/tree_meta.hpp b/...ypto/merkle_tree/node_store/tree_meta.hpp → ...etenberg/crypto/merkle_tree/tree_meta.hpp