test_qnn_delegate.py

# Copyright (c) Qualcomm Innovation Center, Inc.
# All rights reserved
#
# This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
import csv
import io
import itertools
import json
import logging
import subprocess
import sys
import tempfile
import unittest
from dataclasses import dataclass
from functools import partial
from multiprocessing.connection import Listener
from pathlib import Path

import torch
from executorch.backends.qualcomm._passes.qnn_pass_manager import (
    get_capture_program_passes,
    QnnPassManager,
)

from executorch.backends.qualcomm._passes.utils import (
    get_passes_dependency_for_capture_program,
)
from executorch.backends.qualcomm.debugger.utils import generate_optrace
from executorch.backends.qualcomm.serialization.qc_schema import (
    QnnExecuTorchBackendType,
)
from executorch.backends.qualcomm.tests.utils import (
    convert_pt2e,
    generate_context_binary,
    ModuleQConfig,
    prepare_pt2e,
    QuantDtype,
    TestQNN,
    validate_context_binary,
)
from executorch.backends.qualcomm.utils.constants import (
    QCOM_ANNOTATION,
    QCOM_MODULE,
    QCOM_PASS_ACTIVATE_KEY,
    QCOM_PASS_ARGS_KWARGS_DEFAULTS_KEY,
    QCOM_QUANT_ATTRS_MAP,
    QCOM_QUANT_DTYPE,
    QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS,
)
from executorch.backends.qualcomm.utils.utils import (
    capture_program,
    dump_context_from_pte,
    from_context_binary,
    generate_gpu_compiler_spec,
    generate_htp_compiler_spec,
    generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec,
    is_qnn_sdk_version_greater_than,
    is_qnn_sdk_version_less_than,
    PyQnnManagerAdaptor,
    rewrite_prepared_observer,
    skip_annotation,
    to_edge_transform_and_lower_to_qnn,
    update_spill_fill_size,
)

from executorch.examples.qualcomm.utils import (
    get_backend_type,
    make_quantizer,
    setup_common_args_and_variables,
)

from executorch.backends.qualcomm.tests.models import *  # noqa: F403

import os
import random

from collections import defaultdict
from typing import List

from executorch.backends.qualcomm._passes import FoldQDQ, TagQuantIO
from executorch.backends.qualcomm.builders.node_visitor_manager import get_node_visitors
from executorch.backends.qualcomm.debugger.utils import DrawGraph
from executorch.examples.models.deeplab_v3 import DeepLabV3ResNet101Model
from executorch.examples.models.edsr import EdsrModel
from executorch.examples.models.inception_v3 import InceptionV3Model
from executorch.examples.models.inception_v4 import InceptionV4Model

# from executorch.examples.models.mobilebert import MobileBertModelExample
from executorch.examples.models.mobilenet_v2 import MV2Model
from executorch.examples.models.mobilenet_v3 import MV3Model
from executorch.examples.models.torchvision_vit.model import TorchVisionViTModel

from executorch.examples.models.wav2letter import Wav2LetterModel
from executorch.exir import to_edge
from executorch.exir.backend.backend_api import disable_validation


class TestQNNFloatingPointOperator(TestQNN):
    # TODO: refactor to support different backends
    def setUp(self):
        match get_backend_type(self.backend):
            case QnnExecuTorchBackendType.kHtpBackend:
                backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(use_fp16=True)
            case QnnExecuTorchBackendType.kGpuBackend:
                backend_options = generate_gpu_compiler_spec()
            case _:
                raise ValueError("Backend is not implemented yet")

        TestQNN.atol = 1e-1
        TestQNN.rtol = 1e-1
        TestQNN.compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
            debug=False,
            saver=False,
            online_prepare=TestQNN.online_prepare,
            dump_intermediate_outputs=TestQNN.dump_intermediate_outputs,
            profile=TestQNN.enable_profile,
            shared_buffer=TestQNN.shared_buffer,
        )

    def test_qnn_backend_abs(self):
        module = Abs()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_acos(self):
        module = Acos()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.rand(3, 4) * 2 - 1,)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_acos_multi_node(self):
        module = AcosMultiNode()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (
            torch.tensor([0.0, 0.5, -0.5, 1.0, -1.0]),
            torch.tensor([0.1, -0.1, 0.9, -0.9, 0.0]),
        )
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_adaptive_avg_pool1d(self):
        module = AdaptiveAvgPool1D()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 512, 7),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_adaptive_avg_pool2d(self):
        module = AdaptiveAvgPool2D()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 512, 7, 7),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_adaptive_avg_pool3d(self):
        # NOTE: Support the cases mod(input_dhw, output_dhw) = 0
        modules = [
            AdaptiveAvgPool3D((2, 2, 2)),  # noqa: F405
            AdaptiveAvgPool3D((8)),  # noqa: F405
            AdaptiveAvgPool3D((2, None, None)),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_inputs = [
            (torch.randn(1, 512, 16, 8, 16),),
        ]
        for j in range(len(sample_inputs)):
            for i, module in enumerate(modules):
                with self.subTest(i=i):
                    self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_inputs[j])

    def test_qnn_backend_adaptive_max_pool2d(self):
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 512, 24, 24),)
        # NOTE: Currently, we only support the return_indices is False and default is False.
        # NOTE: Currently, we only support the case mod(in_w, out_w)=0 and mod(in_h, out_h)=0.
        modules = [
            AdaptiveMaxPool2D((1, 1), False),  # noqa: F405
            AdaptiveMaxPool2D((4, 4)),  # noqa: F405
            AdaptiveMaxPool2D((24, 24)),  # noqa: F405
            AdaptiveMaxPool2D((None, 4)),  # noqa: F405
            AdaptiveMaxPool2D((12, None)),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_alias(self):
        module = Alias()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 10),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_amax(self):
        modules = [
            AMax(dim=1, keepdim=False),  # noqa: F405
            AMax(dim=1, keepdim=True),  # noqa: F405
            AMax(),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn(4, 4),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_amax_conv(self):
        sample_input = (torch.randn(2, 3, 64, 64),)  # [batch, channels, height, width]
        module = AMaxFollowingConv2D(  # noqa: F405
            in_channels=3, out_channels=16, kernel_size=3, dim=-1, keepdim=False
        )
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_amin(self):
        modules = [
            AMin(dim=1, keepdim=False),  # noqa: F405
            AMin(dim=1, keepdim=True),  # noqa: F405
            AMin(),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn(4, 4),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_any(self):
        modules = [Any(), Any(dim=[0, 1]), Any(dim=1, keepdim=True)]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(3, 3, 3) > 0,)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_arange(self):
        modules = [
            Arange(start=1, end=11, step=1, dtype=torch.int32),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn(10),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_argmax(self):
        test_cases = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Argmax(),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(16, 3, 4, 4),),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Argmax(dim=0, keepdim=True),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(16, 3, 4, 4),),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Argmax(dim=1, keepdim=False),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(8, 5),),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Argmax(dim=None, keepdim=False),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.tensor([5.0]),),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Argmax(dim=2, keepdim=True),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(2, 3, 4),),
            },
        ]

        for i, case in enumerate(test_cases):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(
                    case[QCOM_MODULE], case[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]
                )

    def test_qnn_backend_argmin(self):
        test_cases = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Argmin(),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(16, 3, 4, 4),),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Argmin(dim=0, keepdim=True),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(16, 3, 4, 4),),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Argmin(dim=1, keepdim=False),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(8, 5),),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Argmin(dim=None, keepdim=False),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.tensor([5.0]),),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Argmin(dim=2, keepdim=True),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(2, 3, 4),),
            },
        ]

        for i, case in enumerate(test_cases):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(
                    case[QCOM_MODULE], case[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]
                )

    @unittest.expectedFailure
    def test_qnn_backend_asin(self):
        sample_input = (torch.rand(3, 4) * 2 - 1,)
        module = Asin()  # noqa: F405
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_atan(self):
        sample_input = (torch.randn(3, 4),)
        module = Atan()  # noqa: F405
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_avg_pool2d(self):
        modules = [
            AvgPoolModule((2, 2), (1, 1), (1, 1), False),  # noqa: F405
            AvgPoolModule((1280, 1280), (1280, 1280), (0, 0), True),  # noqa: F405
            AvgPoolModule((1280, 1280), (1280, 1280), (320, 320), True),  # noqa: F405
        ]  # noqa: F405
        sample_inputs = [
            (torch.randn(1, 3, 2, 2),),
            (torch.randn(1, 1280, 7, 7),),
            (torch.randn(1, 1280, 7, 7),),
        ]
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_inputs[i])

    def test_qnn_backend_avg_pool3d(self):
        # NOTE: Support the cases mod(input_dhw, filter_dhw) = 0
        # NOTE: The pad should be at most half of effective kernel size.
        modules = [
            AvgPool3d((8), (2), (1), True, True),  # noqa: F405
            AvgPool3d((8), (2), (1), True, False),  # noqa: F405
            AvgPool3d((8), (2), (1), False, False),  # noqa: F405
            AvgPool3d((16, 16, 16), (4, 4, 4), (1, 1, 1), False, True),  # noqa: F405
            AvgPool3d((8, 8, 8), (2, 2, 2), (1, 1, 1), True, True),  # noqa: F405
            AvgPool3d((12, 12, 12), (4, 6, 2), (0, 0, 0), True, True),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_inputs = [
            (torch.randn(1, 3, 64, 48, 32),),
        ]
        for j in range(len(sample_inputs)):
            for i, module in enumerate(modules):
                with self.subTest(i=i):
                    self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_inputs[j])

    def test_qnn_backend_batch_norm(self):
        modules = [BatchNorm(32), BatchNorm(32, False)]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([4, 32, 16, 16]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_bmm(self):
        module = Bmm()  # noqa: F405
        torch.manual_seed(8)
        sample_input = (torch.randn([4, 8, 32]), torch.randn([4, 32, 8]))
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_cast(self):
        modules = [Cast(), CastMultiUsers()]  # noqa: F405
        sample_inputs = [
            (10 * torch.rand((9, 4, 5, 3)),),
            (torch.randint(0, 3, size=(3, 3)), torch.randn(3, 3)),
        ]
        for i, (module, sample_input) in enumerate(zip(modules, sample_inputs)):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_cat(self):
        modules = [Cat2(), Cat3(), Cat4(), Cat5()]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 1, 2, 2), torch.randn(1, 1, 4, 2))
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_cdist(self):
        module = CDist()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (
            torch.randn(1, 125, 256),
            torch.randn(1, 2048, 256),
        )
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_chunk_single(self):
        module = Chunk()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 1, 4, 3),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_clamp(self):
        modules = [Clamp(), ClampMin(1e-10), ClampMax(1e10)]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn((9, 4, 5, 3)),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv1d(self):
        modules = [Conv1dSequential(), Conv1dSequential(bias=False)]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 1, 3]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d(self):
        modules = [Conv2dSequential(), Conv2dSequential(bias=False)]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 1, 3, 3]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d_channel_last(self):
        modules = [
            Conv2dSequential(channel_last=True),  # noqa: F405
            Conv2dSequential(bias=False, channel_last=True),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 1, 3, 3]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv3d_sequential(self):
        modules = [Conv3dSequential(), Conv3dSequential(bias=False)]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([2, 1, 10, 32, 32]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv_transpose1d(self):
        modules = [
            ConvTranspose1dSingle(),  # noqa: F405
            ConvTranspose1dSingle(bias=False),  # noqa: F405
            ConvTranspose1dSingle(dilation=2),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 1, 33]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv_transpose2d(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [ConvTranspose2dSingle()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.randn(1, 1, 16, 16),),
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [ConvTranspose2dSingle(bias=False)],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.randn(1, 1, 16, 16),),
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    ConvTranspose2dSingle(  # noqa: F405
                        in_channels=2,
                        out_channels=3,
                        dilation=2,
                        kernel_size=3,
                        stride=2,
                    )
                ],
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.randn(1, 2, 16, 16),),
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    ConvTranspose2dSingle(  # noqa: F405
                        in_channels=2,
                        out_channels=3,
                        dilation=(2, 3),
                        kernel_size=3,
                        stride=2,
                    )
                ],
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.randn(1, 2, 16, 16),),
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    ConvTranspose2dSingle(  # noqa: F405
                        in_channels=2,
                        out_channels=3,
                        dilation=(2, 1),
                        kernel_size=3,
                        stride=2,
                    )
                ],
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.randn(1, 2, 16, 16),),
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    ConvTranspose2dSingle(  # noqa: F405
                        in_channels=2,
                        out_channels=3,
                        dilation=(2, 1),
                        kernel_size=3,
                        stride=2,
                    )
                ],
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.randn(1, 2, 16, 16),),
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    ConvTranspose2dSingle(  # noqa: F405
                        in_channels=6,
                        out_channels=6,
                        kernel_size=3,
                        padding=0,
                        groups=2,
                    )
                ],
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.randn(4, 6, 16, 16),),
                ],
            },
        ]

        index = 0
        for comb in test_comb:
            for module in comb[QCOM_MODULE]:
                for sample_input in comb[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]:
                    with self.subTest(i=index):
                        index += 1
                        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv_transpose3d(self):
        modules = [
            ConvTranspose3dSingle(),  # noqa: F405
            ConvTranspose3dSingle(bias=False),  # noqa: F405
            ConvTranspose3dSingle(dilation=2),  # noqa: F405
            ConvTranspose3dSingle(dilation=(3, 2, 3)),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 1, 3, 3, 3]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_cos(self):
        module = Cos()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_cumsum(self):
        sample_input = ()
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [CumSum()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.randn(4),),
                    (torch.randint(0, 10, size=(4,)),),
                ],
            }
        ]

        index = 0
        for comb in test_comb:
            for module in comb[QCOM_MODULE]:
                for sample_input in comb[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]:
                    with self.subTest(i=index):
                        index += 1
                        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_einsum_outer_product(self):
        module = EinsumOuterProduct()  # noqa: F405
        x = torch.randn(5)
        y = torch.randn(4)
        sample_input = (
            x,
            y,
        )
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_einsum_bilinear(self):
        module = EinsumBilinear()  # noqa: F405
        bn = torch.randn(2, 5)
        anm = torch.randn(3, 5, 4)
        bm = torch.randn(2, 4)
        sample_input = (
            bn,
            anm,
            bm,
        )
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_element_wise_add(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [Add()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3), torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3)),
                    (torch.randn([2, 5, 1, 3]), torch.randn([4, 1])),
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [AddConstantFloat()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    AddConstantLong(),  # noqa: F405
                ],
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.randint(0, 10, size=(2, 3)),)],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    AddAlpha(alpha=2),  # noqa: F405
                ],
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (
                        torch.tensor([[1.2, 1.3, 1.4]]),
                        torch.tensor([[0.8, 1.6, 0.2]]),
                    )
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    AddAlphaConstant(alpha=2, constant_first=True),  # noqa: F405
                    AddAlphaConstant(alpha=2, constant_first=False),  # noqa: F405
                ],
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.tensor([[1.2, 1.3, 1.4]]),)],
            },
        ]

        index = 0
        for comb in test_comb:
            for module in comb[QCOM_MODULE]:
                for sample_input in comb[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]:
                    with self.subTest(i=index):
                        index += 1
                        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_element_wise_and(self):
        module = And(torch.tensor(1.7), torch.tensor(0.2))  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (
            torch.tensor([1, 0, 1, 0], dtype=torch.bool),
            torch.tensor([1, 1, 0, 0], dtype=torch.bool),
        )
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_element_wise_ceil(self):
        torch.manual_seed(8)
        module = Ceil()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([2, 5, 1, 3]),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_element_wise_div(self):
        eps = 1e-03
        torch.manual_seed(8)
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [Div()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3), eps + torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3)),
                    (torch.randn([2, 5, 1, 3]), eps + torch.randn([4, 1])),
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [DivConstantFloat()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)],
            },
        ]

        index = 0
        for comb in test_comb:
            for module in comb[QCOM_MODULE]:
                for sample_input in comb[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]:
                    with self.subTest(i=index):
                        index += 1
                        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_element_wise_mul(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [Mul()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3), torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3)),
                    (torch.randn([2, 5, 1, 3]), torch.randn([4, 1])),
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [MulConstantFloat()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [MulScalar()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)],
            },
        ]

        index = 0
        for comb in test_comb:
            for module in comb[QCOM_MODULE]:
                for sample_input in comb[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]:
                    with self.subTest(i=index):
                        index += 1
                        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_element_wise_or(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: OrBitWise(  # noqa: F405
                    torch.tensor(1.7), torch.tensor(0.2)
                ),
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (
                    torch.tensor([1, 0, 1, 0], dtype=torch.bool),
                    torch.tensor([1, 1, 0, 0], dtype=torch.bool),
                ),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: OrOperator(  # noqa: F405
                    torch.tensor(1.5), torch.tensor(-1.2)
                ),
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (
                    torch.full((3, 3), 1).triu(),
                    torch.full((3, 3), 1).tril(diagonal=0),
                ),
            },
        ]
        for i, test in enumerate(test_comb):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(
                    test[QCOM_MODULE], test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]
                )

    def test_qnn_backend_element_wise_sqrt(self):
        modules = [Sqrt(), SqrtConstant()]  # noqa: F405
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            sample_input = (torch.rand([3, 1]),)
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_element_wise_sub(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [Sub()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3), torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3)),
                    (torch.randn([2, 5, 1, 3]), torch.randn([4, 1])),
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [SubConstantFloat()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    SubAlpha(alpha=2),  # noqa: F405
                ],
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (
                        torch.tensor([[1.2, 1.3, 1.4]]),
                        torch.tensor([[0.8, 1.6, 0.2]]),
                    )
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    SubAlphaConstant(alpha=2, constant_first=True),  # noqa: F405
                    SubAlphaConstant(alpha=2, constant_first=False),  # noqa: F405
                ],
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.tensor([[1.2, 1.3, 1.4]]),)],
            },
        ]

        index = 0
        for comb in test_comb:
            for module in comb[QCOM_MODULE]:
                for sample_input in comb[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]:
                    with self.subTest(i=index):
                        index += 1
                        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_elu(self):
        module = Elu()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_embedding(self):
        module = Embedding()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.Tensor([[1, 2, 4, 5], [4, 3, 2, 9]]).to(torch.int32),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_equal(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Equal(),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4), torch.randn(2, 3, 4)),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: EqualConstant(0.5),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4),),
            },
        ]
        for i, test in enumerate(test_comb):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(
                    test[QCOM_MODULE], test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]
                )

    def test_qnn_backend_expand(self):
        modules = [ExpandAs(), ExpandCopy()]  # noqa: F405
        sample_inputs = [
            (torch.randn([3, 1]),),
            (torch.randn([4]),),
        ]
        index = 0
        for module in modules:
            for sample_input in sample_inputs:
                with self.subTest(i=index):
                    index += 1
                    self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_expm1(self):
        sample_input = (torch.randn(3, 4, 5),)
        module = ExpM1()  # noqa: F405
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_flip(self):
        sample_input = (torch.randn(3, 4, 5, 6),)
        module = Flip()  # noqa: F405
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_floor(self):
        sample_input = (torch.randn(3, 4),)
        module = Floor()  # noqa: F405
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_floor_divide(self):
        eps = 1e-03
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [FloorDiv()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.randint(-100, 100, (10, 10)), torch.full((10, 10), 3)),
                    (
                        torch.randint(-100, 100, (10, 10)).float(),
                        torch.full((10, 10), 2.5),
                    ),
                    # TODO: this test case exists rounding issue
                    # (torch.randint(-1000, 1000, (10, 10)), torch.full((10, 10), 100)),
                    (torch.tensor([10]), torch.arange(1, 5)),  # Failed
                    (torch.arange(-10, 10), torch.tensor([2])),
                    (torch.randint(-100, 100, (20,)), torch.full((20,), 2)),
                    (torch.randint(-100, 100, (5, 10)), torch.full((5, 10), 2)),
                    (torch.randint(-100, 100, (3, 4, 5)), torch.full((3, 4, 5), 2)),
                    (
                        torch.randint(-100, 100, (2, 3, 4, 5)),
                        torch.full((2, 3, 4, 5), 2),
                    ),
                    (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3), eps + torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3)),
                    (torch.randn([2, 5, 1, 3]), eps + torch.randn([4, 1])),
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [FloorDivConstantFloat()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)],
            },
        ]

        index = 0
        for comb in test_comb:
            for module in comb[QCOM_MODULE]:
                for sample_input in comb[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]:
                    with self.subTest(i=index):
                        index += 1
                        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_fold(self):
        sample_input = (torch.randn(3, 512, 256),)
        module = Fold()  # noqa: F405
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_full(self):
        shape = (1, 2, 3, 4)
        module = Full(0.5, shape)  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(shape),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_full_like(self):
        module = FullLike(0.5)  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_gather(self):
        modules = [
            Gather(),  # noqa: F405
            # TODO: resolve accuracy problem
            # GatherArgmin(),  # noqa: F405
            # TODO: There is a accuracy regression after 2.37
            # GatherWhere(),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        # shape = (2, 2, 3, 4)
        sample_inputs = [
            (
                torch.arange(128, dtype=torch.float32).view(64, 2),
                torch.ones(64, 2, dtype=torch.int64),
            ),
            # (torch.arange(128, dtype=torch.float32).view(64, 2),),
            # (torch.randn(shape), torch.randn(shape)),
        ]
        for i, (module, sample_input) in enumerate(zip(modules, sample_inputs)):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_gelu(self):
        module = Gelu()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_grid_sampler(self):
        # NOTE: The grid_sampler 3d version is not supported in fp16.
        modes = ["bilinear", "nearest"]
        padding_modes = ["zeros", "border", "reflection"]
        align_corners = [False, True]
        grid_samples = [
            GridSample(mode, pad, align)  # noqa: F405
            for mode, pad, align in itertools.product(
                modes, padding_modes, align_corners
            )
        ]
        sample_inputs = [
            (
                torch.randn(1, 12, 14, 14),
                torch.randn(1, 3, 3, 2),
            ),  # for grid_sampler 2d
        ]

        for j in range(len(sample_inputs)):
            for i, module in enumerate(grid_samples):
                with self.subTest(i=i, j=j, module=module):
                    self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_inputs[j])

    def test_qnn_backend_glu(self):
        modules = [torch.nn.GLU(), torch.nn.GLU(dim=0)]
        sample_input = (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 4),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_greater_equal(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: GreaterEqual(),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4), torch.randn(2, 3, 4)),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: GreaterEqualConstant(0.5),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4),),
            },
        ]
        for i, test in enumerate(test_comb):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(
                    test[QCOM_MODULE], test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]
                )

    def test_qnn_backend_greater_than(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: GreaterThan(),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4), torch.randn(2, 3, 4)),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: GreaterThanConstant(0.5),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4),),
            },
        ]
        for i, test in enumerate(test_comb):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(
                    test[QCOM_MODULE], test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]
                )

    def test_qnn_backend_group_norm(self):
        modules = [GroupNorm(), GroupNorm(bias=False)]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(3, 32, 56, 56),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_hardsigmoid(self):
        module = HardSigmoid()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_hardswish(self):
        module = HardSwish()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_hardtanh(self):
        module = HardTanh()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([2, 5, 1, 3]),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_index(self):
        modules = [Index(0), Index(1), Index(2)]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([8, 172, 64]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_index_copy(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: IndexCopy(  # noqa: F405
                    copy_dim=1, skip_mutable_buffer=False
                ),
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (
                    torch.tensor([2], dtype=torch.int64),
                    torch.randn([1, 1, 12, 64]),
                ),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: IndexCopy(  # noqa: F405
                    copy_dim=2, skip_mutable_buffer=False
                ),
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (
                    torch.tensor([2], dtype=torch.int64),
                    torch.randn([1, 1024, 1, 64]),
                ),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: IndexCopy(  # noqa: F405
                    copy_dim=2, skip_mutable_buffer=False
                ),
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (
                    torch.tensor([2, 5], dtype=torch.int64),
                    torch.randn([1, 1024, 2, 64]),
                ),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: IndexCopy(  # noqa: F405
                    copy_dim=1, skip_mutable_buffer=True
                ),
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (
                    torch.tensor([2], dtype=torch.int64),
                    torch.randn([1, 1, 12, 64]),
                ),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: IndexCopy(  # noqa: F405
                    copy_dim=2, skip_mutable_buffer=True
                ),
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (
                    torch.tensor([2], dtype=torch.int64),
                    torch.randn([1, 1024, 1, 64]),
                ),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: IndexCopy(  # noqa: F405
                    copy_dim=2, skip_mutable_buffer=True
                ),
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (
                    torch.tensor([2, 5], dtype=torch.int64),
                    torch.randn([1, 1024, 2, 64]),
                ),
            },
        ]
        for i, test in enumerate(test_comb):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(
                    test[QCOM_MODULE],
                    test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS],
                    skip_mutable_buffer=test[QCOM_MODULE].skip_mutable_buffer,
                )

