Support `get_token_info` protocol

[jiasli]

Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.
Azure/azure-sdk-for-python#36565 and Azure/azure-sdk-for-python#36882 introduced a new get_token_info token protocol.

Azure CLI currently supports 2 types of protocols:

1. Track 1: signed_session
2. Track 2: get_token

Describe the solution you'd like
After Azure CLI fully drops Track 1 SDK's signed_session support, we should consider migrating get_token to get_token_info. The main benefit is that the returned AccessTokenInfo object has a token_type attribute which can be used for a PoP token.

Meanwhile, Azure CLI Core should be refactored to not rely on SDK's token protocol, in order to be more cohesive and less coupled with SDK (#29955). For example, get_raw_token should not call

azure-cli/src/azure-cli-core/azure/cli/core/_profile.py

Line 419 in 89ebb60

sdk_token = credential.get_token(*scopes)

[yonzhan]

Support get_token_info protocol

[jiasli]

History of Azure CLI's support for Python SDK's token acquisition protocols

Track 1 SDK

1. signed_session()
   • supported by bug: fix #439 by validating & refreshing token before each rest call #443
   • dropped by [Core] Drop Track 1 SDK authentication #29631

Track 2 SDK

2. get_token() with no scopes element
   • supported by {Core} Workaround empty and multiple scopes provided by old Track 2 SDKs #15806
   • dropped by [Core] Drop old Track 2 SDK authentication support #29690
3. get_token(*scopes) with multiple scopes elements
   • supported by {Core} Workaround empty and multiple scopes provided by old Track 2 SDKs #15806
   • dropped by [Core] Drop old Track 2 SDK authentication support #29690
4. get_token(*scopes) with exactly only one scope element
   • supported by [Core] Support track1 and track2 mgmt SDK side by side in CLI #12952
   • dropped by TBD
5. get_token_info(*scopes)
   • supported by {Auth} Support get_token_info protocol #30928