Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/master' into rewrite/java-agentless-narrative

# Conflicts:
#	dd-trace-api/src/main/java/datadog/trace/api/config/FeatureFlaggingConfig.java
#	products/feature-flagging/feature-flagging-agent/src/main/java/com/datadog/featureflag/FeatureFlaggingSystem.java

Author: leoromanovsky

.agents/skills/perf-review/SKILL.md

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+---
+name: perf-review
+description: >-
+  Performance-overhead review of a code diff / branch / PR for the dd-trace-java
+  tracer. Flags hot-path allocation, unbounded memory, repeated work, escaping
+  objects, native-boundary crossings, and JVM-specific pitfalls (escape analysis,
+  JNI / virtual-thread pinning, backtracking-regex ReDoS, varargs/boxing hashing,
+  String.format, ByteBuddy-Advice anti-patterns) using the tracer performance
+  rubric. Use whenever the user wants a performance / overhead / hot-path review,
+  asks to check a diff or PR for allocation / GC / memory / latency / startup cost,
+  or mentions the "perf rubric" or the "do no harm / assume hot" tracer posture —
+  even if they just say "review this for perf" without naming the rubric. Advisory and READ-ONLY: it reports ranked,
+  verify-first findings; it never edits code.
+user-invocable: true
+context: fork
+allowed-tools:
+  - Bash
+  - Read
+  - Grep
+  - Glob
+---
+
+# Performance Review
+
+Review the current branch's changes for performance overhead in the dd-trace-java
+tracer, using the tracer performance rubric bundled in `references/`. This is a
+**low-friction advisory nudge**, not a gate: it reports findings and stops. It
+never edits code.
+
+## Why this exists (read first — it sets the whole posture)
+
+The tracer shares the customer's process, heap, and latency budget. **Do no harm**:
+overhead is a form of incorrect behavior that can escalate to real customer harm —
+missed SLAs, OOM kills, container restarts, cold-start churn. So the review's job is
+to catch overhead the customer would feel, and to do it *without becoming noise*.
+
+Two forces are in tension, and the resolution defines everything below:
+
+- **Assume hot.** We don't know what's on a customer's critical path. Absent positive
+  evidence of cold, assume the code runs on every request, under load, at full
+  concurrency. The burden of proof runs toward *cold*: ask "is there evidence this is
+  cold or guarded?" — not "is there evidence this is hot?" (that rationalizes itself
+  into "probably not").
+- **Precision over recall — be silent when unsure.** A false-positive-prone review
+  dies of being ignored. Over-flagging kills it faster than under-flagging. This
+  actively fights your default to be comprehensive and helpful: here, *not* flagging
+  a borderline case is the correct, skilled move — not a miss.
+
+You reconcile them with the **confidence axis** and **verify-don't-verdict** (below):
+assume-hot makes you *look* everywhere; precision makes you *speak* only when the
+mechanism is certain or the severity is catastrophic.
+
+## Core rules
+
+- **Findings are prompts to *verify*, not verdicts.** You reason statically; you
+  cannot render a performance verdict from a code read. Every finding routes into
+  **Benchmark → Profile → Improve → Guard**. Phrase each as *"this looks like X;
+  verify with Y"* — never "this is slow."
+- **Confidence axis on every finding:**
+  - **flag-with-confidence** — the cost is *mechanism-determined* and visible in the
+    code: allocation, boxing, copying, unbounded growth, a native crossing. State it
+    plainly.
+  - **flag-as-measure** — the cost depends on JIT/GC/optimizer decisions you can't
+    see from source: escape elision, inlining/devirtualization, GC impact. Phrase as
+    "may X; verify with a profiler/benchmark," never as a certainty.
+- **Predicate-with-default, not a banned-API list.** Don't flag "you called
+  `String.format`." Flag *"an eager, unconditional expensive call on a hot,
+  instrumentation-reachable path."* The same API is fine on a cold path. Two failure
+  shapes, different fixes: result usually **discarded** → gate/defer; result always
+  **needed but costly** → cheapen/cache.
+- **Resolve interprocedurally — this is the review's whole reason to exist.** A
+  peephole lint can't answer "reachable from a hot entry, unconditional along the
+  way." Trace *up* (who calls this? is it reachable from an `@Advice` root / per-span
+  callback / request handler?) and *down* (follow callbacks, hooks, and listeners to
+  their **sink** before flagging). If a per-span hook's every reachable sink is an
+  atomic counter (`LongAdder`, `AtomicLong`) or a no-op-when-disabled, stay silent — a
+  "verify contention" nudge there is noise.
+- **Make the reachability path the headline.** The reachability claim is the most
