- Apple Xcode Instruments — CPU Counters and Time Profiler templates used for hardware PMU measurements
- Google Protocol Buffers (libprotoc 34.0) — Protobuf baseline
- Google FlatBuffers (v25.12.19) — FlatBuffers baseline
- Zstandard (zstd) (v1.5.7) by Yann Collet — compression baseline
- XMark XML benchmark — xmlgen dataset generator
- Django 4.2 — The Django Software Foundation (BSD License) Source used solely for AST extraction as a benchmark workload
- SQLite — Public domain (sqlite.org) sqlite3.c amalgamation used solely for AST extraction
- XMark — XML benchmark suite (xml-benchmark.org)
Experiments conducted on Apple M1 hardware provided by the authors. No cloud computing resources were used for the primary benchmarks.