    def test_qnn_backend_index_put(self):
        skip_mutable_buffer = [False, True]
        total_test_combo = []
        # mode 0
        sample_inputs = [
            (torch.tensor([0], dtype=torch.int32), torch.randn([1, 1, 12, 64])),
            (torch.tensor([0], dtype=torch.int32), torch.randn([1, 64])),
            (torch.tensor([0, 1], dtype=torch.int32), torch.randn([2, 1, 12, 64])),
            (torch.tensor([0, 1], dtype=torch.int32), torch.randn([1, 64])),
        ]
        total_test_combo.append(
            list(itertools.product(skip_mutable_buffer, sample_inputs))
        )
        # mode 1
        sample_inputs = [
            (torch.tensor([2], dtype=torch.int32), torch.randn([1, 1, 12, 64])),
            (torch.tensor([2], dtype=torch.int32), torch.randn([1, 64])),
            (torch.tensor([2, 3], dtype=torch.int32), torch.randn([1, 2, 12, 64])),
            (torch.tensor([2, 3], dtype=torch.int32), torch.randn([1, 64])),
        ]
        total_test_combo.append(
            list(itertools.product(skip_mutable_buffer, sample_inputs))
        )
        # mode 2
        sample_inputs = [
            (torch.tensor([2], dtype=torch.int32), torch.randn([1, 1, 1, 64])),
            (torch.tensor([2], dtype=torch.int32), torch.randn([1, 64])),
            (torch.tensor([0, 1], dtype=torch.int32), torch.randn([1, 1, 2, 64])),
            (torch.tensor([2, 3], dtype=torch.int32), torch.randn([1, 64])),
        ]
        total_test_combo.append(
            list(itertools.product(skip_mutable_buffer, sample_inputs))
        )
        # mode 3
        sample_inputs = [
            (
                (
                    torch.tensor([0, 1], dtype=torch.int32),
                    torch.tensor([2, 3], dtype=torch.int32),
                ),
                torch.randn([2, 12, 64]),
            ),
            (
                (
                    torch.tensor([0, 1], dtype=torch.int32),
                    torch.tensor([2, 3], dtype=torch.int32),
                ),
                torch.randn([1, 64]),
            ),
        ]
        total_test_combo.append(
            list(itertools.product(skip_mutable_buffer, sample_inputs))
        )
        # mode 4
        sample_inputs = [
            (
                (
                    torch.tensor([0, 1], dtype=torch.int32),
                    torch.tensor([2, 3], dtype=torch.int32),
                ),
                torch.randn([2, 64]),
            ),
            (
                (
                    torch.tensor([0, 1], dtype=torch.int32),
                    torch.tensor([2, 3], dtype=torch.int32),
                ),
                torch.randn([1, 64]),
            ),
        ]
        total_test_combo.append(
            list(itertools.product(skip_mutable_buffer, sample_inputs))
        )
        # mode 5
        sample_inputs = [
            (
                (
                    torch.tensor([0, 1], dtype=torch.int32),
                    torch.tensor([2, 3], dtype=torch.int32),
                ),
                torch.randn([64]),
            ),
            (
                (
                    torch.tensor([0, 1], dtype=torch.int32),
                    torch.tensor([2, 3], dtype=torch.int32),
                ),
                torch.randn([1]),
            ),
        ]
        total_test_combo.append(
            list(itertools.product(skip_mutable_buffer, sample_inputs))
        )

        for i, test_combo in enumerate(total_test_combo):
            for j, combo in enumerate(test_combo):
                with self.subTest(f"mode_{i}-{j}"):
                    self.lower_module_and_test_output(
                        IndexPut(skip_mutable_buffer=combo[0], mode=i),  # noqa: F405
                        combo[1],
                        skip_mutable_buffer=combo[0],
                    )

    def test_qnn_backend_index_put_suite(self):
        accumulate = [False, True]
        in_place = [False, True]
        sample_inputs = [
            # basic
            (
                torch.rand(5, 2) * 100,
                (torch.tensor([0, 2]),),
                torch.tensor([10.0, 20.0]),
            ),
            (torch.rand(5, 2), (torch.tensor([0, 2]),), torch.tensor([10.0, 20.0])),
            # shape
            (torch.rand(5), (torch.tensor([0, 2]),), torch.tensor([10.0, 20.0])),
            (
                torch.rand(5, 2),
                (torch.tensor([0, 2]), torch.tensor([1, 1])),
                torch.tensor([10.0, 20.0]),
            ),
            (
                torch.rand(5, 3, 2),
                (torch.tensor([0, 2]), torch.tensor([1, 1]), torch.tensor([0, 1])),
                torch.tensor([10.0, 20.0]),
            ),
            # TODO: not supported by HTP
            # (
            #     torch.rand(5, 3, 2, 4),
            #     (torch.tensor([0, 2]), torch.tensor([1, 1]), torch.tensor([0, 1]), torch.tensor([2, 3])),
            #     torch.tensor([10.0]),
            # ),
            # indices
            (torch.rand(5, 2), (torch.tensor([2]),), torch.tensor([10.0])),
            (
                torch.rand(5, 3),
                (torch.tensor([0, 2, 4]),),
                torch.tensor([10.0, 20.0, 30.0]),
            ),
            (
                torch.rand(5),
                (torch.tensor([1, 1, 3, 3]),),
                torch.tensor([10.0, 20.0, 30.0, 40.0]),
            ),
            # broadcasting
            (torch.rand(5, 3), (torch.tensor([0, 2, 4]),), torch.tensor([42.0])),
            (
                torch.rand(3, 4),
                (torch.tensor([0, 1]), torch.tensor([1, 2])),
                torch.tensor([10.0, 20.0]),
            ),
            (torch.rand(4, 2), (torch.tensor([0, 2]),), torch.tensor([5.0, 15.0])),
            (
                torch.rand(3, 2, 2),
                (torch.tensor([0, 1]),),
                torch.tensor([[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 4.0]]),
            ),
            (torch.rand(4, 2), (torch.tensor([1, 1, 1]),), torch.tensor([5.0])),
            # two-index
            (
                torch.rand(4, 3),
                (torch.tensor([0, 1, 2]), torch.tensor([1, 0, 2])),
                torch.tensor([10.0, 20.0, 30.0]),
            ),
            (
                torch.rand(3, 3),
                (torch.tensor([0, 2]), torch.tensor([1, 1])),
                torch.tensor([15.0, 25.0]),
            ),
            (
                torch.rand(3, 2),
                (torch.tensor([1, 1, 2]), torch.tensor([0, 0, 1])),
                torch.tensor([5.0, 10.0, 15.0]),
            ),
            (
                torch.rand(3, 2),
                (torch.tensor([1]), torch.tensor([0, 0, 1])),
                torch.tensor([5.0, 10.0, 15.0]),
            ),
        ]
        test_combo = list(itertools.product(accumulate, in_place, sample_inputs))
        for i, combo in enumerate(test_combo):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(
                    IndexPutSuite(accumulate=combo[0], in_place=combo[1]),  # noqa: F405
                    combo[2],
                )

    def test_qnn_backend_index_select(self):
        module = IndexSelect(dim=1)  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (
            torch.randn(2, 3, 4, 5),
            torch.tensor([0, 2]),
        )
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_instance_norm_2d(self):
        modules = [InstanceNorm2d(32), InstanceNorm2d(32, affine=False)]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([4, 32, 16, 16]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_is_inf(self):
        module = IsInf()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (
            torch.tensor(
                [
                    1.1,
                    float("inf"),
                    -float("inf"),
                    0.0,
                    float("nan"),
                    0.6,
                    float("nan"),
                    -5.0,
                ],
                dtype=torch.float16,
            ),
        )
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_is_nan(self):
        module = IsNan()  # noqa: F405
        sample_inputs = [
            (
                torch.tensor(
                    [
                        -2.0,
                        float("nan"),
                        -float("nan"),
                        0.2,
                        float("inf"),
                        3.2,
                        float("nan"),
                        -float("inf"),
                    ],
                    dtype=torch.float32,
                ),
            ),
            (
                torch.tensor(
                    [
                        -0.234,
                        -float("nan"),
                        float("nan"),
                        -float("inf"),
                        3.2,
                        float("nan"),
                        1.26,
                        float("inf"),
                    ],
                    dtype=torch.float16,
                ),
            ),
        ]

        for sample_input in sample_inputs:
            self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_interpolate_bicubic(self):
        modules = [
            ResizeBicubic([2, 2], None, False),  # noqa: F405
            ResizeBicubic(None, [2, 2], False),  # noqa: F405
            ResizeBicubic([2, 2], None, True),  # noqa: F405
            ResizeBicubic(None, [2, 2], True),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 4, 2, 2),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_interpolate_bilinear_2d(self):
        module = ResizeBilinear2D()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(2, 3, 4, 5),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_interpolate_nearest_2d(self):
        module = ResizeNearest2D()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(2, 3, 4, 5),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_up_sampling_nearest_2d_with_scale_factor(self):
        module = UpsampleNearest2D(scale_factor=2)  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 16, 72, 104),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_up_sampling_nearest_2d_with_size(self):
        module = UpsampleNearest2D(sizes=(144, 208))  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 16, 72, 104),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_layer_norm(self):
        modules = [LayerNorm(), LayerNorm(bias=False)]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(196, 768),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_leaky_relu(self):
        torch.manual_seed(8)
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [LeakyReLUDefault()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [LeakyReLUCustom(0.05, inplace=False)],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [LeakyReLUCustom(0.05, inplace=True)],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)],
            },
        ]

        index = 0
        for comb in test_comb:
            for module in comb[QCOM_MODULE]:
                for sample_input in comb[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]:
                    with self.subTest(i=index):
                        index += 1
                        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_less_equal(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: LessEqual(),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4), torch.randn(2, 3, 4)),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: LessEqualConstant(0.5),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4),),
            },
        ]
        for i, test in enumerate(test_comb):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(
                    test[QCOM_MODULE], test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]
                )

    def test_qnn_backend_sign(self):
        module = Sign()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(3, 4),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_less_than(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: LessThan(),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4), torch.randn(2, 3, 4)),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: LessThanConstant(0.5),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4),),
            },
        ]
        for i, test in enumerate(test_comb):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(
                    test[QCOM_MODULE], test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]
                )

    def test_qnn_backend_linalg_vector_norm(self):
        modules = [
            LinalgVectorNorm(),  # noqa: F405
            LinalgVectorNorm(ord=3.5),  # noqa: F405
            LinalgVectorNorm(dim=1),  # noqa: F405
            LinalgVectorNorm(dim=1, keepdim=True),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn([3, 3]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_linear(self):
        modules = [
            Linear(),  # noqa: F405
            LinearNonConstantWeight(),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn([3, 512]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_log(self):
        module = Log()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.rand([1, 2, 3, 4]),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_logical_and(self):
        module = LogicalAnd()  # noqa: F405
        input1 = torch.tensor([True, False, True, False])
        input2 = torch.tensor([True, True, False, False])
        sample_input = (input1, input2)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_logical_not(self):
        module = LogicalNot()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.rand([1, 2, 3, 4]),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_log_softmax(self):
        module = LogSoftmax()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 4, 8, 8]),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_log_variants_multi_node(self):
        module = LogVariantsMultiNode()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (
            torch.abs(torch.rand(2, 3, 4)) + 0.1,
            torch.abs(torch.rand(2, 3, 4)) + 0.1,
        )
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_log10(self):
        module = Log10()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.abs(torch.rand(2, 5, 1, 3) + 0.1),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_log1p(self):
        module = Log1p()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.abs(torch.rand(2, 5, 1, 3) + 0.1),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_log2(self):
        module = Log2()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.abs(torch.rand(2, 5, 1, 3) + 0.1),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_maximum(self):
        module = Maximum()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4), torch.randn(2, 3, 4))
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_max_dim(self):
        module = MaxDim()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(4, 10),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_max_pool2d(self):
        modules = [
            MaxPool2d(3, 1, 0, True),  # noqa: F405
            MaxPool2d(3, 1, 0, False),  # noqa: F405
            MaxPool2d(3, 1, 1, True),  # noqa: F405
            MaxPool2d(3, 1, 1, False),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn(4, 3, 24, 24),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_max_pool3d(self):
        # NOTE: The pad should be at most half of effective kernel size.
        modules = [
            MaxPool3d((3), (1), (1), (1), False, False),  # noqa: F405
            MaxPool3d((7), (1), (3), (1), False, False),  # noqa: F405
            MaxPool3d((7), (1), (3), (1), True, False),  # noqa: F405
            MaxPool3d(  # noqa: F405
                (7, 7, 7), (1, 1, 1), (3, 3, 3), (1, 1, 1), True, False
            ),  # noqa: F405
            MaxPool3d(  # noqa: F405
                (7, 9, 13), (1, 1, 1), (3, 4, 6), (1, 1, 1), False, False
            ),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 7, 21, 35, 28),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_mean(self):
        test_comb = [
            # Reduce over last two dims, keepdim=True
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Mean(dim=(-1, -2), keepdim=True),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn([2, 5, 1, 3]),),
            },
            # Reduce over last two dims, keepdim=False
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Mean(dim=(-1, -2), keepdim=False),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn([2, 5, 1, 3]),),
            },
            # Default: reduce all dims
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Mean(),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(10, 10),),
            },
            # TODO: To be enabled via reshape input to 1d tensor
            # # Scalar case
            # {
            #     QCOM_MODULE: Mean(),
            #     QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.tensor(5.0),),
            # },
            # Edge case: dim is a empty list
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Mean(dim=[]),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(4, 6, 8),),
            },
            # Edge case: reduce along dim=0 (batch dimension)
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Mean(dim=0),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(4, 6, 8),),
            },
            # Edge case: reduce along dim=0 with keepdim=True
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Mean(dim=0, keepdim=True),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(4, 6, 8),),
            },
            # Edge case: reduce along multiple dims
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Mean(dim=(0, 2)),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(3, 4, 5),),
            },
            # Edge case: high-dimensional tensor
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Mean(dim=(1, 3), keepdim=True),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(2, 3, 4, 5, 6),),
            },
        ]

        for i, test in enumerate(test_comb):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(
                    test[QCOM_MODULE], test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]
                )

    @unittest.skip("failed to lower in QNN 2.26")
    def test_qnn_backend_mha(self):
        module = MultiheadAttention()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 197, 96),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_minimum(self):
        module = Minimum()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4), torch.randn(2, 3, 4))
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_min_dim(self):
        module = MinDim()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(4, 10),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_narrow(self):
        module = Narrow()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 128, 64),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_neg(self):
        module = Neg()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 4, 16, 16),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_not_equal(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: NotEqual(),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4), torch.randn(2, 3, 4)),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: NotEqualConstant(0.5),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4),),
            },
        ]
        for i, test in enumerate(test_comb):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(
                    test[QCOM_MODULE], test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]
                )

    def test_qnn_backend_pad(self):
        module = Pad()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 8, 128]),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_permute(self):
        modules = [
            Permute([0, 2, 3, 1]),  # noqa: F405
            Permute([-1, -3, -2, -4]),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn([2, 3, 4, 5]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_pixel_shuffle(self):
        module = PixelShuffle(2)  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones([2, 4, 3, 3]),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_pixel_unshuffle(self):
        module = PixelUnshuffle(2)  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones([2, 2, 6, 6]),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_pow_tensor_scalar(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    PowTensorScalar(),  # noqa: F405
                    PowTensorScalar(1),  # noqa: F405
                    PowTensorScalar(-1),  # noqa: F405
                    PowTensorScalar(0.5),  # noqa: F405
                ],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.rand(10, 10) + 0.1,)],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [PowTensorScalar(10)],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.rand(10, 10) * 0.5 + 0.5,)],
            },
        ]
        index = 0
        for comb in test_comb:
            for module in comb[QCOM_MODULE]:
                for sample_input in comb[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]:
                    with self.subTest(i=index):
                        index += 1
                        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_prelu(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [PReLUDefault()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [PReLUPerChannel(5)],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)],
            },
        ]

        index = 0
        for comb in test_comb:
            for module in comb[QCOM_MODULE]:
                for sample_input in comb[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]:
                    with self.subTest(i=index):
                        index += 1
                        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_rand(self):
        sample_inputs = [
            (torch.randn(3, 4, 5),),
            (torch.randn(2, 8),),
            (
                torch.randn(
                    10,
                ),
            ),
            (torch.randn(1, 3, 32, 32),),
        ]
        for i, sample_input in enumerate(sample_inputs):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = Rand()  # noqa: F405
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(
                    module, sample_input, assert_output_equal=False
                )

    def test_qnn_backend_reciprocal(self):
        module = Reciprocal()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([2, 2, 2, 2]),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_relu(self):
        module = Relu()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([2, 5, 1, 3]),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_relu6(self):
        module = Relu6()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([2, 5, 1, 3]),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_repeat(self):
        module = Repeat()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([2, 2, 2, 2]),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_reshape(self):
        module = Reshape()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([3, 4]),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_rms_norm(self):
        modules = [
            RmsNorm(),  # noqa: F405
            RmsNorm(eps=1e-5),  # noqa: F405
            RmsNorm(elementwise_affine=False),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 1, 1, 4]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_roll(self):
        modules = [
            Roll(shifts=(3, 3), dims=(1, 2)),  # noqa: F405
            Roll(shifts=(70, 59), dims=(1, 2)),  # noqa: F405
            Roll(shifts=3),  # noqa: F405
            Roll(shifts=56 * 56 * 96 + 3),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 56, 56, 96]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_round(self):
        module = Round()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([3, 4]),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_rsqrt(self):
        module = Rsqrt()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.abs(torch.randn([3, 4])),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_sdpa(self):
        modules = [
            ScaledDotProductAttention(),  # noqa: F405
            ScaledDotProductAttention(scale=0.5),  # noqa: F405
            ScaledDotProductAttention(scale=1.0),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        mask = torch.tril(torch.randn(1, 1, 100, 100))
        mask[mask == 0] = float("-inf")
        sample_input = (
            torch.randn(1, 4, 100, 64),
            torch.randn(1, 4, 100, 64),
            torch.randn(1, 4, 100, 64),
            mask,
        )
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_sigmoid(self):
        module = Sigmoid()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 3, 3, 3]),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_sin(self):
        module = Sin()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_select_copy(self):
        module = SelectCopy()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 3, 3, 3]),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_slice_copy(self):
        modules = [
            SliceCopyDefaultParameter(),  # noqa: F405
            SliceCopy(),  # noqa: F405
            SliceCopyWithStep(),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_inputs = [
            (torch.randn([2, 1, 320, 512]),),
            (torch.randn([1, 512]), torch.randn([1, 8])),
            (torch.randn([1, 512]), torch.randn([1, 8])),
        ]
        for module, sample_input in zip(modules, sample_inputs):
            self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_slice_scatter(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    SliceScatter(dim=0, start=3, end=5, step=1)  # noqa: F405
                ],
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (
                        torch.zeros(8, 8),
                        torch.ones(2, 8),
                    )
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    SliceScatter(dim=1, start=2, end=6, step=2)  # noqa: F405
                ],
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (
                        torch.zeros(8, 8),
                        torch.ones(8, 2),
                    )
                ],
            },
        ]

        index = 0
        for comb in test_comb:
            for module in comb[QCOM_MODULE]:
                for sample_input in comb[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]:
                    with self.subTest(i=index):
                        index += 1
                        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_stack(self):
        module = Stack()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (
            torch.randn([1, 2, 3, 4]),
            torch.randn([1, 2, 3, 4]),
            torch.randn([1, 2, 3, 4]),
        )
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_softmax(self):
        modules = [Softmax(dim=1), Softmax(dim=-1)]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 4, 8, 8]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_squared_relu(self):
        module = SquaredReLU()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([2, 5, 1, 3]),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_squeeze(self):
        module = Squeeze()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 3, 3]),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_sum_int_list(self):
        module = SumIntList()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 4, 8, 8]),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_swapaxes(self):
        module = SwapAxes(0, 1)  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 2, 3, 4]),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_tanh(self):
        module = Tanh()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_threshold(self):
        modules = [
            Threshold(),  # noqa: F405
            Threshold(threshold=0.5, value=3.0, inplace=True),  # noqa: F405
            Threshold(threshold=0.5, value=3.0, inplace=False),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_triu(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    Triu(),  # noqa: F405
                    Triu(diagonal=1),  # noqa: F405
                ],
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.randn(3, 3),),
                    (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 3),),
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    TriuConstant(1),  # noqa: F405
                    TriuConstant(1, constant_dtype=torch.bool),  # noqa: F405
                ],
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.zeros(5, 5),),
                ],
            },
        ]

        index = 0
        for comb in test_comb:
            for module in comb[QCOM_MODULE]:
                for sample_input in comb[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]:
                    with self.subTest(i=index):
                        index += 1
                        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_trunc(self):
        module = Trunc()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(3, 4),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_unflatten(self):
        module = Unflatten(dim=1, sizes=(2, 3, 4))  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 24]),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_unbind(self):
        module = Unbind()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([3, 3]),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_unfold(self):
        sample_input = (torch.randn(2, 128, 32, 32),)
        module = Unfold()  # noqa: F405
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_unsqueeze(self):
        module = Unsqueeze()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 3, 3]),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_view(self):
        module = View()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 8, 512]), torch.randn([1, 2, 8, 256]))
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_where(self):
        modules = [
            Where(),  # noqa: F405
            WhereConstant(torch.randn(3, 2), torch.randn(3, 2)),  # noqa: F405
            WhereConstantOther(),  # noqa: F405
            # TODO: There is a accuracy regression after 2.37
            # WhereConstantAll(),  # noqa: F405
            WhereConstantInf(),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_inputs = [
            (torch.randn(3, 2), torch.randn(3, 2), torch.randn(3, 2)),
            (torch.randn(3, 2),),
            (torch.randn(3, 2),),
            # (torch.randn(3, 2),),
            (torch.randn(30, 20),),
        ]
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_inputs[i])

    def test_qnn_backend_element_wise_xor(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: XorBitWise(  # noqa: F405
                    torch.tensor(1.7), torch.tensor(0.2)
                ),
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (
                    torch.tensor([1, 0, 1, 0], dtype=torch.bool),
                    torch.tensor([1, 1, 0, 0], dtype=torch.bool),
                ),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: XorOperator(  # noqa: F405
                    torch.tensor(1.5), torch.tensor(-1.2)
                ),
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (
                    torch.full((3, 3), 1).triu(),
                    torch.full((3, 3), 1).tril(diagonal=0),
                ),
            },
        ]
        for i, test in enumerate(test_comb):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(
                    test[QCOM_MODULE], test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]
                )

    def test_qnn_backend_masked_fill(self):
        module = MaskedFill()  # noqa: F405
        attn_mask = torch.ones((64, 49, 49), dtype=torch.float32)

        # Add some zero blocks to simulate the masking behavior
        for i in range(64):
            if i % 2 == 0:
                attn_mask[i, 35:, 35:] = 0

        sample_input = (attn_mask,)  # noqa: F405
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)


class TestQNNFloatingPointModel(TestQNN):
    # TODO: refactor to support different backends
    def setUp(self):
        TestQNN.atol = 1e-1
        TestQNN.rtol = 1e-1
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(use_fp16=True)
        TestQNN.compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
            debug=False,
            saver=False,
            online_prepare=TestQNN.online_prepare,
            dump_intermediate_outputs=TestQNN.dump_intermediate_outputs,
            profile=TestQNN.enable_profile,
            shared_buffer=TestQNN.shared_buffer,
        )

    # TODO: Needs to be fixed in HTP
    @unittest.skipIf(
        is_qnn_sdk_version_greater_than("2.37"),
        "Failed to prepare the graph because of an index operation with argmin output.",
    )
    def test_qnn_backend_argmin_view_squeeze_conv2d(self):
        module = ArgminViewSqueezeConv2D()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(32), torch.randn(32, 3, 32, 32))
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_causal_mask(self):
        module = CausalMask()  # noqa: F405
        torch.manual_seed(8)
        sample_input = (torch.rand((1, 1, 1, 128)) < 0.5,)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_chunk_add(self):
        module = ChunkAdd()  # noqa: F405
        torch.manual_seed(8)
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 2, 4, 2),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv1d_relu_log_softmax(self):
        modules = [
            Conv1dReluLogSoftmax(dim=1),  # noqa: F405
            Conv1dReluLogSoftmax(dim=-1),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.rand(1, 2, 28),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d_argmin(self):
        module = Conv2dArgmin()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(16, 3, 4, 4),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d_avg_pool2d(self):
        module = Conv2dAvgPool2d()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(16, 3, 16, 16),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    # TODO: Needs to be fixed in HTP
    @unittest.skipIf(
        is_qnn_sdk_version_greater_than("2.40"),
        "UT did not pass because of aten.mean.dim when using keep_dim for some devices after QNN 2.41.",
    )
    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d_bn_hardtanh_mean(self):
        module = Conv2dBnHardtanhMean()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 1, 6, 6),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d_cat(self):
        module = Conv2dCat()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 3, 5, 5), torch.randn(1, 3, 5, 5))
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d_down_up_sample(self):
        module = Conv2dDownUpSample()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 16, 224, 224),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d_flip(self):
        module = Conv2dFlip()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 16, 224, 224),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d_max_pool2d(self):
        module = Conv2dMaxPool2d()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.rand(1, 2, 14, 14),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d_slice_copy(self):
        module = Conv2dSliceCopy()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([2, 1, 3, 3]),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d_stack(self):
        module = Conv2dStack()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (
            torch.randn(1, 3, 5, 5),
            torch.randn(1, 3, 3, 3),
            torch.randn(1, 3, 3, 3),
        )
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d_sum_reduce_dim(self):
        module = Conv2dSumReduceDim()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 1, 3, 3]),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d_topk(self):
        module = Conv2dTopK()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 3, 32, 32),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    # This test is to ensure unbind should be pytorch layout.
    # However, unbind will be forced decomposed by executorch framework.
    # Keep it here in case unbind doesn't get forced decomposed in future.
    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d_unbind(self):
        module = Conv2dUnbind()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 3, 5, 5),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_copy(self):
        sample_inputs = [
            (torch.randn(3, 4, 5),),
            (torch.randn(4, 1),),
        ]
        for i, sample_input in enumerate(sample_inputs):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(
                    Copy(torch.randn(3, 4, 5)), sample_input  # noqa: F405,
                )

    def test_qnn_backend_einsum_outer_product_relu(self):
        module = EinsumOuterProductRelu()  # noqa: F405
        x = torch.randn(5)
        y = torch.randn(4)
        sample_input = (
            x,
            y,
        )
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    # TODO: Create a new UT class for passes specific checks
    def test_qnn_backend_lift_add_tensor(self):
        module = LiftAddTensor()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.Tensor([1, 2, 3, 4]).to(torch.int32),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    @unittest.skip("Fail because of bad accuracy")
    def test_qnn_backend_moe_feed_forward(self):
        from executorch.examples.models.llama.llama_transformer import MOEFeedForward
        from executorch.examples.models.llama.model_args import ModelArgs