+  valuable *and* least reliable part of a finding — residual false positives cluster
+  in "called it unconditional, missed an upstream guard." Say *"reachable from
+  `Foo.onEnter` via A→B→C, no guard on that path"* so the reader can check the
+  shakiest link at a glance.
+- **Only flag toward a fix that exists.** A finding must be actionable *now*. Route to
+  a mechanism that has landed (see the toolkit note in `checks.md` — cite only what
+  exists; name "coming" primitives as coming). Don't flag a pattern whose only fix is
+  a mechanism that isn't built yet.
+- **Triage by severity.** Flag SEV-1 (unbounded memory / OOM, cardinality blowups)
+  *aggressively* — a false positive there is cheap insurance against a container kill.
+  Flag low-severity CPU-micro *conservatively or not at all* — false positives there
+  only erode trust.
+- **Never flag the *absence* of a cache on high-cardinality input.** For open-cardinality
+  data (raw SQL with literals, per-request strings), *not* caching is the correct
+  choice — caching it would be the worse SEV-1. Flag a cache *keyed by* high-cardinality
+  data; never flag the decision not to cache.
+- **A *visibly contestable* perf tradeoff shipped without data → one soft flag-as-measure.**
+  The trigger is narrow: the change makes a **visible tradeoff that could itself regress** —
+  it removes a lock / guard / synchronization, swaps in a hand-rolled cache or data
+  structure, or explicitly claims "faster / optimized" — **and** ships no benchmark or
+  profile. There a static read genuinely can't tell a win from a regression, so raise one
+  soft *flag-as-measure* nudge: *"this trades <X for Y>; verify with a JMH benchmark / JFR."*
+  Do **not** fire it otherwise — if nothing in the diff could plausibly regress, there is
+  nothing to measure, so stay silent. Specifically not for: a **mechanically-obvious win**
+  (hoisting an invariant out of a loop, a denser data structure, removing an allocation);
+  **routine adoption of a known-better idiom** (migrating to a lower-overhead builder / API /
+  toolkit primitive — no visible downside); or a change that **ships a benchmark/JFR**
+  (well-evidenced — recognize it). One line; a nudge, not a code-pattern finding.
+
+## Workflow
+
+### Step 1 — Get the code to review
+
+**If the user points you at specific files or pasted code** ("review this class / this
+method for perf"), review those directly — skip the diff and go to Step 2 with the same
+hot-path mapping and checks.
+
+**Otherwise, review the branch changes.** Find the merge-base against the DataDog
+upstream `master` and diff against it:
+
+```bash
+UPSTREAM=$(git remote -v | grep -E 'DataDog/[^/]+(\.git)?\s' | head -1 | awk '{print $1}')
+[ -z "$UPSTREAM" ] && UPSTREAM="origin"
+MERGE_BASE=$(git merge-base HEAD ${UPSTREAM}/master)
+echo "Reviewing changes since $MERGE_BASE"
+git diff $MERGE_BASE --stat
+git diff $MERGE_BASE --name-status
+```
+
+If there are no changes, say so and stop. Otherwise read the diff **and the full
+content of the modified source files** (not just the hunks) — the interprocedural
+condition (who calls this, what a helper does, where a hook's sink lands) lives
+outside the diff window. Ignore the PR description if the user asks for an
+independent review.
+
+### Step 2 — Map the changed code onto hot paths
+
+For each changed method, decide *which multiplier applies* before flagging anything.
+
+**Hot anchors** (reachable ⇒ assume hot): `@Advice.OnMethodEnter`/`OnMethodExit`,
+per-span / per-trace callbacks, request / message handlers, streaming chunk handlers.
+**Hot-path map** (where cost is multiplied per-span × spans/request × requests/sec):
+span lifecycle (create / setTag / finish), tag-map ops, serialization/encoding, the
+metrics/stats path, decorators, propagation (header read/write).
+
+**Cold only with positive evidence:** one-time init, startup-only path, a genuinely
+rare error branch, or behind a guard that provably fires rarely. Watch the
+**interprocedural trap** — a method three helpers deep from an `@Advice` entry is
+still hot. And note **domain adjustment**: large-denominator domains (LLMObs, CI
+Visibility, DSM) absorb per-call CPU/alloc cost, but the risk *inverts* to payload
+memory (SEV-1); streaming handlers fire per-chunk, so the large-denominator relief
+suspends inside them. See `guide.md` §6.
+
+### Step 3 — Apply the checks
+
+Run the changed hot-path code against the rubric. Keep the check index below in mind;
+open the references for the precise conditions, confidence, severity, and fix:
+
+- **`references/guide.md`** — the narrative "how": severity model, hotness rubric,
+  the 6 categories with worked examples, and the false-positive traps. Read this first
+  if you're calibrating judgment.
