[dolphinflow86] WEEK 02 Solutions (#2677)

* valid anagram solution 1

* valid anagram optimized solution

* climbing stairs solution 1

* product of array except self solution

* 3 sum solution

* validate binary search tree solution

* add empty line

Author: dolphinflow86

3sum/dolphinflow86.py

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+# 1) Fix one element first, and then treat others as two-sum problem. Use set to get rid of duplicate combination.
+# TC: O(N^2) where N is the length of nums.
+# SC: O(N) where N is the length of nums.
+class Solution:
+    def threeSum(self, nums: list[int]) -> list[list[int]]:
+        answer: Set[tuple[int,int,int]] = set()
+        n = len(nums)
+        nums.sort()
+        
+        for i in range(n-2):
+            if i > 0 and nums[i] == nums[i-1]: continue
+
+            target = -nums[i]            
+            nums_map: Dict[int, int] = {}
+            for j in range(i + 1, n):
+                comp = target - nums[j]
+                if comp in nums_map:
+                    answer.add((nums[i], comp, nums[j]))
+                nums_map[nums[j]] = j
+
+        return [list(triplet) for triplet in answer]

climbing-stairs/dolphinflow86.py

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+# 1) Recursion with memoization.
+# TC: O(N) where N is the given natural number.
+# SC: O(N) where N is the given natural number.
+class Solution:
+    def climb_rec(self, n: int, step: int, memo: Dict[int, int]):
+        if step > n: return 0
+        if step in memo: return memo[step]
+        if step == n: return 1
+
+        first_way = self.climb_rec(n, step + 1, memo)
+        second_way = self.climb_rec(n, step + 2, memo)
+        memo[step] = first_way + second_way
+        return memo[step]
+        
+
+    def climbStairs(self, n: int) -> int:
+        if n == 1: return 1
+
+        memo = {}
+        return self.climb_rec(n, 1, memo) + self.climb_rec(n, 2, memo)

product-of-array-except-self/dolphinflow86.py

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+# 1) Without using division operator and need to meet linear time complexity, 
+# calculate left accumulated product and calculate right accumulated product except iself and then 
+# product of left and right to get the result.
+# TC: O(N) where N is the length of nums
+# SC: O(N) where N is the length of nums
+class Solution:
+    def productExceptSelf(self, nums: List[int]) -> List[int]:
+        n = len(nums)
+        answer = [1] * n
+        acc = 1
+        for i in range(1, n):
+            acc *= nums[i-1]
+            answer[i] = acc
+        
+        acc = 1
+        for i in range(n-2, -1, -1):
+            acc *= nums[i+1]
+            answer[i] *= acc
+
+        return answer

valid-anagram/dolphinflow86.py

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+# 1) Sort input strings and check if those are the same.
+# TC: O(NlogN) where N is the size of string s and t due to sorting
+# SC: O(N) where N is the length of string s and t to store sorted list.
+class Solution:
+    def isAnagram(self, s: str, t: str) -> bool:
+        return sorted(s) == sorted(t)
+
+# 2) Using dict to store count of the first string and decrease back to see if there's negative count.
+# TC: O(N + M) where N is the length of s and M is the length of t.
+# SC: O(N + M) where N is the length of s and M is the length of t.
+class Solution:
+    def isAnagram(self, s: str, t: str) -> bool:
+        if len(s) != len(t): return False
+
+        char_map: Dict[str, int] = {}
+        for ch in s:
+            char_map[ch] = char_map.get(ch, 0) + 1
+
+        for ch in t:
+            if ch not in char_map or char_map[ch] == 0:
+                return False
+
+            char_map[ch] -= 1
+
+        return True

validate-binary-search-tree/dolphinflow86.py

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+# 1) Validate the BST using min and max values for each node. 
+# TC: O(N) where N is the number of nodes in the BST
+# SC: O(H) where H is the height of the BST
+
+# Definition for a binary tree node.
+# class TreeNode:
+#     def __init__(self, val=0, left=None, right=None):
+#         self.val = val
+#         self.left = left
+#         self.right = right
+class Solution:
+    def solve(self, node: Optional[TreeNode], min: int, max: int) -> bool:
+        if node == None: return True
+
+        if node.val <= min or node.val >= max: return False
+
+        left = self.solve(node.left, min, node.val)
+        right = self.solve(node.right, node.val, max)
+        return left and right
+
+    def isValidBST(self, root: Optional[TreeNode]) -> bool:
+        return self.solve(root, float('-inf'), float('inf'))