        args = ModelArgs()
        args.dim = 32
        args.n_heads = 8
        args.n_layers = 2
        self.head_dim = args.dim // args.n_heads
        module = MOEFeedForward(args)  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (
            torch.randint(low=0, high=100, size=(1, 32), dtype=torch.float32),
        )
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_pixel_unshuffle_math_equivalent(self):
        module = PixelUnshuffleMathEquivalent(2)  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.rand(2, 2, 6, 6),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_residual_block(self):
        module = ResidualBlockModule()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 32, 28, 28),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_simple_model(self):
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_topk_and_index(self):
        module = TopKandIndex()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(3, 10),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_view_permute_matmul(self):
        module = ViewPermuteMatMul()  # noqa: F405
        torch.manual_seed(8)
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 8, 512]), torch.randn([1, 2, 8, 256]))
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_zero_dim_tensor(self):
        module = ZeroDimTensor()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 256, 125),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_example_models(self):
        # TODO Fix MobileBertModelExample and TorchVisionViTModel
        instances = [
            DeepLabV3ResNet101Model(),
            EdsrModel(),
            InceptionV3Model(),
            InceptionV4Model(),
            # The module of llama is changing frequently. Reopen it when it's stable
            MV2Model(),
            MV3Model(),
            # Fail during lowering Reopen once resolved
            # MobileBertModelExample(),
            # TorchVisionViTModel(),
            Wav2LetterModel(),
        ]
        expected_partitions = [
            1,
            1,
            1,
            1,
            1,
            1,
            # 1,
            # 1,
            1,
        ]
        # TODO: Due to trigger maximum recursion depth exceeded, need to check it.
        disable_validation()
        for i, instance in enumerate(instances):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = instance.get_eager_model().eval()
                sample_input = instance.get_example_inputs()
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(
                    module,
                    sample_input,
                    expected_partitions=expected_partitions[i],
                    assert_output_equal=False,
                )


class TestQNNQuantizedOperator(TestQNN):
    # TODO: refactor to support different backends
    def setUp(self):
        TestQNN.atol = 1e-1
        TestQNN.rtol = 1
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(use_fp16=False)
        TestQNN.compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
            debug=False,
            saver=False,
            online_prepare=TestQNN.online_prepare,
            dump_intermediate_outputs=TestQNN.dump_intermediate_outputs,
            profile=TestQNN.enable_profile,
            shared_buffer=TestQNN.shared_buffer,
        )

    def test_qnn_backend_16a4w_conv2d(self):
        modules = [Conv2dSingle(), Conv2dSingle(bias=False)]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 1, 3, 3]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(
                    module, sample_input, quant_dtype=QuantDtype.use_16a4w
                )
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_16a4w_conv2d_qat(self):
        modules = [Conv2dSingle(), Conv2dSingle(bias=False)]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 1, 3, 3]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                prepared = self.get_prepared_qat_module(module, sample_input)
                converted = self.get_converted_sgd_trained_module(
                    module, prepared, sample_input
                )
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(converted, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_16a4w_block_conv2d_qat(self):
        in_c = 512
        out_c = 32
        kernel = 1
        padding = 0
        modules = [
            Conv2dSingle(  # noqa: F405
                in_channel=in_c,
                out_channel=out_c,
                kernel_size=kernel,
                padding=padding,
            ),
            Conv2dSingle(  # noqa: F405
                in_channel=in_c,
                out_channel=out_c,
                kernel_size=kernel,
                padding=padding,
            ),
        ]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 512, 3, 3]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                prepared = self.get_prepared_qat_module(
                    module,
                    sample_input,
                    quant_dtype=QuantDtype.use_16a4w_block,
                    block_size_map={"conv2d": (1, 32, 1, 1)},
                )
                converted = self.get_converted_sgd_trained_module(
                    module, prepared, sample_input
                )
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(converted, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_16a4w_layer_norm(self):
        module = LayerNorm()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(196, 768),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(
            module,
            sample_input,
            quant_dtype=QuantDtype.use_16a4w,
        )
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_16a4w_linear(self):
        module = Linear()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([3, 512]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(
            module,
            sample_input,
            quant_dtype=QuantDtype.use_16a4w,
        )
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_16a4w_per_channel_linear(self):
        module = Linear(use_bias=False)  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([3, 512]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(
            module,
            sample_input,
            is_linear_per_channel=True,
            quant_dtype=QuantDtype.use_16a4w,
        )
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_16a4w_per_channel_linear_with_bias(self):
        module = Linear()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([3, 512]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(
            module,
            sample_input,
            is_linear_per_channel=True,
            quant_dtype=QuantDtype.use_16a4w,
        )
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_abs(self):
        module = Abs()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_acos(self):
        module = Acos()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.rand(3, 4) * 2 - 1,)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_acos_multi_node(self):
        module = AcosMultiNode()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (
            torch.tensor([0.0, 0.5, -0.5, 1.0, -1.0]),
            torch.tensor([0.1, -0.1, 0.9, -0.9, 0.0]),
        )
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_adaptive_avg_pool1d(self):
        module = AdaptiveAvgPool1D()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 512, 7),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_adaptive_avg_pool2d(self):
        module = AdaptiveAvgPool2D()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 512, 7, 7),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_adaptive_avg_pool3d(self):
        # NOTE: Support the cases mod(input_dhw, output_dhw) = 0
        modules = [
            AdaptiveAvgPool3D((2, 2, 2)),  # noqa: F405
            AdaptiveAvgPool3D((8)),  # noqa: F405
            AdaptiveAvgPool3D((2, None, None)),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_inputs = [
            (torch.randn(1, 512, 16, 8, 16),),
        ]
        for j in range(len(sample_inputs)):
            for i, module in enumerate(modules):
                with self.subTest(i=i):
                    module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_inputs[j])
                    self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_inputs[j])

    def test_qnn_backend_adaptive_max_pool2d(self):
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 512, 24, 24),)
        # NOTE: Currently, we only support the return_indices is False and default is False.
        # NOTE: Currently, we only support the case mod(in_w, out_w)=0 and mod(in_h, out_h)=0.
        modules = [
            AdaptiveMaxPool2D((1, 1), False),  # noqa: F405
            AdaptiveMaxPool2D((4, 4)),  # noqa: F405
            AdaptiveMaxPool2D((24, 24)),  # noqa: F405
            AdaptiveMaxPool2D((None, 4)),  # noqa: F405
            AdaptiveMaxPool2D((12, None)),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module_one = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module_one, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_alias(self):
        module = Alias()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 10),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_amax(self):
        modules = [
            AMax(dim=1, keepdim=False),  # noqa: F405
            AMax(dim=1, keepdim=True),  # noqa: F405
            AMax(),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn(4, 4),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_amax_conv(self):
        sample_input = (torch.randn(2, 3, 64, 64),)  # [batch, channels, height, width]
        module = AMaxFollowingConv2D(  # noqa: F405
            in_channels=3, out_channels=16, kernel_size=3, dim=-1, keepdim=False
        )
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_amin(self):
        modules = [
            AMin(dim=1, keepdim=False),  # noqa: F405
            AMin(dim=1, keepdim=True),  # noqa: F405
            AMin(),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn(4, 4),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_any(self):
        modules = [Any(), Any(dim=[0, 1]), Any(dim=1, keepdim=True)]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(3, 3, 3) > 0,)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input, bypass_check=True)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_arange(self):
        modules = [
            Arange(start=1, end=6, step=0.5, dtype=torch.float32),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn(10),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_argmax(self):
        test_cases = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Argmax(),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(16, 3, 4, 4),),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Argmax(dim=0, keepdim=True),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(16, 3, 4, 4),),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Argmax(dim=1, keepdim=False),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(8, 5),),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Argmax(dim=None, keepdim=False),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.tensor([5.0]),),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Argmax(dim=2, keepdim=True),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(2, 3, 4),),
            },
        ]

        for i, case in enumerate(test_cases):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(
                    case[QCOM_MODULE], case[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]
                )
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, case[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS])

    def test_qnn_backend_argmin(self):
        test_cases = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Argmin(),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(16, 3, 4, 4),),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Argmin(dim=0, keepdim=True),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(16, 3, 4, 4),),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Argmin(dim=1, keepdim=False),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(8, 5),),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Argmin(dim=None, keepdim=False),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.tensor([5.0]),),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Argmin(dim=2, keepdim=True),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(2, 3, 4),),
            },
        ]

        for i, case in enumerate(test_cases):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(
                    case[QCOM_MODULE], case[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]
                )
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, case[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS])

    def test_qnn_backend_asin(self):
        module = Asin()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.rand([3, 4]) * 2 - 1,)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_atan(self):
        sample_input = (torch.randn(3, 4),)
        module = Atan()  # noqa: F405
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_avg_pool2d(self):
        modules = [
            AvgPoolModule((2, 2), (1, 1), (1, 1), False),  # noqa: F405
            AvgPoolModule((1280, 1280), (1280, 1280), (0, 0), True),  # noqa: F405
            AvgPoolModule((1280, 1280), (1280, 1280), (320, 320), True),  # noqa: F405
        ]  # noqa: F405
        sample_inputs = [
            (torch.randn(1, 3, 2, 2),),
            (torch.randn(1, 1280, 7, 7),),
            (torch.randn(1, 1280, 7, 7),),
        ]
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_inputs[i])
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_inputs[i])

    def test_qnn_backend_avg_pool3d(self):
        # NOTE: Support the cases mod(input_dhw, filter_dhw) = 0
        # NOTE: The pad should be at most half of effective kernel size.
        modules = [
            AvgPool3d((8), (2), (1), True, True),  # noqa: F405
            AvgPool3d((8), (2), (1), True, False),  # noqa: F405
            AvgPool3d((8), (2), (1), False, False),  # noqa: F405
            AvgPool3d((16, 16, 16), (4, 4, 4), (1, 1, 1), False, True),  # noqa: F405
            AvgPool3d((8, 8, 8), (2, 2, 2), (1, 1, 1), True, True),  # noqa: F405
            AvgPool3d((12, 12, 12), (4, 6, 2), (0, 0, 0), True, True),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_inputs = [
            (torch.randn(1, 3, 64, 48, 32),),
        ]
        for j in range(len(sample_inputs)):
            for i, module in enumerate(modules):
                with self.subTest(i=i):
                    module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_inputs[j])
                    self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_inputs[j])

    def test_qnn_backend_batch_norm(self):
        modules = [BatchNorm(32), BatchNorm(32, False)]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([4, 32, 16, 16]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_bmm(self):
        module = Bmm()  # noqa: F405
        torch.manual_seed(8)
        sample_input = (torch.randn([4, 8, 32]), torch.randn([4, 32, 8]))
        quant_dtype = [QuantDtype.use_8a8w, QuantDtype.use_16a8w]
        for i, qdtype in enumerate(quant_dtype):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                qdq_module = self.get_qdq_module(
                    module, sample_input, quant_dtype=qdtype
                )
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(qdq_module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_cast(self):
        module = CastMultiUsers()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randint(0, 3, size=(3, 3)), torch.randn(3, 3))
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_cat(self):
        modules = [Cat2(), Cat3(), Cat4(), Cat5()]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 1, 2, 2), torch.randn(1, 1, 4, 2))
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_cdist(self):
        module = CDist()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (
            torch.randn(1, 125, 256),
            torch.randn(1, 2048, 256),
        )
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_chunk_single(self):
        module = Chunk()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 1, 4, 3),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_clamp(self):
        modules = [Clamp(), ClampMin(1e-10), ClampMax(1e10)]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn((9, 4, 5, 3)),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv1d(self):
        modules = [Conv1dSequential(), Conv1dSequential(bias=False)]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 1, 3]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d(self):
        modules = [Conv2dSequential(), Conv2dSequential(bias=False)]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 1, 3, 3]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d_block(self):
        o_ch, i_ch, kernel, padding = 32, 512, (1, 1), 0

        modules = [
            Conv2dSingle(  # noqa: F405
                bias=False,
                in_channel=i_ch,
                out_channel=o_ch,
                kernel_size=kernel,
                padding=padding,
            ),
            Conv2dSingle(  # noqa: F405
                in_channel=i_ch,
                out_channel=o_ch,
                kernel_size=kernel,
                padding=padding,
            ),
        ]

        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, i_ch, 1, o_ch),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                # update block size for convolution weight (OIHW)
                # channel dimension(O) is defaultly sliced in QNN
                # divide dimension(I) into 16 groups
                module = self.get_qdq_module(
                    module,
                    sample_input,
                    quant_dtype=QuantDtype.use_16a4w_block,
                    block_size_map={"conv2d": (1, 32, 1, 1)},
                )
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d_channel_last(self):
        modules = [
            Conv2dSequential(channel_last=True),  # noqa: F405
            Conv2dSequential(bias=False, channel_last=True),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 1, 3, 3]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv3d_sequential(self):
        modules = [Conv3dSequential(), Conv3dSequential(bias=False)]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([2, 1, 10, 32, 32]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                qdq_module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(qdq_module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv_transpose1d(self):
        modules = [
            ConvTranspose1dSingle(),  # noqa: F405
            ConvTranspose1dSingle(bias=False),  # noqa: F405
            ConvTranspose1dSingle(dilation=2),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 1, 3]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv_transpose2d(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [ConvTranspose2dSingle()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.randn(1, 1, 16, 16),),
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [ConvTranspose2dSingle(bias=False)],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.randn(1, 1, 16, 16),),
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    ConvTranspose2dSingle(  # noqa: F405
                        in_channels=2,
                        out_channels=3,
                        dilation=2,
                        kernel_size=3,
                        stride=2,
                    )
                ],
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.randn(1, 2, 16, 16),),
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    ConvTranspose2dSingle(  # noqa: F405
                        in_channels=2,
                        out_channels=3,
                        dilation=(2, 3),
                        kernel_size=3,
                        stride=2,
                    )
                ],
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.randn(1, 2, 16, 16),),
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    ConvTranspose2dSingle(  # noqa: F405
                        in_channels=2,
                        out_channels=3,
                        dilation=(2, 1),
                        kernel_size=3,
                        stride=2,
                    )
                ],
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.randn(1, 2, 16, 16),),
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    ConvTranspose2dSingle(  # noqa: F405
                        in_channels=2,
                        out_channels=3,
                        dilation=(2, 1),
                        kernel_size=3,
                        stride=2,
                    )
                ],
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.randn(1, 2, 16, 16),),
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    ConvTranspose2dSingle(  # noqa: F405
                        in_channels=6,
                        out_channels=6,
                        kernel_size=3,
                        padding=0,
                        groups=2,
                    )
                ],
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.randn(4, 6, 16, 16),),
                ],
            },
        ]

        index = 0
        for comb in test_comb:
            for module in comb[QCOM_MODULE]:
                for sample_input in comb[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]:
                    with self.subTest(i=index):
                        index += 1
                        gm = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                        self.lower_module_and_test_output(gm, sample_input)

    @unittest.skip("As of QNN 2.37, transpose conv block quant is not supported")
    def test_qnn_backend_conv_transpose2d_block(self):
        i_ch, o_ch, kernel, padding = 128, 32, (1, 1), 0
        modules = [
            ConvTranspose2dSingle(  # noqa: F405
                bias=False,
                in_channels=i_ch,
                out_channels=o_ch,
                kernel_size=kernel,
                padding=padding,
            ),
            ConvTranspose2dSingle(  # noqa: F405
                in_channels=i_ch,
                out_channels=o_ch,
                kernel_size=kernel,
                padding=padding,
            ),
        ]

        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 128, 16, 16),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(
                    module,
                    sample_input,
                    quant_dtype=QuantDtype.use_16a4w_block,
                    block_size_map={"conv_transpose2d": (16, 1, 1, 1)},
                )
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv_transpose3d(self):
        modules = [
            ConvTranspose3dSingle(),  # noqa: F405
            ConvTranspose3dSingle(bias=False),  # noqa: F405
            ConvTranspose3dSingle(dilation=2),  # noqa: F405
            ConvTranspose3dSingle(dilation=(3, 2, 3)),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 1, 3, 3, 3]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_cos(self):
        module = Cos()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_cumsum(self):
        module = CumSum()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(4),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_einsum_outer_product(self):
        module = EinsumOuterProduct()  # noqa: F405
        x = torch.randn(5)
        y = torch.randn(4)
        sample_input = (
            x,
            y,
        )
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_einsum_bilinear(self):
        module = EinsumBilinear()  # noqa: F405
        bn = torch.randn(2, 5)
        anm = torch.randn(3, 5, 4)
        bm = torch.randn(2, 4)
        sample_input = (
            bn,
            anm,
            bm,
        )
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_element_wise_add(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [Add()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3), torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3)),
                    (torch.randn([2, 5, 1, 3]), torch.randn([4, 1])),
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [AddConstantFloat(), AddConstantLong()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    AddAlpha(alpha=2),  # noqa: F405
                ],
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (
                        torch.tensor([[1.2, 1.3, 1.4]]),
                        torch.tensor([[0.8, 1.6, 0.2]]),
                    )
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    AddAlphaConstant(alpha=2, constant_first=True),  # noqa: F405
                    AddAlphaConstant(alpha=2, constant_first=False),  # noqa: F405
                ],
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.tensor([[1.2, 1.3, 1.4]]),)],
            },
        ]

        index = 0
        for comb in test_comb:
            for module in comb[QCOM_MODULE]:
                for sample_input in comb[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]:
                    with self.subTest(i=index):
                        index += 1
                        gm = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                        self.lower_module_and_test_output(gm, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_element_wise_and(self):
        module = And(torch.tensor(1.7), torch.tensor(0.2))  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (
            torch.tensor([1, 0, 1, 0], dtype=torch.bool),
            torch.tensor([1, 1, 0, 0], dtype=torch.bool),
        )
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_element_wise_ceil(self):
        module = Ceil()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([2, 5, 1, 3]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_element_wise_div(self):
        eps = 1e-03
        torch.manual_seed(8)
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [Div()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3), eps + torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3)),
                    (torch.randn([2, 5, 1, 3]), eps + torch.randn([4, 1])),
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [DivConstantFloat(), DivConstantLong()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)],
            },
        ]

        index = 0
        for comb in test_comb:
            for module in comb[QCOM_MODULE]:
                for sample_input in comb[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]:
                    with self.subTest(i=index):
                        index += 1
                        gm = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                        self.lower_module_and_test_output(gm, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_element_wise_mul(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [Mul()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3), torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3)),
                    (torch.randn([2, 5, 1, 3]), torch.randn([4, 1])),
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [MulConstantFloat(), MulConstantLong()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [MulScalar()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)],
            },
        ]

        index = 0
        for comb in test_comb:
            for module in comb[QCOM_MODULE]:
                for sample_input in comb[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]:
                    with self.subTest(i=index):
                        index += 1
                        gm = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                        self.lower_module_and_test_output(gm, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_element_wise_or(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: OrBitWise(  # noqa: F405
                    torch.tensor(1.7), torch.tensor(0.2)
                ),
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (
                    torch.tensor([1, 0, 1, 0], dtype=torch.bool),
                    torch.tensor([1, 1, 0, 0], dtype=torch.bool),
                ),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: OrOperator(  # noqa: F405
                    torch.tensor(1.5), torch.tensor(-1.2)
                ),
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (
                    torch.full((3, 3), 1).triu(),
                    torch.full((3, 3), 1).tril(diagonal=0),
                ),
            },
        ]
        for i, test in enumerate(test_comb):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(
                    test[QCOM_MODULE], test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]
                )
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS])

    def test_qnn_backend_element_wise_sqrt(self):
        modules = [Sqrt(), SqrtConstant()]  # noqa: F405
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            sample_input = (torch.rand([3, 1]),)
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_element_wise_sub(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [Sub()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3), torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3)),
                    (torch.randn([2, 5, 1, 3]), torch.randn([4, 1])),
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [SubConstantFloat(), SubConstantLong()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    SubAlpha(alpha=2),  # noqa: F405
                ],
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (
                        torch.tensor([[1.2, 1.3, 1.4]]),
                        torch.tensor([[0.8, 1.6, 0.2]]),
                    )
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    SubAlphaConstant(alpha=2, constant_first=True),  # noqa: F405
                    SubAlphaConstant(alpha=2, constant_first=False),  # noqa: F405
                ],
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.tensor([[1.2, 1.3, 1.4]]),)],
            },
        ]

        index = 0
        for comb in test_comb:
            for module in comb[QCOM_MODULE]:
                for sample_input in comb[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]:
                    with self.subTest(i=index):
                        index += 1
                        gm = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                        self.lower_module_and_test_output(gm, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_elu(self):
        module = Elu()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_embedding(self):
        modules = [Embedding(), Embedding()]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.Tensor([[1, 2, 4, 5], [4, 3, 2, 9]]).to(torch.int32),)
        quant_dtype = [QuantDtype.use_8a8w, QuantDtype.use_16a4w]
        for i, qdtype in enumerate(quant_dtype):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                modules[i] = self.get_qdq_module(
                    modules[i], sample_input, quant_dtype=qdtype
                )
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(modules[i], sample_input)

    # TODO: Once the accuracy issue is fixed, enable this test.
    @unittest.skip("Bad accuracy for HTP")
    def test_qnn_backend_embedding_per_channel(self):
        module = Embedding()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.Tensor([1, 2, 4, 5]).to(torch.int32),)
        qdq_module = self.get_qdq_module(
            module,
            sample_input,
            quant_dtype=QuantDtype.use_16a8w,
            is_embedding_per_channel=True,
        )
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(qdq_module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_equal(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Equal(),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4), torch.randn(2, 3, 4)),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: EqualConstant(0.5),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4),),
            },
        ]
        for i, test in enumerate(test_comb):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(
                    test[QCOM_MODULE], test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]
                )
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS])

    def test_qnn_backend_expand(self):
        modules = [ExpandAs(), ExpandCopy()]  # noqa: F405
        sample_inputs = [
            (torch.randn([3, 1]),),
            (torch.randn([4]),),
        ]
        index = 0
        for module in modules:
            for sample_input in sample_inputs:
                with self.subTest(i=index):
                    index += 1
                    module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                    self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_expm1(self):
        sample_input = (torch.randn(3, 4, 5),)
        module = ExpM1()  # noqa: F405
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_flip(self):
        sample_input = (torch.randn(3, 4, 5, 6),)
        module = Flip()  # noqa: F405
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_floor(self):
        sample_input = (torch.randn(3, 4),)
        module = Floor()  # noqa: F405
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_floor_divide(self):
        eps = 1e-03
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [FloorDiv()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.randint(-100, 100, (10, 10)), torch.full((10, 10), 3)),
                    (
                        torch.randint(-100, 100, (10, 10)).float(),
                        torch.full((10, 10), 2.5),
                    ),
                    (torch.randint(-1000, 1000, (10, 10)), torch.full((10, 10), 100)),
                    (torch.tensor([10]), torch.arange(1, 5)),
                    (torch.arange(-10, 10), torch.tensor([2])),
                    (torch.randint(-100, 100, (20,)), torch.full((20,), 2)),
                    (torch.randint(-100, 100, (5, 10)), torch.full((5, 10), 2)),
                    (torch.randint(-100, 100, (3, 4, 5)), torch.full((3, 4, 5), 2)),
                    (
                        torch.randint(-100, 100, (2, 3, 4, 5)),
                        torch.full((2, 3, 4, 5), 2),
                    ),
                    (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3), eps + torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3)),
                    (torch.randn([2, 5, 1, 3]), eps + torch.randn([4, 1])),
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [FloorDivConstantFloat()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)],
            },
        ]

        index = 0
        for comb in test_comb:
            for module in comb[QCOM_MODULE]:
                for sample_input in comb[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]:
                    with self.subTest(i=index):
                        index += 1
                        # Support int input cases with bypass_check=True
                        gm = self.get_qdq_module(
                            module, sample_input, bypass_check=True
                        )
                        self.lower_module_and_test_output(gm, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_fold(self):
        sample_input = (torch.randn(3, 512, 256),)
        module = Fold()  # noqa: F405
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_full(self):
        shape = (1, 2, 3, 4)
        module = Full(0.5, shape)  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(shape),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_full_like(self):
        module = FullLike(0.5)  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_gather(self):
        modules = [
            Gather(),  # noqa: F405
            # TODO: resolve accuracy problem
            # GatherArgmin(),  # noqa: F405
            # TODO: There is a accuracy regression after 2.37
            # GatherWhere(),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        # shape = (2, 2, 3, 4)
        sample_inputs = [
            (
                torch.arange(128, dtype=torch.float32).view(64, 2),
                torch.ones(64, 2, dtype=torch.int64),
            ),
            # (torch.arange(128, dtype=torch.float32).view(64, 2),),
            # (torch.randn(shape), torch.randn(shape)),
        ]
        for i, (module, sample_input) in enumerate(zip(modules, sample_inputs)):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_gelu(self):
        module = Gelu()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_grid_sampler(self):
        modes = ["bilinear", "nearest"]
        padding_modes = ["zeros", "border", "reflection"]
        align_corners = [False, True]
        grid_samples = [
            GridSample(mode, pad, align)  # noqa: F405
            for mode, pad, align in itertools.product(
                modes, padding_modes, align_corners
            )
        ]
        sample_inputs = [
            (
                torch.randn(1, 12, 14, 14),
                torch.randn(1, 3, 3, 2),
            ),  # for grid_sampler 2d
            (
                torch.randn(1, 15, 9, 17, 33),
                torch.randn(1, 7, 8, 9, 3),
            ),  # for grid_sampler 3d
        ]
        for j in range(len(sample_inputs)):
            for i, module in enumerate(grid_samples):
                with self.subTest(i=i, j=j, module=module):
                    module = self.get_qdq_module(
                        module, sample_inputs[j], quant_dtype=QuantDtype.use_16a16w
                    )
                    self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_inputs[j])

    def test_qnn_backend_glu(self):
        modules = [torch.nn.GLU(), torch.nn.GLU(dim=0)]
        sample_input = (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 4),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_greater_equal(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: GreaterEqual(),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4), torch.randn(2, 3, 4)),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: GreaterEqualConstant(0.5),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4),),
            },
        ]
        for i, test in enumerate(test_comb):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(
                    test[QCOM_MODULE], test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]
                )
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS])

    def test_qnn_backend_greater_than(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: GreaterThan(),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4), torch.randn(2, 3, 4)),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: GreaterThanConstant(0.5),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4),),
            },
        ]
        for i, test in enumerate(test_comb):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(
                    test[QCOM_MODULE], test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]
                )
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS])

