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kMOSAIC Go Benchmark Report

Date: January 2, 2026
Platform: macOS (darwin/arm64) - Apple M2 Pro
Go Version: 1.21+

Performance Summary

Operation MOS-128 MOS-256 Slowdown Memory 128 Memory 256
KEM KeyGen 6.16 ms 22.15 ms 3.60× 3.53 MB 13.61 MB
KEM Encapsulate 0.32 ms 0.95 ms 2.99× 63 KB 120 KB
KEM Decapsulate 0.37 ms 1.04 ms 2.82× 109 KB 202 KB
Sign KeyGen 6.27 ms 22.26 ms 3.55× 3.53 MB 13.61 MB
Sign 11.82 μs 21.99 μs 1.86× 7.2 KB 23.2 KB
Verify 2.38 ms 9.53 ms 4.00× 1.62 MB 6.38 MB
KEM Round-Trip 7.02 ms 24.35 ms 3.47× 3.70 MB 13.93 MB
Sign Round-Trip 8.81 ms 32.55 ms 3.69× 5.16 MB 20.02 MB

Throughput (Operations/Second)

Operation MOS-128 MOS-256
KEM KeyGen 162 45
KEM Encapsulate 3,161 1,056
KEM Decapsulate 2,702 960
Sign KeyGen 159 45
Sign 84,618 45,474
Verify 420 105

Key Insights

Performance Characteristics

  • Key Generation: Dominates overall latency (85-90% of full round-trip time). MOS-256 is 3.5-3.6× slower than MOS-128.
  • Signing: Extremely fast at both levels (11.8-22.0 μs), enabling high-throughput applications (45K-85K signatures/sec).
  • Verification: ~200× slower than signing due to tensor operations. MOS-256 is 4× slower than MOS-128.
  • Memory: MOS-256 uses ~3.8-4× more memory than MOS-128. Key generation has the highest memory footprint (~13.6 MB for MOS-256).

Security Level Selection

Choose MOS-128 for:

  • High-throughput systems (>1000 ops/sec)
  • Real-time applications (<10ms latency)
  • Resource-constrained environments
  • Standard 128-bit post-quantum security

Choose MOS-256 for:

  • Long-term data protection (decades)
  • Maximum security margins
  • Critical infrastructure
  • Government/defense applications

Raw Benchmark Data

goos: darwin
goarch: arm64
pkg: github.com/BackendStack21/k-mosaic-go/test
cpu: Apple M2 Pro

BenchmarkKEM_GenerateKeyPair_MOS128-10               193           6157114 ns/op         3703690 B/op        318 allocs/op
BenchmarkKEM_Encapsulate_MOS128-10                  3718            316840 ns/op           64523 B/op        121 allocs/op
BenchmarkKEM_Decapsulate_MOS128-10                  3079            370160 ns/op          112150 B/op        185 allocs/op
BenchmarkKEM_Encrypt_MOS128-10                      3728            318976 ns/op           66206 B/op        129 allocs/op
BenchmarkKEM_Decrypt_MOS128-10                      3058            393399 ns/op          113615 B/op        192 allocs/op
BenchmarkKEM_GenerateKeyPair_MOS256-10                49          22151573 ns/op        14269238 B/op        424 allocs/op
BenchmarkKEM_Encapsulate_MOS256-10                  1266            946871 ns/op          122764 B/op        142 allocs/op
BenchmarkKEM_Decapsulate_MOS256-10                  1143           1042438 ns/op          207134 B/op        206 allocs/op
BenchmarkKEM_Encrypt_MOS256-10                      1255            948946 ns/op          124447 B/op        150 allocs/op
BenchmarkKEM_Decrypt_MOS256-10                      1137           1067164 ns/op          208597 B/op        213 allocs/op
BenchmarkSign_GenerateKeyPair_MOS128-10              184           6273749 ns/op         3703853 B/op        318 allocs/op
BenchmarkSign_Sign_MOS128-10                      100731             11816 ns/op            7349 B/op         14 allocs/op
BenchmarkSign_Verify_MOS128-10                       501           2384249 ns/op         1695937 B/op          9 allocs/op
BenchmarkSign_GenerateKeyPair_MOS256-10               50          22261139 ns/op        14269193 B/op        424 allocs/op
BenchmarkSign_Sign_MOS256-10                       54386             21994 ns/op           23739 B/op         17 allocs/op
BenchmarkSign_Verify_MOS256-10                       130           9533680 ns/op         6684872 B/op          9 allocs/op
BenchmarkKEM_FullRoundTrip_MOS128-10                 168           7022817 ns/op         3883741 B/op        639 allocs/op
BenchmarkKEM_FullRoundTrip_MOS256-10                  48          24352596 ns/op        14601960 B/op        787 allocs/op
BenchmarkSign_FullRoundTrip_MOS128-10                135           8813675 ns/op         5408874 B/op        346 allocs/op
BenchmarkSign_FullRoundTrip_MOS256-10                 36          32550679 ns/op        20981186 B/op        458 allocs/op

Last updated: January 2, 2026