+- **`references/checks.md`** — the precise cost-model: 7 universal checks + the Java
+  addendum (J1–J11) + the ByteBuddy-Advice fix idioms + the toolkit-availability note.
+  Read this for the exact confidence/severity/fix of a specific pattern.
+
+### Step 4 — Resolve, then emit
+
+Before writing a finding: confirm the reachability path, confirm it's unconditional
+along that path (check for upstream guards), and follow any hook/callback to its sink.
+Drop anything that resolves to benign. Then report in the format below.
+
+**How many findings to report — scale with diff size:**
+- **Small, focused diff** (one method, a handful of files): report *every* genuinely
+  high-confidence finding, ranked by severity. A tight diff with four real allocation
+  smells should list all four (as the worked example does).
+- **Large PR:** lead with the 1–3 highest-severity findings and note that lower-severity
+  ones may exist — don't bury the important one under a wall of CPU-micro nits.
+- Either way, the gate is *confidence*, not a count: silence on the uncertain ones is
+  what earns the review its credibility.
+
+## Output format
+
+Follow this structure (see `references/example-review.md` for a full worked instance —
+). Showing your suppressed lookalikes and what you cleared is not
+filler: it demonstrates the precision that makes the findings trustworthy.
+
+When providing suggestions as code review comments, prefix the comments with "perf: "
+```markdown
+# Perf Review — <branch / PR>
+
+**Scope reviewed:** <the hot method(s) and why they're hot — the multiplier>
+
+## Confirmed findings
+
+### 1. <one-line title>
+<the offending code, as a short fenced snippet>
+- **Confidence:** flag-with-confidence | flag-as-measure
+- **Reachability:** <hot from X via A→B→C, no guard on that path>
+- **Rubric check:** <#N / JN>
+- **Severity:** SEV-<n>
+- **Fix / verify-with:** <the actionable fix, or "verify with an allocation profiler">
+
+## Correctly suppressed (not flagged)
+<textual lookalikes deliberately left silent — e.g. the same `Objects.hash` pattern
+but at class-init (cold), not per-call — and why the posture suppresses them>
+
+## Checked, no issue
+<what you examined and cleared: e.g. "no unbounded cache (#3/J5)", "no native
+crossing (#6/J3)", "string-literal tag keys are JVM-interned — no per-call alloc">
+
+## Summary
+<count + severity spread; e.g. "4 confirmed hot-path findings, all SEV-2/3
+(allocation/CPU); 1 cold-path lookalike correctly suppressed">
+```
+
+If nothing survives the confidence bar, say so plainly — "No high-confidence hot-path
+findings; here's what I checked and cleared." A clean review is a valid, valuable
+result, not a failure to find something.
+
+## Check index (the map — details in the references)
+
+**Universal (language-agnostic):**
+1. Per-span/per-call allocation on a hot path (retained/escaping) — SEV-2/3
+2. Repeat work across calls (regex compile / format / parse / concat recomputed) — SEV-2/3
+3. Unbounded memory / collection, or keyed by high-cardinality input — **SEV-1**
+4. Expensive work on the critical path that could be deferred — SEV-1/2
+5. Polymorphic dispatch defeating inlining/devirt — flag-as-measure — SEV-2/3
+6. FFI / native-boundary crossing per-item (not batched) — SEV-1/2
+7. Escape / allocation-elision defeated by a refactor — flag-as-measure — SEV-2/3
+
+**Java addendum (JVM-specific — full text + mechanism in `checks.md`):**
+- **J1** escaping allocation defeats Escape Analysis · **J3** JNI crossing + virtual-thread
+  pinning · **J4** GC pressure → tail latency · **J5** cardinality-sensitive aggregator
+  (**SEV-1**) · **J6** `WeakReference.get()` in a probe loop strengthens the ref ·
+  **J7** `substring` → `SubSequence` zero-copy view · **J8** backtracking regex on
+  external input → RE2J (ReDoS) · **J9** `Objects.hash(...)` varargs/boxing →
+  `HashingUtils` · **J10** hot-path `String.format` → `Strings` · **J11** composite-key
+  maps → `Hashtable`.
+- **J2** megamorphic dispatch is **PARKED** — do *not* raise megamorphism findings in
+  review yet (kept as author reference only; it needs a standing audit, not per-PR
+  flagging). See `checks.md` for why.
+- ByteBuddy-Advice idioms (`Config.get()` hoisting, `@Advice.AllArguments` →
+  `@Advice.Argument`, `@Advice.SkipOn`+cached-boolean, `@Advice.Local`, `switch(String)`
+  three-tier) — in `checks.md`.
+
+J7–J11 route an *existing* #1/#2/#3 finding to a landed reusable fix — they are not new
+triggers. Don't raise a finding you wouldn't have raised anyway.

.agents/skills/perf-review/references/.gitignore

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+# Local rubric-maintenance lab file — the delta-since-last-roll-up changelog.
+# Kept local (not shipped): folded into the local rubric + rolled up to the published copies periodically.
+unpublished.md