    def test_qnn_backend_group_norm(self):
        modules = [GroupNorm(), GroupNorm(bias=False)]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(3, 32, 56, 56),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_hardsigmoid(self):
        module = HardSigmoid()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_hardswish(self):
        module = HardSwish()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_hardtanh(self):
        module = HardTanh()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([2, 5, 1, 3]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_index(self):
        modules = [Index(0), Index(1), Index(2)]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([8, 172, 64]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_index_copy(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: IndexCopy(  # noqa: F405
                    copy_dim=1, skip_mutable_buffer=False
                ),
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (
                    torch.tensor([2], dtype=torch.int64),
                    torch.randn([1, 1, 12, 64]),
                ),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: IndexCopy(  # noqa: F405
                    copy_dim=2, skip_mutable_buffer=False
                ),
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (
                    torch.tensor([2], dtype=torch.int64),
                    torch.randn([1, 1024, 1, 64]),
                ),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: IndexCopy(  # noqa: F405
                    copy_dim=2, skip_mutable_buffer=False
                ),
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (
                    torch.tensor([2, 5], dtype=torch.int64),
                    torch.randn([1, 1024, 2, 64]),
                ),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: IndexCopy(  # noqa: F405
                    copy_dim=1, skip_mutable_buffer=True
                ),
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (
                    torch.tensor([2], dtype=torch.int64),
                    torch.randn([1, 1, 12, 64]),
                ),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: IndexCopy(  # noqa: F405
                    copy_dim=2, skip_mutable_buffer=True
                ),
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (
                    torch.tensor([2], dtype=torch.int64),
                    torch.randn([1, 1024, 1, 64]),
                ),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: IndexCopy(  # noqa: F405
                    copy_dim=2, skip_mutable_buffer=True
                ),
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (
                    torch.tensor([2, 5], dtype=torch.int64),
                    torch.randn([1, 1024, 2, 64]),
                ),
            },
        ]
        for i, test in enumerate(test_comb):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(
                    test[QCOM_MODULE], test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]
                )
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(
                    module,
                    test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS],
                    skip_mutable_buffer=test[QCOM_MODULE].skip_mutable_buffer,
                )

    def test_qnn_backend_index_put(self):
        skip_mutable_buffer = [False, True]
        total_test_combo = []
        # mode 0
        sample_inputs = [
            (torch.tensor([0], dtype=torch.int32), torch.randn([1, 1, 12, 64])),
            (torch.tensor([0], dtype=torch.int32), torch.randn([1, 64])),
            (torch.tensor([0, 1], dtype=torch.int32), torch.randn([2, 1, 12, 64])),
            (torch.tensor([0, 1], dtype=torch.int32), torch.randn([1, 64])),
        ]
        total_test_combo.append(
            list(itertools.product(skip_mutable_buffer, sample_inputs))
        )
        # mode 1
        sample_inputs = [
            (torch.tensor([2], dtype=torch.int32), torch.randn([1, 1, 12, 64])),
            (torch.tensor([2], dtype=torch.int32), torch.randn([1, 64])),
            (torch.tensor([2, 3], dtype=torch.int32), torch.randn([1, 2, 12, 64])),
            (torch.tensor([2, 3], dtype=torch.int32), torch.randn([1, 64])),
        ]
        total_test_combo.append(
            list(itertools.product(skip_mutable_buffer, sample_inputs))
        )
        # mode 2
        sample_inputs = [
            (torch.tensor([2], dtype=torch.int32), torch.randn([1, 1, 1, 64])),
            (torch.tensor([2], dtype=torch.int32), torch.randn([1, 64])),
            (torch.tensor([0, 1], dtype=torch.int32), torch.randn([1, 1, 2, 64])),
            (torch.tensor([2, 3], dtype=torch.int32), torch.randn([1, 64])),
        ]
        total_test_combo.append(
            list(itertools.product(skip_mutable_buffer, sample_inputs))
        )
        # mode 3
        sample_inputs = [
            (
                (
                    torch.tensor([0, 1], dtype=torch.int32),
                    torch.tensor([2, 3], dtype=torch.int32),
                ),
                torch.randn([2, 12, 64]),
            ),
            (
                (
                    torch.tensor([0, 1], dtype=torch.int32),
                    torch.tensor([2, 3], dtype=torch.int32),
                ),
                torch.randn([1, 64]),
            ),
        ]
        total_test_combo.append(
            list(itertools.product(skip_mutable_buffer, sample_inputs))
        )
        # mode 4
        sample_inputs = [
            (
                (
                    torch.tensor([0, 1], dtype=torch.int32),
                    torch.tensor([2, 3], dtype=torch.int32),
                ),
                torch.randn([2, 64]),
            ),
            (
                (
                    torch.tensor([0, 1], dtype=torch.int32),
                    torch.tensor([2, 3], dtype=torch.int32),
                ),
                torch.randn([1, 64]),
            ),
        ]
        total_test_combo.append(
            list(itertools.product(skip_mutable_buffer, sample_inputs))
        )
        # mode 5
        sample_inputs = [
            (
                (
                    torch.tensor([0, 1], dtype=torch.int32),
                    torch.tensor([2, 3], dtype=torch.int32),
                ),
                torch.randn([64]),
            ),
            (
                (
                    torch.tensor([0, 1], dtype=torch.int32),
                    torch.tensor([2, 3], dtype=torch.int32),
                ),
                torch.randn([1]),
            ),
        ]
        total_test_combo.append(
            list(itertools.product(skip_mutable_buffer, sample_inputs))
        )

        for i, test_combo in enumerate(total_test_combo):
            for j, combo in enumerate(test_combo):
                with self.subTest(f"mode_{i}-{j}"):
                    module = self.get_qdq_module(
                        IndexPut(skip_mutable_buffer=combo[0], mode=i),  # noqa: F405
                        combo[1],
                    )
                    self.lower_module_and_test_output(
                        module,
                        combo[1],
                        skip_mutable_buffer=combo[0],
                    )

    def test_qnn_backend_index_put_suite(self):
        accumulate = [False, True]
        in_place = [False, True]
        sample_inputs = [
            # basic
            (
                torch.rand(5, 2) * 100,
                (torch.tensor([0, 2]),),
                torch.tensor([10.0, 20.0]),
            ),
            (torch.rand(5, 2), (torch.tensor([0, 2]),), torch.tensor([10.0, 20.0])),
            # shape
            (torch.rand(5), (torch.tensor([0, 2]),), torch.tensor([10.0, 20.0])),
            (
                torch.rand(5, 2),
                (torch.tensor([0, 2]), torch.tensor([1, 1])),
                torch.tensor([10.0, 20.0]),
            ),
            (
                torch.rand(5, 3, 2),
                (torch.tensor([0, 2]), torch.tensor([1, 1]), torch.tensor([0, 1])),
                torch.tensor([10.0, 20.0]),
            ),
            # TODO: not supported by HTP
            # (
            #     torch.rand(5, 3, 2, 4),
            #     (torch.tensor([0, 2]), torch.tensor([1, 1]), torch.tensor([0, 1]), torch.tensor([2, 3])),
            #     torch.tensor([10.0]),
            # ),
            # indices
            (torch.rand(5, 2), (torch.tensor([2]),), torch.tensor([10.0])),
            (
                torch.rand(5, 3),
                (torch.tensor([0, 2, 4]),),
                torch.tensor([10.0, 20.0, 30.0]),
            ),
            (
                torch.rand(5),
                (torch.tensor([1, 1, 3, 3]),),
                torch.tensor([10.0, 20.0, 30.0, 40.0]),
            ),
            # broadcasting
            (torch.rand(5, 3), (torch.tensor([0, 2, 4]),), torch.tensor([42.0])),
            (
                torch.rand(3, 4),
                (torch.tensor([0, 1]), torch.tensor([1, 2])),
                torch.tensor([10.0, 20.0]),
            ),
            (torch.rand(4, 2), (torch.tensor([0, 2]),), torch.tensor([5.0, 15.0])),
            (
                torch.rand(3, 2, 2),
                (torch.tensor([0, 1]),),
                torch.tensor([[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 4.0]]),
            ),
            (torch.rand(4, 2), (torch.tensor([1, 1, 1]),), torch.tensor([5.0])),
            # two-index
            (
                torch.rand(4, 3),
                (torch.tensor([0, 1, 2]), torch.tensor([1, 0, 2])),
                torch.tensor([10.0, 20.0, 30.0]),
            ),
            (
                torch.rand(3, 3),
                (torch.tensor([0, 2]), torch.tensor([1, 1])),
                torch.tensor([15.0, 25.0]),
            ),
            (
                torch.rand(3, 2),
                (torch.tensor([1, 1, 2]), torch.tensor([0, 0, 1])),
                torch.tensor([5.0, 10.0, 15.0]),
            ),
            (
                torch.rand(3, 2),
                (torch.tensor([1]), torch.tensor([0, 0, 1])),
                torch.tensor([5.0, 10.0, 15.0]),
            ),
        ]
        test_combo = list(itertools.product(accumulate, in_place, sample_inputs))
        for i, combo in enumerate(test_combo):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(
                    IndexPutSuite(accumulate=combo[0], in_place=combo[1]),  # noqa: F405
                    combo[2],
                )
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, combo[2])

    def test_qnn_backend_index_select(self):
        module = IndexSelect(dim=1)  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (
            torch.randn(2, 3, 4, 5),
            torch.tensor([0, 2]),
        )
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_instance_norm_2d(self):
        modules = [InstanceNorm2d(32), InstanceNorm2d(32, affine=False)]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([4, 32, 16, 16]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_interpolate_bicubic(self):
        modules = [
            ResizeBicubic([2, 2], None, False),  # noqa: F405
            ResizeBicubic(None, [2, 2], False),  # noqa: F405
            ResizeBicubic([2, 2], None, True),  # noqa: F405
            ResizeBicubic(None, [2, 2], True),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 4, 2, 2),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_interpolate_bilinear_2d(self):
        module = ResizeBilinear2D()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(2, 3, 4, 5),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_interpolate_nearest_2d(self):
        module = ResizeNearest2D()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(2, 3, 4, 5),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_up_sampling_nearest_2d_with_scale_factor(self):
        module = UpsampleNearest2D(scale_factor=2)  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 16, 72, 104),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_up_sampling_nearest_2d_with_size(self):
        module = UpsampleNearest2D(sizes=(144, 208))  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 16, 72, 104),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_layer_norm(self):
        modules = [LayerNorm(), LayerNorm(bias=False)]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(196, 768),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_leaky_relu(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [LeakyReLUDefault()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [LeakyReLUCustom(0.05)],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [LeakyReLUCustom(0.05, inplace=True)],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)],
            },
        ]

        index = 0
        for comb in test_comb:
            for module in comb[QCOM_MODULE]:
                for sample_input in comb[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]:
                    with self.subTest(i=index):
                        index += 1
                        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_less_equal(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: LessEqual(),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4), torch.randn(2, 3, 4)),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: LessEqualConstant(0.5),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4),),
            },
        ]
        for i, test in enumerate(test_comb):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(
                    test[QCOM_MODULE], test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]
                )
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS])

    def test_qnn_backend_less_than(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: LessThan(),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4), torch.randn(2, 3, 4)),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: LessThanConstant(0.5),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4),),
            },
        ]
        for i, test in enumerate(test_comb):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(
                    test[QCOM_MODULE], test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]
                )
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS])

    def test_qnn_backend_linalg_vector_norm(self):
        modules = [
            LinalgVectorNorm(),  # noqa: F405
            LinalgVectorNorm(ord=3.5),  # noqa: F405
            LinalgVectorNorm(dim=1),  # noqa: F405
            LinalgVectorNorm(dim=1, keepdim=True),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn([3, 3]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_linear(self):
        modules = [
            Linear(),  # noqa: F405
            LinearNonConstantWeight(),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn([3, 512]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    @unittest.skipIf(is_qnn_sdk_version_less_than("2.30"), "UT pass after QNN 2.30")
    def test_qnn_backend_linear_block(self):
        modules = [
            Linear(use_bias=False),  # noqa: F405
            Linear(use_bias=True),  # noqa: F405
        ]

        sample_input = (torch.randn([3, 512]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                # update block size for linear weight (OI)
                # channel dimension(O) is defaultly sliced in QNN
                # divide dimension(I) into 16 groups
                module = self.get_qdq_module(
                    module,
                    sample_input,
                    quant_dtype=QuantDtype.use_16a4w_block,
                    block_size_map={"linear": (1, 32)},
                )
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_linear_qat(self):
        """
        Prototype to test qat model
        """
        module = Linear()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([3, 512]),)
        prepared = self.get_prepared_qat_module(module, sample_input)
        module = self.get_converted_sgd_trained_module(module, prepared, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_log(self):
        module = Log()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.rand([1, 2, 3, 4]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_logical_and(self):
        module = LogicalAnd()  # noqa: F405
        input1 = torch.tensor([0.0])
        input2 = torch.tensor([1.0])
        sample_input = (input1, input2)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_logical_not(self):
        module = LogicalNot()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.rand([1, 2, 3, 4]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_log_softmax(self):
        module = LogSoftmax()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 4, 8, 8]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_log_variants_multi_node(self):
        module = LogVariantsMultiNode()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (
            torch.abs(torch.rand(2, 3, 4)) + 0.1,
            torch.abs(torch.rand(2, 3, 4)) + 0.1,
        )
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_log10(self):
        module = Log10()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.abs(torch.rand(2, 5, 1, 3) + 0.1),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_log1p(self):
        module = Log1p()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.abs(torch.rand(2, 5, 1, 3) + 0.1),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_log2(self):
        module = Log2()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.abs(torch.rand(2, 5, 1, 3) + 0.1),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_maximum(self):
        module = Maximum()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4), torch.randn(2, 3, 4))
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_max_dim(self):
        module = MaxDim()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(4, 10),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_max_pool2d(self):
        modules = [
            MaxPool2d(3, 1, 0, True),  # noqa: F405
            MaxPool2d(3, 1, 0, False),  # noqa: F405
            MaxPool2d(3, 1, 1, True),  # noqa: F405
            MaxPool2d(3, 1, 1, False),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        test_quants = [QuantDtype.use_8a8w, QuantDtype.use_16a4w, QuantDtype.use_16a8w]
        sample_input = (torch.randn(4, 3, 24, 24),)
        test_pairs = [
            (module, quant_type)  # noqa: F405
            for module, quant_type in itertools.product(modules, test_quants)
        ]
        for i, (test_module, qtype) in enumerate(test_pairs):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                qdq_module = self.get_qdq_module(
                    test_module, sample_input, quant_dtype=qtype
                )
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(qdq_module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_max_pool3d(self):
        # NOTE: The pad should be at most half of effective kernel size.
        modules = [
            MaxPool3d((3), (1), (1), (1), False, False),  # noqa: F405
            MaxPool3d((7), (1), (3), (1), False, False),  # noqa: F405
            MaxPool3d((7), (1), (3), (1), True, False),  # noqa: F405
            MaxPool3d(  # noqa: F405
                (7, 7, 7), (1, 1, 1), (3, 3, 3), (1, 1, 1), True, False
            ),  # noqa: F405
            MaxPool3d(  # noqa: F405
                (7, 9, 13), (1, 1, 1), (3, 4, 6), (1, 1, 1), False, False
            ),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 7, 21, 35, 28),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_mean(self):
        test_comb = [
            # Reduce over last two dims, keepdim=True
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Mean(dim=(-1, -2), keepdim=True),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn([2, 5, 1, 3]),),
            },
            # Reduce over last two dims, keepdim=False
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Mean(dim=(-1, -2), keepdim=False),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn([2, 5, 1, 3]),),
            },
            # Default: reduce all dims
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Mean(),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(10, 10),),
            },
            # TODO: To be enabled via reshape input to 1d tensor
            # Scalar case
            # {
            #     QCOM_MODULE: Mean(),
            #     QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.tensor(5.0),),
            # },
            # Edge case: dim is a empty list
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Mean(dim=[]),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(4, 6, 8),),
            },
            # Edge case: reduce along dim=0 (batch dimension)
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Mean(dim=0),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(4, 6, 8),),
            },
            # Edge case: reduce along dim=0 with keepdim=True
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Mean(dim=0, keepdim=True),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(4, 6, 8),),
            },
            # Edge case: reduce along multiple dims
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Mean(dim=(0, 2)),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(3, 4, 5),),
            },
            # Edge case: high-dimensional tensor
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Mean(dim=(1, 3), keepdim=True),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(2, 3, 4, 5, 6),),
            },
        ]

        for i, test in enumerate(test_comb):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(
                    test[QCOM_MODULE], test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]
                )
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS])

    def test_qnn_backend_mha(self):
        module = MultiheadAttention()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 197, 96),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_minimum(self):
        module = Minimum()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4), torch.randn(2, 3, 4))
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_min_dim(self):
        module = MinDim()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(4, 10),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_narrow(self):
        module = Narrow()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 128, 64),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_neg(self):
        module = Neg()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 4, 16, 16),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_not_equal(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: NotEqual(),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4), torch.randn(2, 3, 4)),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: NotEqualConstant(0.5),  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4),),
            },
        ]
        for i, test in enumerate(test_comb):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(
                    test[QCOM_MODULE], test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]
                )
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS])

    def test_qnn_backend_pad(self):
        module = Pad()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 8, 128]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_permute(self):
        modules = [
            Permute([0, 2, 3, 1]),  # noqa: F405
            Permute([-1, -3, -2, -4]),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn([2, 3, 4, 5]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_pixel_shuffle(self):
        module = PixelShuffle(2)  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones([2, 4, 3, 3]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_pixel_unshuffle(self):
        module = PixelUnshuffle(2)  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones([2, 2, 6, 6]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_pow_tensor_scalar(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    PowTensorScalar(),  # noqa: F405
                    PowTensorScalar(1),  # noqa: F405
                    PowTensorScalar(-1),  # noqa: F405
                    PowTensorScalar(0.5),  # noqa: F405
                ],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.rand(10, 10) + 0.1,)],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [PowTensorScalar(10)],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.rand(10, 10) * 0.5 + 0.5,)],
            },
        ]
        index = 0
        for comb in test_comb:
            for module in comb[QCOM_MODULE]:
                for sample_input in comb[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]:
                    with self.subTest(i=index):
                        index += 1
                        qdq_module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                        self.lower_module_and_test_output(qdq_module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_prelu(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [PReLUDefault()],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [PReLUPerChannel(5)],  # noqa: F405
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [(torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)],
            },
        ]

        index = 0
        for comb in test_comb:
            for module in comb[QCOM_MODULE]:
                for sample_input in comb[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]:
                    with self.subTest(i=index):
                        index += 1
                        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_rand(self):
        sample_inputs = [
            (torch.randn(3, 4, 5),),
            (torch.randn(2, 8),),
            (
                torch.randn(
                    10,
                ),
            ),
            (torch.randn(1, 3, 32, 32),),
        ]
        for i, sample_input in enumerate(sample_inputs):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = Rand()  # noqa: F405
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(
                    module, sample_input, assert_output_equal=False
                )

    def test_qnn_backend_reciprocal(self):
        module = Reciprocal()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([2, 5, 1, 3]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_relu(self):
        module = Relu()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([2, 5, 1, 3]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_relu6(self):
        module = Relu6()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([2, 5, 1, 3]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_repeat(self):
        module = Repeat()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([2, 2, 2, 2]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_reshape(self):
        module = Reshape()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([3, 4]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_rms_norm(self):
        modules = [
            RmsNorm(),  # noqa: F405
            RmsNorm(eps=1e-5),  # noqa: F405
            RmsNorm(elementwise_affine=False),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 1, 1, 4]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(
                    module, sample_input, quant_dtype=QuantDtype.use_16a4w
                )
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_roll(self):
        modules = [
            Roll(shifts=(3, 3), dims=(1, 2)),  # noqa: F405
            Roll(shifts=(70, 59), dims=(1, 2)),  # noqa: F405
            Roll(shifts=3),  # noqa: F405
            Roll(shifts=56 * 56 * 96 + 3),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 56, 56, 96]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_round(self):
        module = Round()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([3, 4]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_rsqrt(self):
        module = Rsqrt()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.abs(torch.randn([3, 4])),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_sdpa(self):
        modules = [
            ScaledDotProductAttention(),  # noqa: F405
            ScaledDotProductAttention(scale=0.5),  # noqa: F405
            ScaledDotProductAttention(scale=1.0),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        mask = torch.tril(torch.randn(1, 1, 100, 100))
        mask[mask == 0] = torch.finfo(torch.float32).min
        sample_input = (
            torch.randn(1, 4, 100, 64),
            torch.randn(1, 4, 100, 64),
            torch.randn(1, 4, 100, 64),
            mask,
        )
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(
                    module, sample_input, quant_dtype=QuantDtype.use_16a8w
                )
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_select_copy(self):
        module = SelectCopy()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 3, 3, 3]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_sigmoid(self):
        module = Sigmoid()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 3, 3, 3]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_sign(self):
        module = Sign()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(3, 4),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_sin(self):
        module = Sin()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_slice_copy(self):
        modules = [
            SliceCopyDefaultParameter(),  # noqa: F405
            SliceCopy(),  # noqa: F405
            SliceCopyWithStep(),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_inputs = [
            (torch.randn([2, 1, 320, 512]),),
            (torch.randn([1, 512]), torch.randn([1, 8])),
            (torch.randn([1, 512]), torch.randn([1, 8])),
        ]
        for module, sample_input in zip(modules, sample_inputs):
            module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
            self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_slice_scatter(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    SliceScatter(dim=0, start=3, end=5, step=1)  # noqa: F405
                ],
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (
                        torch.zeros(8, 8),
                        torch.ones(2, 8),
                    )
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    SliceScatter(dim=1, start=2, end=6, step=2)  # noqa: F405
                ],
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (
                        torch.zeros(8, 8),
                        torch.ones(8, 2),
                    )
                ],
            },
        ]

        index = 0
        for comb in test_comb:
            for module in comb[QCOM_MODULE]:
                for sample_input in comb[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]:
                    with self.subTest(i=index):
                        index += 1
                        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_softmax(self):
        modules = [Softmax(dim=1), Softmax(dim=-1)]  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 4, 8, 8]),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_squared_relu(self):
        module = SquaredReLU()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([2, 5, 1, 3]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_squeeze(self):
        module = Squeeze()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 3, 3]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_stack(self):
        module = Stack()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (
            torch.randn([1, 2, 3, 4]),
            torch.randn([1, 2, 3, 4]),
            torch.randn([1, 2, 3, 4]),
        )
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_sum_int_list(self):
        module = SumIntList()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 4, 8, 8]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_swapaxes(self):
        module = SwapAxes(0, 1)  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 2, 3, 4]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_tanh(self):
        module = Tanh()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_threshold(self):
        modules = [
            Threshold(),  # noqa: F405
            Threshold(threshold=0.5, value=3.0, inplace=True),  # noqa: F405
            Threshold(threshold=0.5, value=3.0, inplace=False),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.randn(2, 5, 1, 3),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                qdq_module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(qdq_module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_triu(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    Triu(),  # noqa: F405
                    Triu(diagonal=1),  # noqa: F405
                ],
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.randn(3, 3),),
                    (torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 3),),
                ],
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: [
                    TriuConstant(1),  # noqa: F405
                    TriuConstant(1, constant_dtype=torch.bool),  # noqa: F405
                ],
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: [
                    (torch.zeros((5, 5)),),
                ],
            },
        ]

        index = 0
        for comb in test_comb:
            for module in comb[QCOM_MODULE]:
                for sample_input in comb[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]:
                    with self.subTest(i=index):
                        index += 1
                        qdq_module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                        self.lower_module_and_test_output(qdq_module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_trunc(self):
        module = Trunc()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(3, 4),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_unflatten(self):
        module = Unflatten(dim=1, sizes=(2, 3, 4))  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 24]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_unbind(self):
        module = Unbind()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([3, 3]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_unfold(self):
        sample_input = (torch.randn(2, 128, 32, 32),)
        module = Unfold()  # noqa: F405
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_unsqueeze(self):
        module = Unsqueeze()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 3, 3]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_view(self):
        module = View()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 8, 512]), torch.randn([1, 2, 8, 256]))
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_where(self):
        modules = [
            Where(),  # noqa: F405
            WhereConstant(torch.randn(3, 2), torch.randn(3, 2)),  # noqa: F405
            WhereConstantOther(),  # noqa: F405
            # TODO: There is a accuracy regression after 2.37
            # WhereConstantAll(),  # noqa: F405
            WhereConstantInf(),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_inputs = [
            (torch.randn(3, 2), torch.randn(3, 2), torch.randn(3, 2)),
            (torch.randn(3, 2),),
            (torch.randn(3, 2),),
            # (torch.randn(3, 2),),
            (torch.randn(30, 20),),
        ]
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_inputs[i])
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_inputs[i])

    def test_qnn_backend_masked_fill(self):
        module = MaskedFill()  # noqa: F405
        attn_mask = torch.ones((64, 49, 49), dtype=torch.float32)

        # Add some zero blocks to simulate the masking behavior
        for i in range(64):
            if i % 2 == 0:
                attn_mask[i, 35:, 35:] = 0

        sample_input = (attn_mask,)  # noqa: F405
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_element_wise_xor(self):
        test_comb = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: XorBitWise(  # noqa: F405
                    torch.tensor(1.7), torch.tensor(0.2)
                ),
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (
                    torch.tensor([1, 0, 1, 0], dtype=torch.bool),
                    torch.tensor([1, 1, 0, 0], dtype=torch.bool),
                ),
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: XorOperator(  # noqa: F405
                    torch.tensor(1.5), torch.tensor(-1.2)
                ),
                QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS: (
                    torch.full((3, 3), 1).triu(),
                    torch.full((3, 3), 1).tril(diagonal=0),
                ),
            },
        ]
        for i, test in enumerate(test_comb):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(
                    test[QCOM_MODULE], test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS]
                )
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, test[QCOM_SAMPLE_INPUTS])


class TestQNNQuantizedModel(TestQNN):
    # TODO: refactor to support different backends
    def setUp(self):
        TestQNN.atol = 1e-1
        TestQNN.rtol = 1
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(use_fp16=False)
        TestQNN.compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
            debug=False,
            saver=False,
            online_prepare=TestQNN.online_prepare,
            dump_intermediate_outputs=TestQNN.dump_intermediate_outputs,
            profile=TestQNN.enable_profile,
            shared_buffer=TestQNN.shared_buffer,
        )

    def test_qnn_backend_argmin_view_squeeze_conv2d(self):
        module = ArgminViewSqueezeConv2D()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(32), torch.randn(32, 3, 32, 32))
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_causal_mask(self):
        module = CausalMask()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.rand((1, 1, 1, 128)) < 0.5,)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_chunk_add(self):
        module = ChunkAdd()  # noqa: F405
        torch.manual_seed(8)
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 1, 4, 2),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conformer(self):
        from typing import Tuple

        import torchaudio

        class PatchedConformer(torch.nn.Module):
            """
            A lightly modified version of the top-level Conformer module, such that it can be exported.
            Instead of taking lengths and computing the padding mask, it takes the padding mask directly.
            See https://github.com/pytorch/audio/blob/main/src/torchaudio/models/conformer.py#L215
            """

            def __init__(self, conformer):
                super().__init__()
                self.conformer = conformer

            def forward(
                self, input: torch.Tensor, encoder_padding_mask: torch.Tensor
            ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
                x = input.transpose(0, 1)
                for layer in self.conformer.conformer_layers:
                    x = layer(x, encoder_padding_mask)
                return x.transpose(0, 1)

        inner_model = torchaudio.models.Conformer(
            input_dim=80,
            num_heads=4,
            ffn_dim=128,
            num_layers=4,
            depthwise_conv_kernel_size=31,
        )
        lengths = torch.randint(1, 400, (10,))
        encoder_padding_mask = torchaudio.models.conformer._lengths_to_padding_mask(
            lengths
        )
        sample_input = (
            torch.rand(10, int(lengths.max()), 80),
            encoder_padding_mask.to(torch.float32),
        )
        module = PatchedConformer(inner_model).eval()
        module = self.get_qdq_module(
            module, sample_input, quant_dtype=QuantDtype.use_16a8w
        )
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv1d_relu_log_softmax(self):
        modules = [
            Conv1dReluLogSoftmax(dim=1),  # noqa: F405
            Conv1dReluLogSoftmax(dim=-1),  # noqa: F405
        ]
        sample_input = (torch.rand(1, 2, 28),)
        for i, module in enumerate(modules):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d_argmin(self):
        module = Conv2dArgmin()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(16, 3, 4, 4),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d_avg_pool2d(self):
        module = Conv2dAvgPool2d()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(16, 3, 16, 16),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d_bn_hardtanh_mean(self):
        module = Conv2dBnHardtanhMean()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 1, 6, 6),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d_cat(self):
        module = Conv2dCat()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 3, 5, 5), torch.randn(1, 3, 5, 5))
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d_down_up_sample(self):
        module = Conv2dDownUpSample()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 16, 224, 224),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d_flip(self):
        module = Conv2dFlip()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 16, 224, 224),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d_max_pool2d(self):
        module = Conv2dMaxPool2d()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.rand(1, 2, 14, 14),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d_slice_copy(self):
        module = Conv2dSliceCopy()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([2, 1, 3, 3]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d_stack(self):
        module = Conv2dStack()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (
            torch.randn(1, 3, 5, 5),
            torch.randn(1, 3, 3, 3),
            torch.randn(1, 3, 3, 3),
        )
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d_sum_reduce_dim(self):
        module = Conv2dSumReduceDim()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 1, 3, 3]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d_topk(self):
        module = Conv2dTopK()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 3, 32, 32),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    # This test is to ensure unbind should be pytorch layout.
    # However, unbind will be forced decomposed by executorch framework.
    # Keep it here in case unbind doesn't get forced decomposed in future.
    def test_qnn_backend_conv2d_unbind(self):
        module = Conv2dUnbind()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 3, 5, 5),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_copy(self):
        sample_inputs = [
            (torch.randn(3, 4, 5),),
            (torch.randn(4, 1),),
        ]
        for i, sample_input in enumerate(sample_inputs):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = self.get_qdq_module(
                    Copy(torch.randn(3, 4, 5)), sample_input  # noqa: F405
                )
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_einsum_outer_product_relu(self):
        module = EinsumOuterProductRelu()  # noqa: F405
        x = torch.randn(5)
        y = torch.randn(4)
        sample_input = (
            x,
            y,
        )
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    @unittest.skipIf(is_qnn_sdk_version_less_than("2.35"), "UT pass after QNN 2.35")
    def test_qnn_backend_masked_softmax(self):
        if self.enable_x86_64:
            self.skipTest(
                "At the moment, testing is only being conducted on the device."
            )
        module = MaskedSoftmax()  # noqa: F405
        kv_arange = torch.arange(128)
        reshaped_cache_position = torch.tensor([[0]])

        # Simplest and most efficient way to obtain a causal mask
        causal_mask = kv_arange <= reshaped_cache_position
        atten_mask = torch.full((1, 128), torch.tensor(-65535.0))
        atten_mask = atten_mask.masked_fill(causal_mask, 0)
        atten_mask = atten_mask[None, None, :, :].expand(1, -1, -1, -1)
        sample_input = (atten_mask, torch.randn([1, 1, 1, 128]))
        # Masked softmax is only support in quantized model
        module = self.get_qdq_module(
            module, sample_input, quant_dtype=QuantDtype.use_16a8w
        )
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(use_fp16=False)
        compiler_spec = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
            optrace=True,
        )
        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_dir:
            edge_prog_mgr = to_edge_transform_and_lower_to_qnn(
                module, sample_input, compiler_spec
            ).to_executorch()
            pte_path = f"{tmp_dir}/model.pte"
            with open(pte_path, "wb") as f:
                edge_prog_mgr.write_to_file(f)
            adb = self.get_adb_tool(pte_path)
            binaries_trace = generate_optrace(
                tmp_dir, self.chipset_table[self.model], adb, pte_path, [sample_input]
            )
            has_masked_softmax = False
            for _, (_, qhas) in binaries_trace.items():
                with open(qhas, "r") as qhas_file:
                    qhas_data = json.load(qhas_file)
                    for row in qhas_data["data"]["htp_op_types"]["data"]:
                        if "MaskedSoftmax" in row["op"]:
                            has_masked_softmax = True
            self.assertTrue(has_masked_softmax)

    @unittest.skip("UT pass before QNN 2.26, segfault during partitioner")
    def test_qnn_backend_moe_feed_forward(self):
        from executorch.examples.models.llama.llama_transformer import MOEFeedForward
        from executorch.examples.models.llama.model_args import ModelArgs

        args = ModelArgs()
        args.dim = 32
        args.n_heads = 8
        args.n_layers = 2
        self.head_dim = args.dim // args.n_heads
        module = MOEFeedForward(args)  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (
            torch.randint(low=0, high=100, size=(1, 32), dtype=torch.float32),
        )
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_pixel_unshuffle_math_equivalent(self):
        module = PixelUnshuffleMathEquivalent(2)  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.rand(2, 2, 6, 6),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_residual_block(self):
        module = ResidualBlockModule()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 32, 28, 28),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_simple_model(self):
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_submodules(self):
        module = SimpleSubModules()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (
            torch.rand(1, 3, 8, 8),
            torch.rand(1, 3, 8, 8),
            torch.rand(1, 3, 8, 8),
            torch.rand(1, 3, 8, 8),
        )

        from executorch.backends.qualcomm.quantizer.quantizer import (
            get_submodule_type_predicate,
        )

        submodule_qconfig_list = [
            (
                get_submodule_type_predicate("Add"),
                ModuleQConfig(QuantDtype.use_16a16w),
            )  # noqa: F405
        ]
        module = self.get_qdq_module(
            module,
            sample_input,
            submodule_qconfig_list=submodule_qconfig_list,
        )
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_topk_and_index(self):
        module = TopKandIndex()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(3, 10),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_view_permute_matmul(self):
        module = ViewPermuteMatMul()  # noqa: F405
        torch.manual_seed(8)
        sample_input = (torch.randn([1, 8, 512]), torch.randn([1, 2, 8, 256]))
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_zero_dim_tensor(self):
        module = ZeroDimTensor()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 256, 125),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_example_models(self):
        instances = [
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: DeepLabV3ResNet101Model(),
                QCOM_ANNOTATION: (),
                QCOM_QUANT_DTYPE: QuantDtype.use_8a8w,
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: EdsrModel(),
                QCOM_ANNOTATION: (),
                QCOM_QUANT_DTYPE: QuantDtype.use_8a8w,
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: InceptionV3Model(),
                QCOM_ANNOTATION: (),
                QCOM_QUANT_DTYPE: QuantDtype.use_8a8w,
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: InceptionV4Model(),
                QCOM_ANNOTATION: (),
                QCOM_QUANT_DTYPE: QuantDtype.use_8a8w,
            },
            # The module of llama is changing frequently. Reopen it when it's stable
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: MV2Model(),
                QCOM_ANNOTATION: (),
                QCOM_QUANT_DTYPE: QuantDtype.use_8a8w,
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: MV3Model(),
                QCOM_ANNOTATION: (),
                QCOM_QUANT_DTYPE: QuantDtype.use_8a8w,
            },
            # only works on QNN 2.12 so far
            # { 'module': MobileBertModelExample(), 'annotation': (), QCOM_QUANT_DTYPE: QuantDtype.use_8a8w },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: TorchVisionViTModel(),
                QCOM_ANNOTATION: (),
                QCOM_QUANT_DTYPE: QuantDtype.use_8a8w,
            },
            {
                QCOM_MODULE: Wav2LetterModel(),
                QCOM_ANNOTATION: (),
                QCOM_QUANT_DTYPE: QuantDtype.use_8a8w,
            },
        ]
        expected_partitions = [
            1,
            1,
            1,
            1,
            1,
            1,
            # For MobileBertModelExample
            # 1,
            1,
            1,
        ]
        # TODO: Due to trigger maximum recursion depth exceeded, need to check it.
        disable_validation()
        for i, instance in enumerate(instances):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                module = instance[QCOM_MODULE].get_eager_model().eval()
                sample_input = instance[QCOM_MODULE].get_example_inputs()
                module = self.get_qdq_module(
                    module,
                    sample_input,
                    custom_quant_annotations=instance[QCOM_ANNOTATION],
                    quant_dtype=instance[QCOM_QUANT_DTYPE],
                )
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(
                    module,
                    sample_input,
                    expected_partitions=expected_partitions[i],
                    assert_output_equal=False,
                )


class TestQNNFloatingPointUtils(TestQNN):
    # TODO: refactor to support different backends
    def setUp(self):
        TestQNN.atol = 1e-1
        TestQNN.rtol = 1e-1
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(use_fp16=True)
        TestQNN.compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
            debug=False,
            saver=False,
        )

    def test_qnn_backend_dump_intermediate_outputs_topk(self):
        TestQNN.dump_intermediate_outputs = True
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(use_fp16=True)
        TestQNN.compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
            dump_intermediate_outputs=True,
        )
        module = TopKandIndex()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(3, 10),)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(
            module,
            sample_input,
            expected_partitions=1,
            expected_intermediate_events=7,
            expected_compared_events=5,
        )

    def test_qnn_backend_dump_intermediate_outputs_simple_model(self):
        TestQNN.dump_intermediate_outputs = True
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(use_fp16=True)
        TestQNN.compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
            dump_intermediate_outputs=True,
        )
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(
            module,
            sample_input,
            expected_partitions=1,
            expected_intermediate_events=20,
            expected_compared_events=16,
        )

    def test_qnn_backend_skip_node_id(self):
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(
            module,
            sample_input,
            expected_partitions=3,
            skip_node_id_set={"aten_add_tensor", "aten_mean_dim"},
        )

    def test_qnn_backend_skip_node_op(self):
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(
            module,
            sample_input,
            expected_partitions=2,
            skip_node_op_set={"aten.add.Tensor"},
        )

    def test_qnn_backend_spill_fill_buffer_size(self):
        module = LargeTensorLinear()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 256, 512),)
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(
            use_fp16=True,
            use_multi_contexts=True,
        )
        compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
        )
        edge_prog = to_edge_transform_and_lower_to_qnn(
            module, sample_input, compiler_specs
        )

        max_sf_size = update_spill_fill_size(edge_prog.exported_program())
        self.assertNotEqual(0, max_sf_size)

    def test_qnn_backend_multi_contexts(self):
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(
            use_fp16=True,
            use_dlbc=True,
            use_multi_contexts=True,
        )
        compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
        )
        pass_jobs = get_capture_program_passes()
        split_graph_pass, setting = self.split_graph(4)
        pass_jobs[split_graph_pass] = setting
        dep_table = get_passes_dependency_for_capture_program()
        dep_table[split_graph_pass] = [FoldQDQ]
        edge_prog = to_edge_transform_and_lower_to_qnn(
            module,
            sample_input,
            compiler_specs,
            dep_table=dep_table,
            passes_job=pass_jobs,
        )

        update_spill_fill_size(edge_prog.exported_program())
        exec_prog = edge_prog.to_executorch()
        self.verify_output(module, sample_input, exec_prog)

    def test_qnn_backend_multi_contexts_composite(self):
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(
            use_fp16=True,
            use_dlbc=True,
            use_multi_contexts=True,
        )
        compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
        )
        module = CompositeDelegateModule(  # noqa: F405
            compiler_specs=compiler_specs,
            to_edge_transform_and_lower_method=to_edge_transform_and_lower_to_qnn,
        )
        sample_input = module.get_random_input()
        edge_prog = to_edge(
            torch.export.export(module, sample_input, strict=True),
        )
        update_spill_fill_size(edge_prog.exported_program())
        exec_prog = edge_prog.to_executorch()
        self.verify_output(module.get_reference_module(), sample_input, exec_prog)

    def test_qnn_backend_multi_graphs(self):
        if self.enable_x86_64:
            self.skipTest("weight sharing is not supported on host machine")

        seq_conv = Conv2dSequential()  # noqa: F405
        # weight sharing
        modules = [seq_conv, seq_conv.second]
        sample_inputs = [(torch.randn([1, 1, 3, 3]),), (torch.randn([1, 3, 3, 3]),)]
        graph_names = ["seq_conv", "single_conv"]
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(
            use_fp16=True,
            use_weight_sharing=True,
        )
        compiler_specs = [
            generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
                soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
                backend_options=backend_options,
            )
        ] * len(graph_names)

        modules_dict = {}
        sample_inputs_dict = {}
        compiler_specs_dict = {}
        for i, graph_name in enumerate(graph_names):
            modules_dict[graph_name] = modules[i]
            sample_inputs_dict[graph_name] = sample_inputs[i]
            compiler_specs_dict[graph_name] = compiler_specs[i]
        delegated_program = to_edge_transform_and_lower_to_qnn(
            modules_dict, sample_inputs_dict, compiler_specs_dict
        )
        executorch_prog = delegated_program.to_executorch()
        for index, module in enumerate(modules):
            self.verify_output(
                module=module,
                sample_inputs=sample_inputs[index],
                executorch_prog=executorch_prog,
                method_index=index,
            )

    def test_qnn_backend_profile_op(self):
        TestQNN.enable_profile = True
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(use_fp16=True)
        TestQNN.compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
            profile=True,
        )
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(
            module,
            sample_input,
            expected_partitions=1,
            expected_profile_events=30,
        )

    def test_qnn_backend_runtime_option_htp_performance(self):
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(use_fp16=True)
        TestQNN.compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
        )
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))

        def output_callback(log_msg, is_burst):
            msg = log_msg.stdout
            # Refer to HtpDevice.cpp for the following values
            min_voltage = (
                "coreVoltageCornerMin 160" if is_burst else "coreVoltageCornerMin 80"
            )
            self.assertTrue(min_voltage in msg, f"Expecting '{min_voltage} ' in log")

        burst_runtime_commands = (
            " --htp_performance_mode 2 --log_level 4"  # kHtpBurst, kLogLevelVerbose
        )
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(
            module,
            sample_input,
            extra_cmds=burst_runtime_commands,
            output_callback=partial(output_callback, is_burst=True),
            save_inference_speed=True,
        )
        burst_speed = 1000 / self.inference_speed  # inferences per second

        power_saver_runtime_commands = " --htp_performance_mode 6 --log_level 4"  # kHtpHighPowerSaver, kLogLevelVerbose
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(
            module,
            sample_input,
            extra_cmds=power_saver_runtime_commands,
            output_callback=partial(output_callback, is_burst=False),
            save_inference_speed=True,
        )
        power_saver_speed = 1000 / self.inference_speed  # inferences per second

        # Only need to ensure device burst is faster than high power saver
        if not self.enable_x86_64:
            self.assertGreater(
                burst_speed,
                power_saver_speed,
                f"Burst mode should be faster than high power saver mode, Burst: {burst_speed} inference / second, High Power Saver: {power_saver_speed} inference /second.",
            )

    def test_qnn_backend_runtime_option_log(self):
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(use_fp16=True)
        TestQNN.compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
        )
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))
        runtime_commands = " --log_level 4"  # kLogLevelVerbose

        def output_callback(log_msg):
            msg = log_msg.stdout
            # Check log prefix, different QNN version will have slightly different message format.
            self.assertTrue(
                any(
                    sub in msg
                    for sub in [
                        "[Qnn ExecuTorch]: QnnDsp <V>",
                        "[Qnn ExecuTorch]:  <V>",
                    ]
                ),
                "Expecting Verbose message in log",
            )

        self.lower_module_and_test_output(
            module,
            sample_input,
            extra_cmds=runtime_commands,
            output_callback=output_callback,
        )

    def test_qnn_backend_runtime_option_profile(self):
        TestQNN.enable_profile = True
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(use_fp16=True)
        TestQNN.compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
            profile=False,  # Turn on using runtime command
        )
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))
        runtime_commands = " --profile_level 2"  # kProfileDetailed
        # With same model, expected_profile events for this UT should match test_qnn_backend_profile_op
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(
            module,
            sample_input,
            expected_partitions=1,
            expected_profile_events=30,
            extra_cmds=runtime_commands,
        )

    def test_qnn_backend_shared_buffer(self):
        TestQNN.shared_buffer = True
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(
            use_fp16=True,
        )
        TestQNN.compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
            shared_buffer=True,
        )
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(
            module,
            sample_input,
            expected_partitions=1,
        )

    def test_qnn_backend_online_prepare(self):
        if self.enable_x86_64:
            self.skipTest("TODO: add online_prepare support on host platform")

        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(use_fp16=True)
        TestQNN.compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
            online_prepare=True,
        )
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    @unittest.expectedFailure
    def test_qnn_backend_context_direct(self):
        # TODO: Fix QNN tools pairs with np 2.x
        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_dir:
            module = ContextBinaryExample()  # noqa: F405
            generate_context_binary(
                module=module,
                inputs=module.example_inputs(),
                quantized=False,
                artifact_dir=tmp_dir,
            )
            ctx_path = f"{tmp_dir}/model_ctx.bin"
            bundle_program = from_context_binary(ctx_path, "ctx_loader")
            self.verify_output(
                module,
                tuple(
                    torch.randn(size=v.shape, dtype=v.dtype)
                    for v in bundle_program["inputs"].values()
                ),
                bundle_program["edge_program_manager"].to_executorch(),
            )

    def test_qnn_backend_context_extraction(self):
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))
        compiler_specs = [
            self.compiler_specs,
        ]
        validators = [validate_context_binary]

        for compiler_spec, validate in zip(compiler_specs, validators):
            edge_prog_mgr = to_edge_transform_and_lower_to_qnn(
                module, sample_input, compiler_spec
            )
            lowered_module = edge_prog_mgr.exported_program().graph_module._modules[
                "lowered_module_0"
            ]
            binary = PyQnnManagerAdaptor.StripProtocol(lowered_module.processed_bytes)
            validate(binary)

    def test_qnn_backend_dump_context_from_pte(self):
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))
        compiler_specs = [
            self.compiler_specs,
        ]
        validators = [validate_context_binary]

        for compiler_spec, validate in zip(compiler_specs, validators):
            edge_prog_mgr = to_edge_transform_and_lower_to_qnn(
                module, sample_input, compiler_spec
            ).to_executorch()

            with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_dir:
                pte_path = f"{tmp_dir}/model.pte"
                with open(pte_path, "wb") as f:
                    edge_prog_mgr.write_to_file(f)

                dump_context_from_pte(pte_path)
                binary_name = f"{tmp_dir}/forward_0.bin"
                self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(binary_name))
                with open(binary_name, "rb") as f:
                    stripped_binary = f.read()
                    validate(stripped_binary)

    def test_qnn_backend_draw_graph(self):
        golden_data = """digraph test {
            rankdir=TB
            "aten_convolution_default@0" [label=<
                        <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="4">
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">name: aten_convolution_default@0</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">data_type: Qnn_DataType_t.QNN_DATATYPE_FLOAT_32</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">tensor_type: Qnn_TensorType_t.QNN_TENSOR_TYPE_NATIVE</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">dims: [1, 28, 28, 32]</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">quantization_encoding: Qnn_QuantizationEncoding_t.QNN_QUANTIZATION_ENCODING_UNDEFINED</TD></TR>
                    </TABLE>> color=black fillcolor=transparent shape=box style=rounded]
            "aten_relu_default@0" [label=<
                        <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="4">
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">name: aten_relu_default@0</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">data_type: Qnn_DataType_t.QNN_DATATYPE_FLOAT_32</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">tensor_type: Qnn_TensorType_t.QNN_TENSOR_TYPE_NATIVE</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">dims: [1, 28, 28, 32]</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">quantization_encoding: Qnn_QuantizationEncoding_t.QNN_QUANTIZATION_ENCODING_UNDEFINED</TD></TR>
                    </TABLE>> color=black fillcolor=transparent shape=box style=rounded]
            "aten_relu_default_1@0" [label=<
                        <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="4">
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">name: aten_relu_default_1@0</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">data_type: Qnn_DataType_t.QNN_DATATYPE_FLOAT_32</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">tensor_type: Qnn_TensorType_t.QNN_TENSOR_TYPE_NATIVE</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">dims: [1, 28, 28, 32]</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">quantization_encoding: Qnn_QuantizationEncoding_t.QNN_QUANTIZATION_ENCODING_UNDEFINED</TD></TR>
                    </TABLE>> color=black fillcolor=transparent shape=box style=rounded]
            "output_aten_add_tensor@0" [label=<
                        <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="4">
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">name: output_aten_add_tensor@0</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">data_type: Qnn_DataType_t.QNN_DATATYPE_FLOAT_32</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">tensor_type: Qnn_TensorType_t.QNN_TENSOR_TYPE_APP_READ</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">dims: [1, 28, 28, 32]</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">quantization_encoding: Qnn_QuantizationEncoding_t.QNN_QUANTIZATION_ENCODING_UNDEFINED</TD></TR>
                    </TABLE>> color=black fillcolor=transparent shape=box style=rounded]
            "aten_convolution_default_1@0" [label=<
                        <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="4">
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">name: aten_convolution_default_1@0</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">data_type: Qnn_DataType_t.QNN_DATATYPE_FLOAT_32</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">tensor_type: Qnn_TensorType_t.QNN_TENSOR_TYPE_NATIVE</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">dims: [1, 28, 28, 32]</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">quantization_encoding: Qnn_QuantizationEncoding_t.QNN_QUANTIZATION_ENCODING_UNDEFINED</TD></TR>
                    </TABLE>> color=black fillcolor=transparent shape=box style=rounded]
            "input_0_x@0" [label=<
                        <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="4">
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">name: input_0_x@0</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">data_type: Qnn_DataType_t.QNN_DATATYPE_FLOAT_32</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">tensor_type: Qnn_TensorType_t.QNN_TENSOR_TYPE_APP_WRITE</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">dims: [1, 28, 28, 32]</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">quantization_encoding: Qnn_QuantizationEncoding_t.QNN_QUANTIZATION_ENCODING_UNDEFINED</TD></TR>
                    </TABLE>> color=black fillcolor=transparent shape=box style=rounded]
            "p_conv2_weight@0" [label=<
                        <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="4">
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">name: p_conv2_weight@0</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">data_type: Qnn_DataType_t.QNN_DATATYPE_FLOAT_32</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">tensor_type: Qnn_TensorType_t.QNN_TENSOR_TYPE_STATIC</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">dims: [3, 3, 32, 32]</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">quantization_encoding: Qnn_QuantizationEncoding_t.QNN_QUANTIZATION_ENCODING_UNDEFINED</TD></TR>
                    </TABLE>> color=black fillcolor=transparent shape=box style=rounded]
            "p_conv2_bias@0" [label=<
                        <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="4">
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">name: p_conv2_bias@0</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">data_type: Qnn_DataType_t.QNN_DATATYPE_FLOAT_32</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">tensor_type: Qnn_TensorType_t.QNN_TENSOR_TYPE_STATIC</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">dims: [32]</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">quantization_encoding: Qnn_QuantizationEncoding_t.QNN_QUANTIZATION_ENCODING_UNDEFINED</TD></TR>
                    </TABLE>> color=black fillcolor=transparent shape=box style=rounded]
            "p_conv1_weight@0" [label=<
                        <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="4">
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">name: p_conv1_weight@0</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">data_type: Qnn_DataType_t.QNN_DATATYPE_FLOAT_32</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">tensor_type: Qnn_TensorType_t.QNN_TENSOR_TYPE_STATIC</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">dims: [3, 3, 32, 32]</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">quantization_encoding: Qnn_QuantizationEncoding_t.QNN_QUANTIZATION_ENCODING_UNDEFINED</TD></TR>
                    </TABLE>> color=black fillcolor=transparent shape=box style=rounded]
            "p_conv1_bias@0" [label=<
                        <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="4">
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">name: p_conv1_bias@0</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">data_type: Qnn_DataType_t.QNN_DATATYPE_FLOAT_32</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">tensor_type: Qnn_TensorType_t.QNN_TENSOR_TYPE_STATIC</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">dims: [32]</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">quantization_encoding: Qnn_QuantizationEncoding_t.QNN_QUANTIZATION_ENCODING_UNDEFINED</TD></TR>
                    </TABLE>> color=black fillcolor=transparent shape=box style=rounded]
            "input_0_x@0" -> "aten_convolution_default@0"
            "p_conv1_weight@0" -> "aten_convolution_default@0"
            "p_conv1_bias@0" -> "aten_convolution_default@0"
            "aten_convolution_default@0" -> "aten_relu_default@0"
            "aten_convolution_default_1@0" -> "aten_relu_default_1@0"
            "input_0_x@0" -> "aten_convolution_default_1@0"
            "p_conv2_weight@0" -> "aten_convolution_default_1@0"
            "p_conv2_bias@0" -> "aten_convolution_default_1@0"
            "aten_relu_default@0" -> "output_aten_add_tensor@0"
            "aten_relu_default_1@0" -> "output_aten_add_tensor@0"
        }
        """
        module = DrawGraphModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 32, 28, 28),)
        # TODO: Figure out how to get the original graph module with the to_edge_transform_and_lowering_to_qnn API
        delegated_program = capture_program(module, sample_input)

        """
        This piece of code simulates the behavior of the final preprocessing step to obtain the op wrapper list.
        In practice, users need to set a breakpoint in the preprocessing step and use the DrawGraph tool to visualize the graph.
        """
        graph_module = QnnPassManager().transform_for_preprocess_pipeline(
            delegated_program.exported_program
        )
        nodes_to_wrappers = defaultdict(dict)
        node_visitors = get_node_visitors(
            delegated_program.exported_program, enable_tensor_dump=False
        )

        py_op_wrapper_list = []
        for node in graph_module.graph.nodes:
            if node.op == "call_function":
                if node.target.__name__ in node_visitors:
                    py_op_wrapper = node_visitors[node.target.__name__].define_node(
                        node, nodes_to_wrappers
                    )
                    if py_op_wrapper is not None:
                        if isinstance(py_op_wrapper, List):
                            py_op_wrapper_list.extend(py_op_wrapper)
                        else:
                            py_op_wrapper_list.append(py_op_wrapper)
                elif node.op in [
                    "get_attr",
                    "placeholder",
                    "output",
                ]:
                    continue
        # random py_op_wrapper_list to check it's correctness
        random.shuffle(py_op_wrapper_list)
        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_dir:
            DrawGraph("test", tmp_dir, py_op_wrapper_list, dot_string=True)
            test_file = os.path.join(tmp_dir, "test.dot")
            with open(test_file, "r") as test:
                test_data = test.read()
            assert sorted(golden_data.split()) == sorted(
                test_data.split()
            ), "Generated .dot file does not match the golden file."

    def test_qnn_backend_generate_optrace(self):
        if self.enable_x86_64:
            self.skipTest(
                "At the moment, testing is only being conducted on the device."
            )
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(use_fp16=True)

        compiler_specs = [
            generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
                soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
                backend_options=backend_options,
                online_prepare=True,
            ),
            generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
                soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
                backend_options=backend_options,
                optrace=True,
            ),
        ]

        for compiler_spec in compiler_specs:
            with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_dir:
                edge_prog_mgr = to_edge_transform_and_lower_to_qnn(
                    module, sample_input, compiler_spec
                ).to_executorch()
                pte_path = f"{tmp_dir}/model.pte"
                with open(pte_path, "wb") as f:
                    edge_prog_mgr.write_to_file(f)

                adb = self.get_adb_tool(pte_path)
                binaries_trace = generate_optrace(
                    tmp_dir,
                    self.chipset_table[self.model],
                    adb,
                    pte_path,
                    [sample_input],
                )
                for _, (optrace, qhas) in binaries_trace.items():
                    with open(optrace, "r") as optrace_file:
                        optrace_data = json.load(optrace_file)
                        # {
                        #  header:
                        #    {
                        #     'header_version': {'major': x, 'minor': y, 'patch': z},
                        #     'version': {'major': x, 'minor': y, 'patch': z},
                        #     'artifact_type': 'OP_TRACE'
                        #    }
                        #  traceEvents:
                        #    {...}
                        # }
                        for row in optrace_data["traceEvents"]:
                            self.assertIn("pid", row)
                    with open(qhas, "r") as qhas_file:
                        qhas_data = json.load(qhas_file)
                        self.assertIn("data", qhas_data)


class TestQNNQuantizedUtils(TestQNN):
    # TODO: refactor to support different backends
    def setUp(self):
        TestQNN.atol = 1e-1
        TestQNN.rtol = 1
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(use_fp16=False)
        TestQNN.compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
            debug=False,
            saver=False,
        )

    def test_qnn_backend_dump_intermediate_outputs_simple_model(self):
        TestQNN.dump_intermediate_outputs = True
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(use_fp16=False)
        TestQNN.compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
            dump_intermediate_outputs=True,
        )
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(
            module,
            sample_input,
            expected_partitions=1,
            expected_intermediate_events=21,
            expected_compared_events=14,
        )

    def test_qnn_backend_dump_intermediate_outputs_topk(self):
        torch.manual_seed(8)
        TestQNN.dump_intermediate_outputs = True
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(use_fp16=False)
        TestQNN.compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
            dump_intermediate_outputs=True,
        )
        module = TopKandIndex()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(3, 10),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(
            module,
            sample_input,
            expected_partitions=1,
            expected_intermediate_events=9,
            expected_compared_events=5,
        )

    def test_qnn_backend_dynamic_shape(self):
        from executorch.backends.qualcomm._passes.build_quant_io import BuildQuantIo
        from executorch.backends.qualcomm.utils.constants import (
            QCOM_DTYPE,
            QCOM_QUANT_ATTRS,
        )
        from executorch.exir.capture._config import ExecutorchBackendConfig

        module = Add()  # noqa: F405
        last_dim = torch.export.Dim("last_dim", min=1, max=8)
        dynamic_shapes = {"x": {3: last_dim}, "y": {3: last_dim}}
        # the tracing input in dynamic dimension should have maximun expected
        # value for QNN to be setup correctly
        input_shape = (1, 2, 3, last_dim.max)
        sample_input = (
            torch.randint(0, 2, input_shape, dtype=torch.float),
            torch.randint(0, 2, input_shape, dtype=torch.float),
        )
        module = self.get_qdq_module(
            module,
            sample_input,
            quant_dtype=QuantDtype.use_16a16w,
            dynamic_shapes=dynamic_shapes,
        )
        # only few ops with 16bit are supported with dynamic shape now
        # strip unsupported quantize / dequantize ops generated in preprocess
        pass_jobs = get_capture_program_passes()
        pass_jobs[TagQuantIO][QCOM_PASS_ACTIVATE_KEY] = True
        pass_jobs[TagQuantIO][QCOM_PASS_ARGS_KWARGS_DEFAULTS_KEY][
            "get_quant_io_dtype_fn"
        ] = lambda n: (
            torch.uint16 if any(name in n.name for name in ["x", "y", "add"]) else None
        )
        edge_prog_mgr = to_edge_transform_and_lower_to_qnn(
            module,
            sample_input,
            self.compiler_specs,
            dynamic_shapes=dynamic_shapes,
            passes_job=pass_jobs,
        )

        # collect encodings for ios
        input_encodings, output_encodings = [], []
        for n in edge_prog_mgr.exported_program().graph.nodes:
            if n.op == "placeholder":
                input_encodings.append(n.meta[QCOM_QUANT_ATTRS])
                input_encodings[-1][QCOM_DTYPE] = torch.uint16
            elif n.op == "output":
                output_encodings = n.meta[QCOM_QUANT_ATTRS_MAP].values()
                for output_encoding in output_encodings:
                    output_encoding[QCOM_DTYPE] = torch.uint16

        exec_prog = edge_prog_mgr.to_executorch(
            ExecutorchBackendConfig(passes=[BuildQuantIo()])
        )

        for dim in range(last_dim.min, last_dim.max + 1):
            with self.subTest(i=dim):
                input_shape = (1, 2, 3, dim)
                sample_input = (torch.rand(input_shape), torch.rand(input_shape))
                self.verify_output(
                    module,
                    sample_input,
                    exec_prog,
                    input_encodings=tuple(input_encodings),
                    output_encodings=tuple(output_encodings),
                    check_io_shape=True,
                )

    def test_qnn_backend_rewrite_prepared_observer(self):
        from torchao.quantization.pt2e import FixedQParamsObserver

        module = ReWriteObs()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([3, 1]),)
        module = torch.export.export(module, sample_input, strict=True).module()

        quantizer = make_quantizer(
            backend=get_backend_type(self.backend), soc_model=self.model
        )

        prepared = prepare_pt2e(module, quantizer)
        prepared(*sample_input)

        new_obs = FixedQParamsObserver(
            scale=0.004,
            zero_point=0,
            dtype=torch.uint8,
            quant_min=0,
            quant_max=255,
            qscheme=torch.per_tensor_affine,
        )

        rewrite_prepared_observer(prepared, {"activation_post_process_2": new_obs})
        self.assertTrue(
            prepared.activation_post_process_1
            == prepared.activation_post_process_2
            == new_obs
        )
        quantized_module = convert_pt2e(prepared)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(quantized_module, sample_input)

    def test_qnn_backend_saver_backend(self):
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(use_fp16=False)
        TestQNN.compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
            saver=True,
        )
        module = Relu()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn([2, 5, 1, 3]),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)

        from executorch.backends.qualcomm.serialization.qc_schema_serialize import (
            flatbuffer_to_option,
            option_to_flatbuffer,
        )

        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_dir:
            option = flatbuffer_to_option(TestQNN.compiler_specs[0].value)
            option.saver_output_dir = f"{tmp_dir}/saver_output"
            TestQNN.compiler_specs[0].value = option_to_flatbuffer(option)

            with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)
            self.assertTrue(
                os.path.isfile(f"{tmp_dir}/saver_output/params.bin"),
                "failed to find params.bin",
            )
            self.assertTrue(
                os.path.isfile(f"{tmp_dir}/saver_output/saver_output.c"),
                "failed to find saver_output.c",
            )

    def test_qnn_backend_skip_node_id_partitioner(self):
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(
            module,
            sample_input,
            expected_partitions=3,
            skip_node_id_set={"aten_add_tensor", "aten_mean_dim"},
        )

    def test_qnn_backend_skip_node_id_quantizer(self):
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))

        # define compile specs
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(
            use_fp16=False,
        )
        compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
        )
        # define quantizer
        quantizer = make_quantizer(
            backend=get_backend_type(self.backend), soc_model=self.model
        )

        # define calibration method
        def calibrator(gm):
            gm(*sample_input)

        # get partially lowererd graph module
        graph_module, edge_prog_mgrs = skip_annotation(
            nn_module=module,
            quantizer=quantizer,
            compiler_specs=compiler_specs,
            sample_input=sample_input,
            calibration_cb=calibrator,
            fp_node_id_set={"conv2d"},
        )
        self.assertEqual(len(edge_prog_mgrs), 1)
        # lower all graph again, the skipped operators will be left in CPU
        exec_prog = to_edge(
            torch.export.export(graph_module, sample_input, strict=True),
        ).to_executorch()
        self.verify_output(module, sample_input, exec_prog)

    def test_qnn_backend_skip_node_op_partitioner(self):
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(
            module,
            sample_input,
            expected_partitions=2,
            skip_node_op_set={"aten.add.Tensor"},
        )

    def test_qnn_backend_skip_node_op_quantizer(self):
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))

        # define compile specs
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(
            use_fp16=False,
        )
        compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
        )
        # define quantizer
        quantizer = make_quantizer(
            backend=get_backend_type(self.backend), soc_model=self.model
        )

        # define calibration method
        def calibrator(gm):
            gm(*sample_input)

        # get partially lowererd graph module
        graph_module, edge_prog_mgrs = skip_annotation(
            nn_module=module,
            quantizer=quantizer,
            compiler_specs=compiler_specs,
            sample_input=sample_input,
            calibration_cb=calibrator,
            fp_node_op_set={torch.ops.aten.add.Tensor},
        )
        self.assertEqual(len(edge_prog_mgrs), 2)
        # lower all graph again, the skipped operators will be left in CPU
        exec_prog = exec_prog = to_edge(
            torch.export.export(graph_module, sample_input, strict=True),
        ).to_executorch()
        self.verify_output(module, sample_input, exec_prog)

    def test_qnn_backend_spill_fill_buffer_size(self):
        module = LargeTensorLinear()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 256, 512),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(
            use_fp16=False,
            use_multi_contexts=True,
        )
        compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
        )
        edge_prog = to_edge_transform_and_lower_to_qnn(
            module, sample_input, compiler_specs
        )

        max_sf_size = update_spill_fill_size(edge_prog.exported_program())
        self.assertNotEqual(0, max_sf_size)

    def test_qnn_backend_graph_level_mixed_precision(self):
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))

        # define compile spec
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(
            use_fp16=False,
        )
        compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
        )
        # define quantizer
        quantizer = make_quantizer(
            backend=get_backend_type(self.backend), soc_model=self.model
        )

        # define calibration method
        def calibrator(gm):
            gm(*sample_input)

        # get partially lowererd graph module
        graph_module, edge_prog_mgrs = skip_annotation(
            nn_module=module,
            quantizer=quantizer,
            compiler_specs=compiler_specs,
            sample_input=sample_input,
            calibration_cb=calibrator,
            fp_node_id_set={"add", "mean"},
            fallback_to_cpu=False,
        )
        self.assertEqual(len(edge_prog_mgrs), 5)
        # lower all graph again, the skipped operators will be delegated with fp16
        exec_prog = to_edge(
            torch.export.export(graph_module, sample_input, strict=True),
        ).to_executorch()
        self.verify_output(module, sample_input, exec_prog)

    def test_qnn_backend_multi_contexts(self):
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(
            use_fp16=False,
            use_dlbc=True,
            use_multi_contexts=True,
        )
        compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
        )
        pass_jobs = get_capture_program_passes()
        split_graph_pass, setting = self.split_graph(4)
        pass_jobs[split_graph_pass] = setting
        dep_table = get_passes_dependency_for_capture_program()
        dep_table[split_graph_pass] = [FoldQDQ]
        edge_prog = to_edge_transform_and_lower_to_qnn(
            module,
            sample_input,
            compiler_specs,
            dep_table=dep_table,
            passes_job=pass_jobs,
        )

        update_spill_fill_size(edge_prog.exported_program())
        exec_prog = edge_prog.to_executorch()
        self.verify_output(module, sample_input, exec_prog)

    def test_qnn_backend_multi_contexts_composite(self):
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(
            use_fp16=False,
            use_dlbc=True,
            use_multi_contexts=True,
        )
        compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
        )
        module = CompositeDelegateModule(  # noqa: F405
            compiler_specs=compiler_specs,
            to_edge_transform_and_lower_method=to_edge_transform_and_lower_to_qnn,
            quantize_method=self.get_qdq_module,
        )
        sample_input = module.get_random_input()
        edge_prog = to_edge(
            torch.export.export(module, sample_input, strict=True),
        )
        update_spill_fill_size(edge_prog.exported_program())
        exec_prog = edge_prog.to_executorch()
        self.verify_output(module.get_reference_module(), sample_input, exec_prog)

    def test_qnn_backend_multi_graphs(self):
        if self.enable_x86_64:
            self.skipTest("weight sharing is not supported on host machine")

        seq_conv = Conv2dSequential()  # noqa: F405
        # weight sharing
        modules = [seq_conv, seq_conv.second]
        sample_inputs = [(torch.randn([1, 1, 3, 3]),), (torch.randn([1, 3, 3, 3]),)]
        graph_names = ["seq_conv", "single_conv"]
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(
            use_fp16=False,
            use_weight_sharing=True,
        )
        compiler_specs = [
            generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
                soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
                backend_options=backend_options,
            )
        ] * len(graph_names)
        modules_dict = {}
        sample_inputs_dict = {}
        compiler_specs_dict = {}
        for i, graph_name in enumerate(graph_names):
            module_exported = torch.export.export(modules[i], sample_inputs[i]).module()
            module_prepared = prepare_pt2e(
                module_exported,
                make_quantizer(
                    backend=get_backend_type(self.backend), soc_model=self.model
                ),
            )
            module_prepared(*sample_inputs[i])
            modules_dict[graph_name] = convert_pt2e(module_prepared)
            sample_inputs_dict[graph_name] = sample_inputs[i]
            compiler_specs_dict[graph_name] = compiler_specs[i]
        delegated_program = to_edge_transform_and_lower_to_qnn(
            modules_dict, sample_inputs_dict, compiler_specs_dict
        )

        executorch_prog = delegated_program.to_executorch()
        for index, module in enumerate(modules):
            self.verify_output(
                module=module,
                sample_inputs=sample_inputs[index],
                executorch_prog=executorch_prog,
                method_index=index,
            )

    def test_qnn_backend_profile_op(self):
        TestQNN.enable_profile = True
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(use_fp16=False)
        TestQNN.compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
            profile=True,
        )
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(
            module,
            sample_input,
            expected_partitions=1,
            expected_profile_events=30,
        )

    def test_qnn_backend_runtime_option_htp_performance(self):
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(use_fp16=False)
        TestQNN.compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
        )
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)

        def output_callback(log_msg, is_burst):
            msg = log_msg.stdout
            # Refer to HtpDevice.cpp for the following values
            min_voltage = (
                "coreVoltageCornerMin 160" if is_burst else "coreVoltageCornerMin 80"
            )
            self.assertTrue(min_voltage in msg, f"Expecting '{min_voltage} ' in log")

        burst_runtime_commands = (
            " --htp_performance_mode 2 --log_level 4"  # kHtpBurst, kLogLevelVerbose
        )
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(
            module,
            sample_input,
            extra_cmds=burst_runtime_commands,
            output_callback=partial(output_callback, is_burst=True),
            save_inference_speed=True,
        )
        burst_speed = 1000 / self.inference_speed  # num inference per second

        power_saver_runtime_commands = " --htp_performance_mode 6 --log_level 4"  # kHtpHighPowerSaver, kLogLevelVerbose
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(
            module,
            sample_input,
            extra_cmds=power_saver_runtime_commands,
            output_callback=partial(output_callback, is_burst=False),
            save_inference_speed=True,
        )
        power_saver_speed = 1000 / self.inference_speed  # num inference per second

        # Only need to ensure device burst is faster than high power saver
        if not self.enable_x86_64:
            self.assertGreater(
                burst_speed,
                power_saver_speed,
                f"Burst mode should be faster than high power saver mode, Burst: {burst_speed} inference / second, High Power Saver: {power_saver_speed} inference /second.",
            )

    def test_qnn_backend_runtime_option_log(self):
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(use_fp16=False)
        TestQNN.compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
        )
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        runtime_commands = " --log_level 4"  # kLogLevelVerbose

        def output_callback(log_msg):
            msg = log_msg.stdout
            # Check log prefix, different QNN version will have slightly different message format.
            self.assertTrue(
                any(
                    sub in msg
                    for sub in [
                        "[Qnn ExecuTorch]: QnnDsp <V>",
                        "[Qnn ExecuTorch]:  <V>",
                    ]
                ),
                "Expecting Verbose message in log",
            )

        self.lower_module_and_test_output(
            module,
            sample_input,
            extra_cmds=runtime_commands,
            output_callback=output_callback,
        )

    def test_qnn_backend_runtime_option_profile(self):
        TestQNN.enable_profile = True
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(use_fp16=False)
        TestQNN.compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
            profile=False,  # Turn on using runtime command
        )
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        runtime_commands = " --profile_level 2"  # kProfileDetailed
        # With same model, expected_profile events for this UT should match test_qnn_backend_profile_op
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(
            module,
            sample_input,
            expected_partitions=1,
            expected_profile_events=30,
            extra_cmds=runtime_commands,
        )

    def test_qnn_backend_shared_buffer(self):
        TestQNN.shared_buffer = True
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(
            use_fp16=False,
        )
        TestQNN.compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
            shared_buffer=True,
        )
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(
            module,
            sample_input,
            expected_partitions=1,
        )

    def test_qnn_backend_online_prepare(self):
        if self.enable_x86_64:
            self.skipTest("TODO: add online_prepare support on host platform")

        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(use_fp16=False)
        TestQNN.compiler_specs = generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
            soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
            backend_options=backend_options,
            online_prepare=True,
        )
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        self.lower_module_and_test_output(module, sample_input)

    @unittest.expectedFailure
    def test_qnn_backend_context_direct(self):
        # TODO: Fix QNN tools pairs with np 2.x
        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_dir:
            module = ContextBinaryExample()  # noqa: F405
            generate_context_binary(
                module=module,
                inputs=module.example_inputs(),
                quantized=True,
                artifact_dir=tmp_dir,
            )
            ctx_path = f"{tmp_dir}/model_ctx.bin"
            bundle_program = from_context_binary(ctx_path, "ctx_loader")
            self.verify_output(
                module,
                tuple(
                    torch.randn(size=v.shape, dtype=v.dtype)
                    for v in bundle_program["inputs"].values()
                ),
                bundle_program["edge_program_manager"].to_executorch(),
            )

    def test_qnn_backend_context_extraction(self):
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        compiler_specs = [
            self.compiler_specs,
        ]
        validators = [validate_context_binary]

        for compiler_spec, validate in zip(compiler_specs, validators):
            edge_prog_mgr = to_edge_transform_and_lower_to_qnn(
                module, sample_input, compiler_spec
            )
            lowered_module = edge_prog_mgr.exported_program().graph_module._modules[
                "lowered_module_0"
            ]
            binary = PyQnnManagerAdaptor.StripProtocol(lowered_module.processed_bytes)
            validate(binary)

    def test_qnn_backend_dump_context_from_pte(self):
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        compiler_specs = [
            self.compiler_specs,
        ]
        validators = [validate_context_binary]

        for compiler_spec, validate in zip(compiler_specs, validators):
            edge_prog_mgr = to_edge_transform_and_lower_to_qnn(
                module, sample_input, compiler_spec
            ).to_executorch()

            with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_dir:
                pte_path = f"{tmp_dir}/model.pte"
                with open(pte_path, "wb") as f:
                    edge_prog_mgr.write_to_file(f)

                dump_context_from_pte(pte_path)
                binary_name = f"{tmp_dir}/forward_0.bin"
                self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(binary_name))
                with open(binary_name, "rb") as f:
                    stripped_binary = f.read()
                    validate(stripped_binary)

    def test_qnn_backend_draw_graph(self):
        golden_data = """digraph test {
            rankdir=TB
            "aten_add_tensor@0" [label=<
                        <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="4">
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">name: aten_add_tensor@0</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">data_type: Qnn_DataType_t.QNN_DATATYPE_UFIXED_POINT_8</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">tensor_type: Qnn_TensorType_t.QNN_TENSOR_TYPE_NATIVE</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">dims: [1, 28, 28, 32]</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">quantization_encoding: Qnn_QuantizationEncoding_t.QNN_QUANTIZATION_ENCODING_SCALE_OFFSET</TD></TR>
                    </TABLE>> color=black fillcolor=transparent shape=box style=rounded]
            "output_quantized_decomposed_dequantize_per_tensor_tensor@0" [label=<
                        <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="4">
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">name: output_quantized_decomposed_dequantize_per_tensor_tensor@0</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">data_type: Qnn_DataType_t.QNN_DATATYPE_FLOAT_32</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">tensor_type: Qnn_TensorType_t.QNN_TENSOR_TYPE_APP_READ</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">dims: [1, 32, 28, 28]</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">quantization_encoding: Qnn_QuantizationEncoding_t.QNN_QUANTIZATION_ENCODING_UNDEFINED</TD></TR>
                    </TABLE>> color=black fillcolor=transparent shape=box style=rounded]
            "aten_convolution_default@0" [label=<
                        <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="4">
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">name: aten_convolution_default@0</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">data_type: Qnn_DataType_t.QNN_DATATYPE_UFIXED_POINT_8</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">tensor_type: Qnn_TensorType_t.QNN_TENSOR_TYPE_NATIVE</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">dims: [1, 28, 28, 32]</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">quantization_encoding: Qnn_QuantizationEncoding_t.QNN_QUANTIZATION_ENCODING_SCALE_OFFSET</TD></TR>
                    </TABLE>> color=black fillcolor=transparent shape=box style=rounded]
            "aten_relu_default@0" [label=<
                        <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="4">
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">name: aten_relu_default@0</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">data_type: Qnn_DataType_t.QNN_DATATYPE_UFIXED_POINT_8</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">tensor_type: Qnn_TensorType_t.QNN_TENSOR_TYPE_NATIVE</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">dims: [1, 28, 28, 32]</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">quantization_encoding: Qnn_QuantizationEncoding_t.QNN_QUANTIZATION_ENCODING_SCALE_OFFSET</TD></TR>
                    </TABLE>> color=black fillcolor=transparent shape=box style=rounded]
            "input_0_x@0" [label=<
                        <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="4">
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">name: input_0_x@0</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">data_type: Qnn_DataType_t.QNN_DATATYPE_FLOAT_32</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">tensor_type: Qnn_TensorType_t.QNN_TENSOR_TYPE_APP_WRITE</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">dims: [1, 32, 28, 28]</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightgreen">quantization_encoding: Qnn_QuantizationEncoding_t.QNN_QUANTIZATION_ENCODING_UNDEFINED</TD></TR>
                    </TABLE>> color=black fillcolor=transparent shape=box style=rounded]
            "quantized_decomposed_quantize_per_tensor_default@0" [label=<
                        <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="4">
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">name: quantized_decomposed_quantize_per_tensor_default@0</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">data_type: Qnn_DataType_t.QNN_DATATYPE_UFIXED_POINT_8</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">tensor_type: Qnn_TensorType_t.QNN_TENSOR_TYPE_NATIVE</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">dims: [1, 32, 28, 28]</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">quantization_encoding: Qnn_QuantizationEncoding_t.QNN_QUANTIZATION_ENCODING_SCALE_OFFSET</TD></TR>
                    </TABLE>> color=black fillcolor=transparent shape=box style=rounded]
            "b__frozen_param0@0" [label=<
                        <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="4">
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">name: b__frozen_param0@0</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">data_type: Qnn_DataType_t.QNN_DATATYPE_SFIXED_POINT_8</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">tensor_type: Qnn_TensorType_t.QNN_TENSOR_TYPE_STATIC</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">dims: [3, 3, 32, 32]</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">quantization_encoding: Qnn_QuantizationEncoding_t.QNN_QUANTIZATION_ENCODING_AXIS_SCALE_OFFSET</TD></TR>
                    </TABLE>> color=black fillcolor=transparent shape=box style=rounded]
            "b__frozen_param1@0" [label=<
                        <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="4">
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">name: b__frozen_param1@0</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">data_type: Qnn_DataType_t.QNN_DATATYPE_SFIXED_POINT_32</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">tensor_type: Qnn_TensorType_t.QNN_TENSOR_TYPE_STATIC</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">dims: [32]</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">quantization_encoding: Qnn_QuantizationEncoding_t.QNN_QUANTIZATION_ENCODING_AXIS_SCALE_OFFSET</TD></TR>
                    </TABLE>> color=black fillcolor=transparent shape=box style=rounded]
            "aten_convolution_default_1@0" [label=<
                        <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="4">
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">name: aten_convolution_default_1@0</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">data_type: Qnn_DataType_t.QNN_DATATYPE_UFIXED_POINT_8</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">tensor_type: Qnn_TensorType_t.QNN_TENSOR_TYPE_NATIVE</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">dims: [1, 28, 28, 32]</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">quantization_encoding: Qnn_QuantizationEncoding_t.QNN_QUANTIZATION_ENCODING_SCALE_OFFSET</TD></TR>
                    </TABLE>> color=black fillcolor=transparent shape=box style=rounded]
            "aten_relu_default_1@0" [label=<
                        <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="4">
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">name: aten_relu_default_1@0</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">data_type: Qnn_DataType_t.QNN_DATATYPE_UFIXED_POINT_8</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">tensor_type: Qnn_TensorType_t.QNN_TENSOR_TYPE_NATIVE</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">dims: [1, 28, 28, 32]</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="white">quantization_encoding: Qnn_QuantizationEncoding_t.QNN_QUANTIZATION_ENCODING_SCALE_OFFSET</TD></TR>
                    </TABLE>> color=black fillcolor=transparent shape=box style=rounded]
            "b__frozen_param2@0" [label=<
                        <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="4">
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">name: b__frozen_param2@0</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">data_type: Qnn_DataType_t.QNN_DATATYPE_SFIXED_POINT_8</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">tensor_type: Qnn_TensorType_t.QNN_TENSOR_TYPE_STATIC</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">dims: [3, 3, 32, 32]</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">quantization_encoding: Qnn_QuantizationEncoding_t.QNN_QUANTIZATION_ENCODING_AXIS_SCALE_OFFSET</TD></TR>
                    </TABLE>> color=black fillcolor=transparent shape=box style=rounded]
            "b__frozen_param3@0" [label=<
                        <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLBORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="4">
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">name: b__frozen_param3@0</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">data_type: Qnn_DataType_t.QNN_DATATYPE_SFIXED_POINT_32</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">tensor_type: Qnn_TensorType_t.QNN_TENSOR_TYPE_STATIC</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">dims: [32]</TD></TR>
                        <TR><TD BGCOLOR="lightpink">quantization_encoding: Qnn_QuantizationEncoding_t.QNN_QUANTIZATION_ENCODING_AXIS_SCALE_OFFSET</TD></TR>
                    </TABLE>> color=black fillcolor=transparent shape=box style=rounded]
            "aten_relu_default@0" -> "aten_add_tensor@0"
            "aten_convolution_default@0" -> "aten_relu_default@0"
            "quantized_decomposed_quantize_per_tensor_default@0" -> "aten_convolution_default@0"
            "input_0_x@0" -> "quantized_decomposed_quantize_per_tensor_default@0"
            "b__frozen_param0@0" -> "aten_convolution_default@0"
            "b__frozen_param1@0" -> "aten_convolution_default@0"
            "aten_relu_default_1@0" -> "aten_add_tensor@0"
            "aten_convolution_default_1@0" -> "aten_relu_default_1@0"
            "quantized_decomposed_quantize_per_tensor_default@0" -> "aten_convolution_default_1@0"
            "b__frozen_param2@0" -> "aten_convolution_default_1@0"
            "b__frozen_param3@0" -> "aten_convolution_default_1@0"
            "aten_add_tensor@0" -> "output_quantized_decomposed_dequantize_per_tensor_tensor@0"
        }
        """
        module = DrawGraphModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, 32, 28, 28),)
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        # TODO: Figure out how to get the original graph module with to_edge_transform_and_lowering_to_qnn
        delegated_program = capture_program(module, sample_input)

        """
        This piece of code simulates the behavior of the final preprocessing step to obtain the op wrapper list.
        In practice, users need to set a breakpoint in the preprocessing step and use the DrawGraph tool to visualize the graph.
        """
        graph_module = QnnPassManager().transform_for_preprocess_pipeline(
            delegated_program.exported_program
        )
        nodes_to_wrappers = defaultdict(dict)
        node_visitors = get_node_visitors(
            delegated_program.exported_program, enable_tensor_dump=False
        )

        py_op_wrapper_list = []
        for node in graph_module.graph.nodes:
            if node.op == "call_function":
                if node.target.__name__ in node_visitors:
                    py_op_wrapper = node_visitors[node.target.__name__].define_node(
                        node, nodes_to_wrappers
                    )
                    if py_op_wrapper is not None:
                        if isinstance(py_op_wrapper, List):
                            py_op_wrapper_list.extend(py_op_wrapper)
                        else:
                            py_op_wrapper_list.append(py_op_wrapper)
                elif node.op in [
                    "get_attr",
                    "placeholder",
                    "output",
                ]:
                    continue
        # random py_op_wrapper_list to check it's correctness
        random.shuffle(py_op_wrapper_list)
        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_dir:
            DrawGraph("test", tmp_dir, py_op_wrapper_list, dot_string=True)
            test_file = os.path.join(tmp_dir, "test.dot")
            with open(test_file, "r") as test:
                test_data = test.read()
            assert sorted(golden_data.split()) == sorted(
                test_data.split()
            ), "Generated .dot file does not match the golden file."

    def test_qnn_backend_generate_optrace(self):
        if self.enable_x86_64:
            self.skipTest(
                "At the moment, testing is only being conducted on the device."
            )
        module = SimpleModel()  # noqa: F405
        sample_input = (torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28), torch.ones(1, 32, 28, 28))
        module = self.get_qdq_module(module, sample_input)
        backend_options = generate_htp_compiler_spec(use_fp16=True)

        compiler_specs = [
            generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
                soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
                backend_options=backend_options,
                online_prepare=True,
            ),
            generate_qnn_executorch_compiler_spec(
                soc_model=self.chipset_table[TestQNN.model],
                backend_options=backend_options,
                optrace=True,
            ),
        ]

        for compiler_spec in compiler_specs:
            with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_dir:
                edge_prog_mgr = to_edge_transform_and_lower_to_qnn(
                    module, sample_input, compiler_spec
                ).to_executorch()
                pte_path = f"{tmp_dir}/model.pte"
                with open(pte_path, "wb") as f:
                    edge_prog_mgr.write_to_file(f)

                adb = self.get_adb_tool(pte_path)
                binaries_trace = generate_optrace(
                    tmp_dir,
                    self.chipset_table[self.model],
                    adb,
                    pte_path,
                    [sample_input],
                )
                for _, (optrace, qhas) in binaries_trace.items():
                    with open(optrace, "r") as optrace_file:
                        optrace_data = json.load(optrace_file)
                        # {
                        #  header:
                        #    {
                        #     'header_version': {'major': x, 'minor': y, 'patch': z},
                        #     'version': {'major': x, 'minor': y, 'patch': z},
                        #     'artifact_type': 'OP_TRACE'
                        #    }
                        #  traceEvents:
                        #    {...}
                        # }
                        for row in optrace_data["traceEvents"]:
                            self.assertIn("pid", row)
                    with open(qhas, "r") as qhas_file:
                        qhas_data = json.load(qhas_file)
                        self.assertIn("data", qhas_data)

    def test_qnn_backend_seq_mse(self):
        from executorch.backends.qualcomm._passes.seq_mse import SeqMSE

        o_ch, i_ch, kernel, padding = 32, 512, (1, 1), 0
        module = Conv2dSingle(  # noqa: F405
            in_channel=i_ch,
            out_channel=o_ch,
            kernel_size=kernel,
            padding=padding,
        )
        sample_input = (torch.randn(1, i_ch, 1, o_ch),)
        # per-channel / per-block
        quantizers = [
            make_quantizer(
                backend=get_backend_type(self.backend), soc_model=self.model
            ),
            make_quantizer(
                backend=get_backend_type(self.backend),
                soc_model=self.model,
                quant_dtype=QuantDtype.use_16a4w_block,
            ),
        ]
        quantizers[-1].set_block_size_map({"conv2d": (1, 32, 1, 1)})

        for i, quantizer in enumerate(quantizers):
            with self.subTest(i=i):
                ep = torch.export.export(module, sample_input).module()
                prepared = prepare_pt2e(ep, quantizer)
                with SeqMSE(prepared, 100):
                    prepared(*sample_input)
                converted = convert_pt2e(prepared)
                self.lower_module_and_test_output(converted, sample_input)


class TestExampleLLMScript(TestQNN):

    @dataclass(frozen=True)
    class LlmSpecs:
        SM8650: float
        SM8750: float
        pte_size: float
        wikitext_ppl: float
        hellaswag_acc_norm: float
        sqnr: float

    # TODO: refactor to support different backends
    def setUp(self):
        # TODO: add SQNR for all models
        self.llm_specs = {
            "gemma-2b": TestExampleLLMScript.LlmSpecs(
                SM8650=32,
                SM8750=36,
                pte_size=2_700_000_000,  # 2.7 GB
                wikitext_ppl=17,
                hellaswag_acc_norm=None,
                sqnr=27,
            ),
            "gemma2-2b": TestExampleLLMScript.LlmSpecs(
                SM8650=32,
                SM8750=36,
                pte_size=2_860_000_000,  # 2.86 GB
                wikitext_ppl=14,
                hellaswag_acc_norm=None,
                sqnr=27,
            ),
            "gemma3-1b": TestExampleLLMScript.LlmSpecs(
                SM8650=70,
                SM8750=100,
                pte_size=1_200_000_000,  # 1.2 GB
                wikitext_ppl=23,
                hellaswag_acc_norm=None,
                sqnr=10,
            ),
            "glm-1_5b": TestExampleLLMScript.LlmSpecs(
                SM8650=42,
                SM8750=52,
                pte_size=1_100_000_000,  # 1.1 GB
                wikitext_ppl=21,
                hellaswag_acc_norm=None,
                sqnr=14,
            ),
            "granite_3_3-2b_instruct": TestExampleLLMScript.LlmSpecs(
                SM8650=20,
                SM8750=22,
                pte_size=1_600_000_000,  # 1.6 GB
                wikitext_ppl=None,
                hellaswag_acc_norm=0.2,
                sqnr=None,
            ),
            "phi_4_mini": TestExampleLLMScript.LlmSpecs(
                SM8650=14,
                SM8750=19,
                pte_size=4_000_000_000,  # 4GB
                wikitext_ppl=14,
                hellaswag_acc_norm=None,
                sqnr=20,
            ),
            "llama3_2-1b_instruct": TestExampleLLMScript.LlmSpecs(
                SM8650=37,
                SM8750=45,
                pte_size=1_500_000_000,  # 1.5 GB
                wikitext_ppl=16,
                hellaswag_acc_norm=None,
                sqnr=15,
            ),
            "llama3_2-3b_instruct": TestExampleLLMScript.LlmSpecs(
                SM8650=21,
                SM8750=26,
                pte_size=2_800_000_000,  # 2.8 GB
                wikitext_ppl=11,
                hellaswag_acc_norm=None,
                sqnr=14,
            ),
            "qwen2_5-0_5b": TestExampleLLMScript.LlmSpecs(
                SM8650=115,
                SM8750=155,
                pte_size=600_000_000,  # 600 MB
                wikitext_ppl=15,
                hellaswag_acc_norm=None,
                sqnr=8,
            ),
            "qwen2_5-1_5b": TestExampleLLMScript.LlmSpecs(
                SM8650=38,
                SM8750=47,
                pte_size=1_500_000_000,  # 1.5 GB
                wikitext_ppl=10,
                hellaswag_acc_norm=None,
                sqnr=10,
            ),
            "qwen3-0_6b": TestExampleLLMScript.LlmSpecs(
                SM8650=47,
                SM8750=68,
                pte_size=700_000_000,  # 700 MB
                wikitext_ppl=21,
                hellaswag_acc_norm=None,
                sqnr=8,
            ),
            "qwen3-1_7b": TestExampleLLMScript.LlmSpecs(
                SM8650=28,
                SM8750=34,
                pte_size=1_800_000_000,  # 1.8 GB
                wikitext_ppl=15,
                hellaswag_acc_norm=None,
                sqnr=12,
            ),
            "smollm2_135m": TestExampleLLMScript.LlmSpecs(
                SM8650=214,
                SM8750=260,
                pte_size=210_000_000,  # 210 MB
                wikitext_ppl=23,
                hellaswag_acc_norm=None,
                sqnr=20,
            ),
            "smollm3-3b": TestExampleLLMScript.LlmSpecs(
                SM8650=23,
                SM8750=28,
                pte_size=2_600_000_000,  # 2.6 GB
                wikitext_ppl=10,
                hellaswag_acc_norm=None,
                sqnr=6,
            ),
        }

    def test_static_llm_model(self):  # noqa: C901
        if not self.required_envs([self.model_name]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")
        assert (
            self.model_name in self.llm_specs
        ), f"Unable to find {self.model_name} under model_specs."

        is_llama_model = self.model_name in {
            "llama3_2-1b_instruct",
            "llama3_2-3b_instruct",
        }
        if is_llama_model:
            assert (
                self.llama_artifacts is not None
            ), "Please provide path to llama artifacts"

        prompt = (
            "I would like to learn python, could you teach me with a simple example?"
        )
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/llama/llama.py",
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
            "--prompt",
            f"{prompt}",
            "--temperature",
            "0",
            "--decoder_model",
            self.model_name,
            "--model_mode",
            "kv",
            "--max_seq_len",
            "1024",
            "--max_context_len",
            "1024",
        ]

        match self.static_llm_eval_method:
            case "wikitext_ppl":
                cmds.extend(
                    [
                        "--eval_methods",
                        "tasks_eval",
                        "--tasks",
                        "wikitext",
                        "--limit",
                        "1",
                    ]
                )
            case "hellaswag_acc_norm":
                cmds.extend(
                    [
                        "--eval_methods",
                        "tasks_eval",
                        "--tasks",
                        "hellaswag",
                        "--limit",
                        "10",
                    ]
                )
            case "sqnr":
                cmds.extend(
                    [
                        "--eval_methods",
                        "sqnr_eval",
                    ]
                )
            case _:
                logging.warning(
                    "No llm eval method chosen. Only generate model output."
                )

        if is_llama_model:
            cmds.extend(
                [
                    "--checkpoint",
                    f"{self.llama_artifacts}/consolidated.00.pth",
                    "--params",
                    f"{self.llama_artifacts}/params.json",
                    "--tokenizer_model",
                    f"{self.llama_artifacts}/tokenizer.model",
                ]
            )

        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            logging.info(f"Model Name: {self.model_name}\nTarget Device: {self.model}")
            logging.info(f"Eval Result: {msg}")
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                llm_spec = self.llm_specs[self.model_name]
                pte_size = msg["pte_size"]
                self.assertLessEqual(pte_size, llm_spec.pte_size)
                if not self.compile_only:
                    if self.static_llm_eval_method:
                        # Use "is not None" in case any eval_score is 0.
                        assert (
                            getattr(llm_spec, self.static_llm_eval_method) is not None
                        ), f"{self.model_name} currently does not support {self.static_llm_eval_method}. Please choose other methods."
                        match self.static_llm_eval_method:
                            case "wikitext_ppl":
                                ppl = msg["wiki_ppl"]
                                self.assertLessEqual(ppl, llm_spec.wikitext_ppl)
                            case "hellaswag_acc_norm":
                                acc_norm = msg["acc_norm"]
                                self.assertGreaterEqual(
                                    acc_norm, llm_spec.hellaswag_acc_norm
                                )
                            case "sqnr":
                                sqnr = msg["sqnr"]
                                self.assertGreaterEqual(sqnr, llm_spec.sqnr)

                    if not self.enable_x86_64 and hasattr(llm_spec, self.model):
                        device_inference_speed = msg["inference_speed"]
                        expected_inference_speed = getattr(llm_spec, self.model)
                        self.assertGreaterEqual(
                            device_inference_speed, expected_inference_speed
                        )

    def test_codegen2_1b(self):
        if not self.required_envs():
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")

        prompt = "def hello_world():"
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/llama/llama.py",
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
            "--prompt",
            prompt,
            "--temperature",
            "0",
            "--decoder_model",
            "codegen2_1b",
            "--model_mode",
            "kv",
            "--max_seq_len",
            "128",
            "--max_context_len",
            "128",
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        golden_start_with = "def hello_world():"
        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                if not self.compile_only:
                    model_out = msg["result"][0]
                    self.assertTrue(
                        model_out.startswith(golden_start_with),
                        f"Expected Output: {golden_start_with}. Actual Output: {model_out}",
                    )
                if not self.enable_x86_64:
                    pte_size = msg["pte_size"]
                    self.assertLessEqual(pte_size, 1_200_000_000)  # 1200MB
                if not self.compile_only and not self.enable_x86_64:
                    self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["inference_speed"], 60)

    def test_llama_stories_260k(self):
        if not self.required_envs():
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")
        assert (
            self.llama_artifacts is not None
        ), "Please provide path to llama artifacts"

        prompt = "Once"
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/llama/llama.py",
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
            "--checkpoint",
            f"{self.llama_artifacts}/stories260K.pt",
            "--params",
            f"{self.llama_artifacts}/params.json",
            "--tokenizer_model",
            f"{self.llama_artifacts}/tokenizer.model",
            "--tokenizer_bin",
            f"{self.llama_artifacts}/tokenizer.bin",
            "--prompt",
            f"{prompt}",
            "--temperature",
            "0",
            "--decoder_model",
            "stories260k",
            "--model_mode",
            "hybrid",
            "--prefill_ar_len",
            "32",
            "--max_seq_len",
            "128",
            "--max_context_len",
            "128",
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        golden_start_with = "Once upon a time,"
        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                if not self.compile_only:
                    model_out = msg["result"][0]
                    print(f"Model CI result:{model_out[: len(golden_start_with)]}")
                    self.assertTrue(
                        model_out.startswith(golden_start_with),
                        f"Expected Output: {golden_start_with}. Actual Output: {model_out}",
                    )
                # x86 does not allow weight sharing, so we don't check pte size
                if not self.enable_x86_64:
                    pte_size = msg["pte_size"]
                    self.assertLessEqual(pte_size, 2_020_000)  # 2MB
                if not self.compile_only and not self.enable_x86_64:
                    self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["inference_speed"], 1600)  # Lanai

    def test_llama_stories_110m(self):
        if not self.required_envs():
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")
        assert (
            self.llama_artifacts is not None
        ), "Please provide path to llama artifacts"

        prompt = "Once"
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/llama/llama.py",
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
            "--checkpoint",
            f"{self.llama_artifacts}/stories110M.pt",
            "--params",
            f"{self.llama_artifacts}/params.json",
            "--tokenizer_model",
            f"{self.llama_artifacts}/tokenizer.model",
            "--tokenizer_bin",
            f"{self.llama_artifacts}/tokenizer.bin",
            "--prompt",
            f"{prompt}",
            "--temperature",
            "0",
            "--decoder_model",
            "stories110m",
            "--model_mode",
            "hybrid",
            "--prefill_ar_len",
            "32",
            "--max_seq_len",
            "128",
            "--max_context_len",
            "128",
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        golden_start_with = "Once upon a time,"
        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                if not self.compile_only:
                    model_out = msg["result"][0]
                    self.assertTrue(
                        model_out.startswith(golden_start_with),
                        f"Expected Output: {golden_start_with}. Actual Output: {model_out}",
                    )
                # x86 does not allow weight sharing, so we don't check pte size
                if not self.enable_x86_64:
                    pte_size = msg["pte_size"]
                    self.assertLessEqual(pte_size, 135_000_000)  # 135MB
                if not self.compile_only and not self.enable_x86_64:
                    self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["inference_speed"], 220)  # Lanai

    def test_attention_sink(self):
        if not self.required_envs():
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")

        model_name = "smollm2_135m"
        prompt = (
            "I would like to learn python, could you teach me with a simple example?"
        )
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/llama/llama.py",
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
            "--prompt",
            f"{prompt}",
            "--temperature",
            "0",
            "--decoder_model",
            model_name,
            "--model_mode",
            "kv",
            "--max_seq_len",
            "2048",
            "--max_context_len",
            "1024",
            "--eval_methods",
            "tasks_eval",
            "--tasks",
            "wikitext",
            "--limit",
            "1",
            "--use_attention_sink",
            "4,32",
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                if not self.compile_only:
                    self.assertLessEqual(
                        msg["attention_sink_evictor_pte_size"], 1_700_000
                    )  # 1.7 MB
                    self.assertLessEqual(
                        msg["wiki_ppl"], self.llm_specs[model_name].wikitext_ppl
                    )

    def test_qwen2_5(self):
        # This is not testing static llm flow.
        if not self.required_envs([]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")
        prompt = "My favourite condiment is "
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/qwen2_5/qwen2_5.py",
            "--prompt",
            prompt,
            "--decoder_model",
            "qwen2.5_0.5B",
            "--ptq",
            "16a8w",
            "--enable_spinquant_r3",
            "--max_seq_len",
            "128",
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        golden_start_with = "My favourite condiment is iced tea."
        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                if not self.compile_only:
                    model_out = msg["result"][0]
                    self.assertTrue(
                        model_out.startswith(golden_start_with),
                        f"Expected Output: '{golden_start_with}' Actual Output: '{model_out}'",
                    )


class TestExampleMultimodalityScript(TestQNN):

    @dataclass(frozen=True)
    class MLLMSpecs:
        max_seq_len: int
        sm8650_token_rate: float
        sm8750_token_rate: float
        encoder_pte_size: float
        tok_embedding_pte_size: float
        decoder_pte_size: float

    @dataclass(frozen=True)
    class VLMSpecs(MLLMSpecs):
        image_path: str
        golden_image_feature: str

    # TODO: refactor to support different backends
    def setUp(self):
        self.vlm_specs = {
            "smolvlm_500m_instruct": TestExampleMultimodalityScript.VLMSpecs(
                max_seq_len=128,
                sm8650_token_rate=50,
                sm8750_token_rate=55,
                encoder_pte_size=110_000_000,  # 110MB
                tok_embedding_pte_size=100_000_000,  # 100MB
                decoder_pte_size=400_000_000,  # 400MB
                image_path="https://cdn.britannica.com/61/93061-050-99147DCE/Statue-of-Liberty-Island-New-York-Bay.jpg",  # New York Bay
                golden_image_feature="city",
            ),
            "internvl3_1b": TestExampleMultimodalityScript.VLMSpecs(
                max_seq_len=320,
                sm8650_token_rate=11,
                sm8750_token_rate=13,
                encoder_pte_size=425_000_000,  # 425MB
                tok_embedding_pte_size=300_000_000,  # 300MB
                decoder_pte_size=550_000_000,  # 550 MB
                image_path="http://images.cocodataset.org/val2017/000000039769.jpg",  # Two cats lying on a blanket
                golden_image_feature="cats",
            ),
        }

    def test_static_vlm(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.model_name]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")

        vlm_specs: TestExampleMultimodalityScript.VLMSpecs = self.vlm_specs[
            self.model_name
        ]
        prompt = "Can you describe this image?"
        image_path = vlm_specs.image_path
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/llama/llama.py",
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
            "--model",
            self.model,
            "--ip",
            self.ip,
            "--port",
            str(self.port),
            "--prompt",
            prompt,
            "--image_path",
            image_path,
            "--temperature",
            "0",
            "--decoder_model",
            f"{self.model_name}",
            "--model_mode",
            "kv",
            "--max_seq_len",
            f"{vlm_specs.max_seq_len}",
        ]
        if self.compile_only:
            cmds.extend(["--compile_only"])
        elif self.device:
            cmds.extend(["--device", self.device])
        if self.host:
            cmds.extend(["--host", self.host])
        elif self.enable_x86_64:
            cmds.extend(["--enable_x86_64"])
        if self.pre_gen_pte:
            cmds.extend(["--pre_gen_pte", self.pre_gen_pte])

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                if not self.compile_only:
                    model_out = msg["result"][0]
                    self.assertTrue(
                        vlm_specs.golden_image_feature in model_out,
                        f"Expected Output contains feature: '{vlm_specs.golden_image_feature}'  Actual Output: '{model_out}'",
                    )
                    print(f"Image Path: {image_path}")
                    print(f"Query: {prompt}")
                    print(f"Answer: {model_out}")
                if not self.enable_x86_64:
                    encoder_pte_size = msg["encoder_pte_size"]
                    tok_embedding_pte_size = msg["tok_embedding_pte_size"]
                    decoder_pte_size = msg["pte_size"]
                    self.assertLessEqual(encoder_pte_size, vlm_specs.encoder_pte_size)
                    self.assertLessEqual(
                        tok_embedding_pte_size, vlm_specs.tok_embedding_pte_size
                    )
                    self.assertLessEqual(decoder_pte_size, vlm_specs.decoder_pte_size)
                    print(f"Encoder PTE Size: {encoder_pte_size} bytes")
                    print(f"Token Embedding PTE Size: {tok_embedding_pte_size} bytes")
                    print(f"Text Decoder PTE Size: {decoder_pte_size} bytes")

                attr_name = f"{self.model.lower()}_token_rate"
                if (
                    not self.compile_only
                    and not self.enable_x86_64
                    and hasattr(vlm_specs, attr_name)
                ):
                    device_inference_speed = msg["inference_speed"]
                    expected_inference_speed = getattr(vlm_specs, attr_name)
                    print(f"Prompt Evaluation: {device_inference_speed} tokens/second")
                    self.assertGreaterEqual(
                        device_inference_speed, expected_inference_speed
                    )


class TestExampleOssScript(TestQNN):
    def test_albert(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.sentence_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/albert.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.sentence_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["accuracy"], 0.95)

    def test_bert(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.sentence_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/bert.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.sentence_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["accuracy"], 0.55)

    def test_conv_former(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.image_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")

        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/conv_former.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.image_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_1"], 70)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_5"], 92)

    def test_convnext_small(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.image_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/convnext_small.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.image_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_1"], 74)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_5"], 96)

    def test_cvt(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.image_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")

        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/cvt.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.image_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_1"], 70)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_5"], 90)

    def test_deit(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.image_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/deit.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.image_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_1"], 76)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_5"], 92)

    def test_dino_v2(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.image_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")
        if get_backend_type(self.backend) == QnnExecuTorchBackendType.kGpuBackend:
            self.skipTest("The model has op failed to validate on GPU")
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/dino_v2.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.image_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_1"], 62)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_5"], 87)

    def test_distilbert(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.sentence_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/distilbert.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.sentence_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["accuracy"], 0.48)

    def test_dit(self):
        if not self.required_envs():
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")

        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/dit.py",
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_1"], 78)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_5"], 92)

    def test_efficientnet(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.image_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")
        if get_backend_type(self.backend) == QnnExecuTorchBackendType.kGpuBackend:
            self.skipTest("The model has op failed to validate on GPU")
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/efficientnet.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.image_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_1"], 61)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_5"], 88)

    def test_efficientSAM(self):
        if not self.required_envs(
            [self.image_dataset, self.pretrained_weight, self.oss_repo]
        ):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")
        if get_backend_type(self.backend) == QnnExecuTorchBackendType.kHtpBackend:
            self.skipTest("Bad accuracy, need investigation")
        if get_backend_type(self.backend) == QnnExecuTorchBackendType.kGpuBackend:
            self.skipTest("The model has op failed to validate on GPU")

        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/efficientSAM/efficientSAM.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.image_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
            "--oss_repo",
            self.oss_repo,
            "--pretrained_weight",
            self.pretrained_weight,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                # test with efficient_sam_vitt.pt
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["MIoU"], 0.95)

    def test_esrgan(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.oss_repo]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")
        if get_backend_type(self.backend) == QnnExecuTorchBackendType.kGpuBackend:
            self.skipTest("The model has op failed to validate on GPU")

        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/esrgan.py",
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
            "--default_dataset",
            "--oss_repo",
            self.oss_repo,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["PSNR"], 23)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["SSIM"], 0.85)

    @unittest.skip("Bad accuracy on source model since transformers v5")
    def test_eurobert(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.sentence_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")
        if get_backend_type(self.backend) == QnnExecuTorchBackendType.kGpuBackend:
            self.skipTest("The model has op failed to validate on GPU")
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/eurobert.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.sentence_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["accuracy"], 0.54)

    def test_fastvit(self):
        if not self.required_envs(
            [self.image_dataset, self.pretrained_weight, self.oss_repo]
        ):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")
        if get_backend_type(self.backend) == QnnExecuTorchBackendType.kGpuBackend:
            self.skipTest("The model has finalization error on GPU")
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/fastvit.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.image_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
            "--oss_repo",
            self.oss_repo,
            "--pretrained_weight",
            self.pretrained_weight,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_1"], 60)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_5"], 77)

    def test_fbnet(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.image_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")

        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/fbnet.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.image_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_1"], 63)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_5"], 88)

    def test_focalnet(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.image_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")

        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/focalnet.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.image_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_1"], 54)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_5"], 80)

    def test_gMLP(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.image_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")

        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/gMLP_image_classification.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.image_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_1"], 70)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_5"], 88)

    def test_maxvit_t(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.image_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/maxvit_t.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.image_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_1"], 71)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_5"], 91)

    def test_mobilevit_v2(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.image_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")
        if get_backend_type(self.backend) == QnnExecuTorchBackendType.kHtpBackend:
            self.skipTest("Only outputs good accuracy in QNN 2.29")
        if get_backend_type(self.backend) == QnnExecuTorchBackendType.kGpuBackend:
            self.skipTest("The model has op failed to validate on GPU")

        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/mobilevit_v2.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.image_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_1"], 50)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_5"], 85)

    def test_mobilevit_v1(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.image_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")

        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/mobilevit_v1.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.image_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_1"], 76)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_5"], 93)

    def test_pvt(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.image_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")

        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/pvt.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.image_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                metric = {
                    # GPU has accuracy issue now
                    QnnExecuTorchBackendType.kGpuBackend: {"top_1": 0, "top_5": 0},
                    QnnExecuTorchBackendType.kHtpBackend: {"top_1": 65, "top_5": 83},
                }
                self.assertGreaterEqual(
                    msg["top_1"], metric[get_backend_type(self.backend)]["top_1"]
                )
                self.assertGreaterEqual(
                    msg["top_5"], metric[get_backend_type(self.backend)]["top_5"]
                )

    def test_regnet(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.image_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")

        weights = ["regnet_y_400mf", "regnet_x_400mf"]
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/regnet.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.image_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        for weight in weights:
            p = subprocess.Popen(
                cmds + ["--weights", weight], stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL
            )
            with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
                conn = listener.accept()
                p.communicate()
                msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
                if "Error" in msg:
                    self.fail(msg["Error"])
                else:
                    self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_1"], 64)
                    self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_5"], 86)

    def test_retinanet(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.image_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")

        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/retinanet.py",
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
            "--dataset",
            self.image_dataset,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["mAP"], 0.6)

    def test_roberta(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.sentence_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/roberta.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.sentence_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                metric = {
                    # GPU has accuracy issue now
                    QnnExecuTorchBackendType.kGpuBackend: {"accuracy": 0.0},
                    QnnExecuTorchBackendType.kHtpBackend: {"accuracy": 0.54},
                }
                self.assertGreaterEqual(
                    msg["accuracy"], metric[get_backend_type(self.backend)]["accuracy"]
                )

    def test_squeezenet(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.image_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")
        if get_backend_type(self.backend) == QnnExecuTorchBackendType.kGpuBackend:
            self.skipTest("The model has op failed to validate on GPU")

        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/squeezenet.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.image_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_1"], 27)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_5"], 59)

    def test_ssd300_vgg16(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.pretrained_weight, self.oss_repo]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")
        if get_backend_type(self.backend) == QnnExecuTorchBackendType.kGpuBackend:
            self.skipTest("The model has op failed to validate on GPU")

        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/ssd300_vgg16.py",
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
            "--oss_repo",
            self.oss_repo,
            "--pretrained_weight",
            self.pretrained_weight,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["mAP"], 0.76)

    def test_swin_transformer(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.image_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/swin_transformer.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.image_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                metric = {
                    # GPU has accuracy issue now
                    QnnExecuTorchBackendType.kGpuBackend: {"top_1": 0, "top_5": 0},
                    QnnExecuTorchBackendType.kHtpBackend: {"top_1": 71, "top_5": 90},
                }
                self.assertGreaterEqual(
                    msg["top_1"], metric[get_backend_type(self.backend)]["top_1"]
                )
                self.assertGreaterEqual(
                    msg["top_5"], metric[get_backend_type(self.backend)]["top_5"]
                )

    def test_swin_v2_t(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.image_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")
        if get_backend_type(self.backend) == QnnExecuTorchBackendType.kGpuBackend:
            self.skipTest("The model has op failed to validate on GPU")
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/swin_v2_t.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.image_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_1"], 63)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_5"], 91)

    def test_t5(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.qa_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")
        if get_backend_type(self.backend) == QnnExecuTorchBackendType.kGpuBackend:
            self.skipTest("The model has op failed to validate on GPU")
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/t5/t5.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.qa_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["f1"], 0.72)

    def test_vit_b_16(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.image_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/vit_b_16.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.image_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                metric = {
                    # GPU has accuracy issue now
                    QnnExecuTorchBackendType.kGpuBackend: {"top_1": 0, "top_5": 0},
                    QnnExecuTorchBackendType.kHtpBackend: {"top_1": 72, "top_5": 96},
                }
                self.assertGreaterEqual(
                    msg["top_1"], metric[get_backend_type(self.backend)]["top_1"]
                )
                self.assertGreaterEqual(
                    msg["top_5"], metric[get_backend_type(self.backend)]["top_5"]
                )

    def test_whisper(self):
        if not self.required_envs():
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")
        if get_backend_type(self.backend) == QnnExecuTorchBackendType.kGpuBackend:
            self.skipTest("The model has op failed to validate on GPU")

        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/oss_scripts/whisper/whisper.py",
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertLessEqual(msg["wer"], 0.25)


class TestExampleQaihubScript(TestQNN):
    def test_utils_export(self):
        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_dir:
            module = ContextBinaryExample()  # noqa: F405
            generate_context_binary(
                module=module,
                inputs=module.example_inputs(),
                quantized=True,
                artifact_dir=tmp_dir,
            )
            ctx_path = f"{tmp_dir}/model_ctx.bin"
            fpath = f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/qaihub_scripts/utils/export.py"

            # do compilation
            compile_cmds = [
                "python",
                fpath,
                "compile",
                "-a",
                ctx_path,
                "-m",
                self.model,
                "-l",
                "False",
                "-b",
                self.build_folder,
                "-o",
                f"{tmp_dir}/output_pte",
            ]
            compile_process = subprocess.Popen(
                compile_cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL, cwd=self.executorch_root
            )
            output_pte_dir = f"{tmp_dir}/output_pte/model_ctx"
            compile_process.communicate()

            # check artifacts are correctly generated
            self.assertTrue(
                all(
                    [
                        Path(output_pte_dir).exists(),
                        Path(f"{output_pte_dir}/model_ctx.json").exists(),
                        Path(f"{output_pte_dir}/model_ctx.svg").exists(),
                    ]
                )
            )

            # prepare input files
            input_list, inputs = [], module.example_inputs()
            for name, tensor in inputs.items():
                tensor_path = f"{output_pte_dir}/{name}.pt"
                torch.save(tensor, tensor_path)
                input_list.append(tensor_path)

            # do execution
            output_data_dir = f"{tmp_dir}/output_data"
            execute_cmds = [
                "python",
                fpath,
                "execute",
                "-p",
                output_pte_dir,
                "-i",
                *input_list,
                "-s",
                self.device,
                "-z",
                "-b",
                self.build_folder,
                "-o",
                output_data_dir,
            ]
            if self.host is not None:
                execute_cmds.append(f"-H {self.host}")
            execute_process = subprocess.Popen(execute_cmds, cwd=self.executorch_root)
            execute_process.communicate()

            # read outputs
            with open(f"{output_pte_dir}/model_ctx.json", "r") as f:
                graph_info = json.load(f)

            device_output = []
            for output in graph_info["outputs"]:
                with open(f"{output_data_dir}/{output['name']}.pt", "rb") as f:
                    buffer = io.BytesIO(f.read())
                    device_output.append(torch.load(buffer, weights_only=False))

            # validate outputs
            golden_output = module.forward(inputs["x"], inputs["y"])
            self.atol, self.rtol = 1e-1, 1
            self._assert_outputs_equal(golden_output, device_output)

    def test_llama2_7b(self):
        if not self.required_envs():
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")

        prompt = "Explain the rules of baseball"
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/qaihub_scripts/llama/llama2/qaihub_llama2_7b.py",
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
            "--tokenizer_bin",
            f"{self.artifact_dir}/tokenizer.bin",
            "--context_binaries",
            f"{self.artifact_dir}",
            "--prompt",
            f"{prompt}",
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                model_out = msg["result"]
                self.assertTrue(model_out.startswith(prompt))

    def test_llama3_8b(self):
        if not self.required_envs():
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")

        prompt = "Explain the rules of baseball"
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/qaihub_scripts/llama/llama3/qaihub_llama3_8b.py",
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
            "--tokenizer_model",
            f"{self.artifact_dir}/tokenizer.model",
            "--context_binaries",
            f"{self.artifact_dir}",
            "--prompt",
            f"{prompt}",
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                model_out = msg["result"]
                expected_result = (
                    "<|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>\n\n"
                    + prompt
                    + "<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>"
                )
                self.assertTrue(model_out.startswith(expected_result))

    def test_stable_diffusion(self):
        if not self.required_envs():
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")

        prompt = "a photo of an astronaut riding a horse on mars"
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/qaihub_scripts/stable_diffusion/qaihub_stable_diffusion.py",
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
            "--text_encoder_bin",
            f"{self.artifact_dir}/text_encoder.serialized.bin",
            "--unet_bin",
            f"{self.artifact_dir}/unet.serialized.bin",
            "--vae_bin",
            f"{self.artifact_dir}/vae.serialized.bin",
            "--vocab_json",
            f"{self.artifact_dir}/vocab.json",
            "--num_time_steps",
            "20",
            "--prompt",
            f"{prompt}",
            "--fix_latents",
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                # For the default settings and prompt, the expected results will be {PSNR: 23.258, SSIM: 0.852}
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["PSNR"], 20)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["SSIM"], 0.8)


class TestExampleScript(TestQNN):
    def test_mobilenet_v2(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.image_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")

        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/scripts/mobilenet_v2.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.image_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_1"], 52)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_5"], 84)

    def test_mobilenet_v3(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.image_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")

        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/scripts/mobilenet_v3.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.image_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                metric = {
                    # GPU has accuracy issue now
                    QnnExecuTorchBackendType.kGpuBackend: {"top_1": 0, "top_5": 0},
                    QnnExecuTorchBackendType.kHtpBackend: {"top_1": 51, "top_5": 76},
                }
                self.assertGreaterEqual(
                    msg["top_1"], metric[get_backend_type(self.backend)]["top_1"]
                )
                self.assertGreaterEqual(
                    msg["top_5"], metric[get_backend_type(self.backend)]["top_5"]
                )

    def test_inception_v3(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.image_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")

        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/scripts/inception_v3.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.image_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_1"], 59)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_5"], 78)

    def test_inception_v4(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.image_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")

        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/scripts/inception_v4.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.image_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_1"], 64)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_5"], 85)

    def test_vit(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.image_dataset]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")

        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/scripts/torchvision_vit.py",
            "--dataset",
            self.image_dataset,
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_1"], 69)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["top_5"], 91)

    def test_edsr(self):
        if not self.required_envs():
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")

        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/scripts/edsr.py",
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
            "--default_dataset",
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["PSNR"], 29)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["SSIM"], 0.94)

    def test_deeplab_v3(self):
        if not self.required_envs():
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")

        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/scripts/deeplab_v3.py",
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["PA"], 0.88)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["MPA"], 0.79)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(msg["MIoU"], 0.67)

    @unittest.skip("dynamic shape inputs appear in recent torch.export.export")
    def test_mobilebert(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.pretrained_weight]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")

        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/scripts/mobilebert_fine_tune.py",
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
            "--pretrained_weight",
            self.pretrained_weight,
            str(self.port),
            "--use_fp16",
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                cpu, htp = msg["CPU"], msg["HTP"]
                for k, v in cpu.items():
                    self.assertLessEqual(abs(v[0] - htp[k][0]), 2)

    @unittest.skip("eagar mode fake quant works well, need further investigation")
    def test_ptq_mobilebert(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.pretrained_weight]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")

        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/scripts/mobilebert_fine_tune.py",
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
            "--pretrained_weight",
            self.pretrained_weight,
            "--ptq",
            "16a16w",
        ]

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                cpu, htp = msg["CPU"], msg["HTP"]
                for k, v in cpu.items():
                    self.assertLessEqual(abs(v[0] - htp[k][0]), 5)

    @unittest.skip("encountered undefined symbol in mainline, reopen once resolved")
    def test_wav2letter(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.pretrained_weight]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")

        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/scripts/wav2letter.py",
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
            "--pretrained_weight",
            self.pretrained_weight,
        ]
        self.add_default_cmds(cmds)

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                self.assertLessEqual(msg["wer"], 0.5)
                self.assertLessEqual(msg["cer"], 0.25)

    def test_export_example(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.model_name]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")

        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_dir:
            cmds = [
                "python",
                "qualcomm/scripts/export_example.py",
                "--model_name",
                self.model_name,
                "--output_folder",
                "{}/".format(tmp_dir),
                "--generate_etrecord",
            ]

            p = subprocess.Popen(
                cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL, cwd=f"{self.executorch_root}/examples"
            )
            p.communicate()
            self.assertTrue(
                Path("{0}/{1}.pte".format(tmp_dir, self.model_name)).exists()
            )


class TestUtilsScript(TestQNN):
    TestQNN.atol = 1e-1
    TestQNN.rtol = 1

    def required_envs(self, conditions=None) -> bool:
        conditions = [] if conditions is None else conditions
        return all(
            [
                self.executorch_root,
                self.artifact_dir,
                *conditions,
            ]
        )

    def test_cli(self):
        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_dir:
            sample_input = torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4)
            ep = torch.export.export(Relu(), (sample_input,))  # noqa: F405
            torch.export.save(ep, f"{tmp_dir}/relu.pt2")
            torch.save(sample_input, f"{tmp_dir}/input_0_0.pt")
            with open(f"{tmp_dir}/input_list", "w") as f:
                f.write(f"{tmp_dir}/input_0_0.pt\n")

            # quantize
            cmds = [
                "python",
                "-m",
                "examples.qualcomm.util_scripts.cli",
                "quantize",
                "--artifact",
                f"{tmp_dir}/relu.pt2",
                "--output_folder",
                f"{tmp_dir}/q_out",
                "--input_list",
                f"{tmp_dir}/input_list",
                "--model",
                self.model,
            ]
            subprocess.run(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
            self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(f"{tmp_dir}/q_out/relu_quantized.pt2"))
            # compile
            cmds = [
                "python",
                "-m",
                "examples.qualcomm.util_scripts.cli",
                "compile",
                "--artifact",
                f"{tmp_dir}/q_out/relu_quantized.pt2",
                "--output_folder",
                f"{tmp_dir}/c_out",
                "--model",
                self.model,
            ]
            subprocess.run(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
            self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(f"{tmp_dir}/c_out/relu_quantized.pte"))
            self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(f"{tmp_dir}/c_out/relu_quantized.svg"))
            # execute
            cmds = [
                "python",
                "-m",
                "examples.qualcomm.util_scripts.cli",
                "execute",
                "--artifact",
                f"{tmp_dir}/c_out/relu_quantized.pte",
                "--output_folder",
                f"{tmp_dir}/e_out",
                "--build_folder",
                self.build_folder,
                "--input_list",
                f"{tmp_dir}/input_list",
                "--model",
                self.model,
                "--target",
                self.target,
                "--device",
                self.device,
            ]
            if self.host:
                cmds.extend(["--host", self.host])
            subprocess.run(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
            self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(f"{tmp_dir}/e_out/Result_0/output_0.pt"))

    def test_cli_with_input_list_assignment(self):
        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_dir:
            sample_input = torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4)
            sample_input2 = torch.randn(1, 2, 3, 4)
            ep = torch.export.export(
                Sub_y_x_from_x_y(), (sample_input, sample_input2)  # noqa: F405
            )
            torch.export.save(ep, f"{tmp_dir}/sub.pt2")
            torch.save(sample_input, f"{tmp_dir}/input_0_0.pt")
            torch.save(sample_input2, f"{tmp_dir}/input_0_1.pt")
            with open(f"{tmp_dir}/input_list", "w") as f:
                f.write(f"x:={tmp_dir}/input_0_0.pt y:={tmp_dir}/input_0_1.pt\n")

            # quantize
            cmds = [
                "python",
                "-m",
                "examples.qualcomm.util_scripts.cli",
                "quantize",
                "--artifact",
                f"{tmp_dir}/sub.pt2",
                "--output_folder",
                f"{tmp_dir}/q_out",
                "--input_list",
                f"{tmp_dir}/input_list",
                "--model",
                self.model,
            ]
            subprocess.run(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
            self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(f"{tmp_dir}/q_out/sub_quantized.pt2"))
            # compile
            cmds = [
                "python",
                "-m",
                "examples.qualcomm.util_scripts.cli",
                "compile",
                "--artifact",
                f"{tmp_dir}/q_out/sub_quantized.pt2",
                "--output_folder",
                f"{tmp_dir}/c_out",
                "--model",
                self.model,
            ]
            subprocess.run(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
            self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(f"{tmp_dir}/c_out/sub_quantized.pte"))
            self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(f"{tmp_dir}/c_out/sub_quantized.svg"))
            # execute
            cmds = [
                "python",
                "-m",
                "examples.qualcomm.util_scripts.cli",
                "execute",
                "--artifact",
                f"{tmp_dir}/c_out/sub_quantized.pte",
                "--output_folder",
                f"{tmp_dir}/e_out",
                "--model",
                self.model,
                "--target",
                self.target,
                "--device",
                self.device,
                "--build_folder",
                self.build_folder,
                "--input_list",
                f"{tmp_dir}/input_list",
            ]
            if self.host:
                cmds.extend(["--host", self.host])
            subprocess.run(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
            output_file = f"{tmp_dir}/e_out/Result_0/output_0.pt"
            self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(output_file))
            device_output = torch.load(output_file, weights_only=True)
            golden_output = ep.module()(sample_input, sample_input2)
            self._assert_outputs_equal(golden_output, device_output)

    def test_custom_op(self):
        if not self.required_envs([self.op_package_dir]):
            self.skipTest("missing required envs")
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/custom_op/custom_ops_1.py",
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
            "--device",
            self.device,
            "--model",
            self.model,
            "--target",
            self.target,
            "--ip",
            self.ip,
            "--port",
            str(self.port),
            "--op_package_dir",
            self.op_package_dir,
            "--build_op_package",
        ]
        if self.host:
            cmds.extend(["--host", self.host])
        if self.enable_x86_64:
            cmds.extend(["--enable_x86_64"])

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            self.assertTrue(msg["is_close"])

    def test_debugger_generate_optrace(self):
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/util_scripts/qairt_visualizer_demo.py",
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
            "--device",
            self.device,
            "--model",
            self.model,
            "--target",
            self.target,
            "--ip",
            self.ip,
            "--port",
            str(self.port),
        ]
        if self.host:
            cmds.extend(["--host", self.host])

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                for _, (optrace, qhas) in msg["binaries_trace"].items():
                    with open(optrace, "r") as optrace_file:
                        optrace_data = json.load(optrace_file)
                        # {
                        #  header:
                        #    {
                        #     'header_version': {'major': x, 'minor': y, 'patch': z},
                        #     'version': {'major': x, 'minor': y, 'patch': z},
                        #     'artifact_type': 'OP_TRACE'
                        #    }
                        #  traceEvents:
                        #    {...}
                        # }
                        for row in optrace_data["traceEvents"]:
                            self.assertIn("pid", row)
                    with open(qhas, "r") as qhas_file:
                        qhas_data = json.load(qhas_file)
                        self.assertIn("data", qhas_data)

    def test_intermediate_debugger(self):
        cmds = [
            "python",
            f"{self.executorch_root}/examples/qualcomm/util_scripts/qnn_intermediate_debugger_demo.py",
            "--artifact",
            self.artifact_dir,
            "--dataset",
            self.image_dataset,
            "--build_folder",
            self.build_folder,
            "--device",
            self.device,
            "--model",
            self.model,
            "--ip",
            self.ip,
            "--port",
            str(self.port),
            "--dump_intermediate_outputs",
        ]
        if self.host:
            cmds.extend(["--host", self.host])

        p = subprocess.Popen(cmds, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
        with Listener((self.ip, self.port)) as listener:
            conn = listener.accept()
            p.communicate()
            msg = json.loads(conn.recv())
            if "Error" in msg:
                self.fail(msg["Error"])
            else:
                svg_path = msg["svg_path"]
                csv_path = msg["csv_path"]
                min_accepted = 235
                max_accepted = 241
                # Having a +- 3 tolerance, expecting 238 events
                assert os.path.exists(svg_path), f"Unable to find SVG file: {svg_path}"
                assert os.path.exists(csv_path), f"Unable to find CSV file: {csv_path}"

                csv_valid_count = 0
                with open(csv_path, mode="r", newline="") as csv_file:
                    reader = csv.reader(csv_file)
                    header = next(reader)
                    index = header.index("is_valid_score")
                    for row in reader:
                        if len(row) > index and row[index].strip().upper() == "TRUE":
                            csv_valid_count += 1
                # We assume csv_valid_count == compared_events, since all compared events meet metric's threshold
                assert (
                    min_accepted <= csv_valid_count <= max_accepted
                ), f"Expected CSV events with valid score is outside of expected range, number of valid score events found: {csv_valid_count}"

                svg_valid_count = 0
                with open(svg_path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as svg_file:
                    for line in svg_file:
                        svg_valid_count += line.count("is_valid_score=True")
                # We assume svg_valid_count == compared_events, since all compared events meet metric's threshold
                assert (
                    min_accepted <= svg_valid_count <= max_accepted
                ), f"Expected SVG events with valid score is outside of expected range, number of valid score events found: {svg_valid_count}"
                print(
                    f"CSV valid count: {csv_valid_count}. SVG valid count: {svg_valid_count}"
                )


def setup_environment():
    parser = setup_common_args_and_variables()

    parser.add_argument(
        "-r",
        "--executorch_root",
        help="Root location of current repo",
        type=str,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-a",
        "--artifact_dir",
        help="Location for putting generated artifacts",
        type=str,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-i",
        "--image_dataset",
        help="Location for imagenet dataset",
        type=str,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--qa_dataset",
        help="Location for QA dataset",
        type=str,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--sentence_dataset",
        help="Location for sentence dataset",
        type=str,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-p",
        "--pretrained_weight",
        help="Location for pretrained weighting",
        default="",
        type=str,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-n",
        "--model_name",
        help="Input the model to export",
        type=str,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-P",
        "--enable_profile",
        help="Profile the performance of each operator with kProfileDetailed profile level",
        action="store_true",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-e",
        "--error_only",
        help="Emit log only when error happened",
        action="store_true",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--oss_repo",
        help="Path to open source software model repository",
        type=str,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-d",
        "--op_package_dir",
        help="Path to operator package which generates from qnn-op-package-generator",
        default="",
        type=str,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--llama_artifacts",
        help="A folder that contains: weight, tokenizer, and params.",
        type=str,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--static_llm_eval_method",
        help="Methods for Static LLM evaluation.",
        choices=["wikitext_ppl", "hellaswag_acc_norm", "sqnr"],
        type=str,
    )

    args, ns_args = parser.parse_known_args(namespace=unittest)
    TestQNN.host = args.host
    TestQNN.device = args.device
    TestQNN.model = args.model
    TestQNN.build_folder = args.build_folder
    TestQNN.executorch_root = args.executorch_root
    TestQNN.artifact_dir = args.artifact_dir
    TestQNN.image_dataset = args.image_dataset
    TestQNN.qa_dataset = args.qa_dataset
    TestQNN.sentence_dataset = args.sentence_dataset
    TestQNN.pretrained_weight = args.pretrained_weight
    TestQNN.model_name = args.model_name
    TestQNN.online_prepare = args.online_prepare
    TestQNN.enable_profile = args.enable_profile
    TestQNN.error_only = args.error_only
    TestQNN.oss_repo = args.oss_repo
    TestQNN.shared_buffer = args.shared_buffer
    TestQNN.enable_x86_64 = args.enable_x86_64
    TestQNN.dump_intermediate_outputs = args.dump_intermediate_outputs
    TestQNN.compile_only = args.compile_only
    TestQNN.pre_gen_pte = args.pre_gen_pte
    TestQNN.llama_artifacts = args.llama_artifacts
    TestQNN.op_package_dir = args.op_package_dir
    TestQNN.target = args.target
    TestQNN.backend = args.backend
    TestQNN.static_llm_eval_method = args.static_llm_eval_method
    TestQNN.direct_build_folder = args.direct_build_folder

    return sys.argv[:1] + ns_args


if __name__ == "__main__":
    ut_args = setup_environment()
    unittest.main(argv=ut_args)