Fix degrees-of-freedom reporting and improve API/docs

Main fix: residual dof no longer subtracts the intercept twice — it is now
N-K (and G-1 for clustered standard errors), matching Stata. The standard
errors themselves were already correct.

Also:
- Collinearity detection is scale-invariant, so small-scale independent
  regressors are no longer wrongly dropped.
- dof_fes ignores continuous-FE groups (fe(id)&x) whose interaction is all zero.
- coeftable labels the confidence-interval columns with the requested level.
- partial_out: deprecate method=:gpu and default tol to 1e-6 (so its residuals
  match reg).
- Clearer errors (malformed formulas), new docstrings (fe, has_iv, has_fe,
  dof_fes, FixedEffectModel, collinear-omitted NaN convention), and small
  README fixes.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

Author: matthieugomez

README.md

@@ -139,12 +139,14 @@ df = dataset("plm", "Cigar")
 reg(df, @formula(Sales ~ NDI + fe(State) + fe(Year)), method = :Metal)
 ```
 
+GPU methods default to single precision (`Float32`) for the demeaning step. On CUDA you can pass `double_precision = true` to use `Float64`; Metal supports only `Float32`.
+
 ## Solution method
 Denote the model `y = X β + D θ + e` where X is a matrix with few columns and D is the design matrix from categorical variables. Estimates for `β`, along with their standard errors, are obtained in two steps:
 
 1. `y, X`  are regressed on `D` using the package [FixedEffects.jl](https://github.com/FixedEffects/FixedEffects.jl)
 2. Estimates for `β`, along with their standard errors, are obtained by regressing the projected `y` on the projected `X` (an application of the Frisch Waugh-Lovell Theorem)
-3. With the option `save = true`, estimates for the high dimensional fixed effects are obtained after regressing the residuals of the full model minus the residuals of the partialed out models on `D` using the package [FixedEffects.jl](https://github.com/FixedEffects/FixedEffects.jl)
+3. With the option `save = :fe` (or `save = :all`), estimates for the high dimensional fixed effects are obtained after regressing the residuals of the full model minus the residuals of the partialed out models on `D` using the package [FixedEffects.jl](https://github.com/FixedEffects/FixedEffects.jl)
 
 Here are some references for the solution method:
 

src/FixedEffectModel.jl

@@ -5,6 +5,16 @@
 ##
 ##############################################################################
 
+"""
+    FixedEffectModel <: RegressionModel
+
+The fitted model returned by [`reg`](@ref). It is lightweight: it stores the coefficients,
+variance-covariance matrix, fit statistics, and (optionally) saved residuals and fixed
+effects, but not the original data. Inspect it with the `StatsAPI` accessors
+(`coef`, `vcov`, `stderror`, `confint`, `coeftable`, `nobs`, `dof_residual`, `r2`, …),
+and with [`fe`](@ref) for saved fixed effects. `predict`/`residuals` take the data table as
+a second argument since it is not retained.
+"""
 struct FixedEffectModel <: RegressionModel
     coef::Vector{Float64}   # Vector of coefficients
     vcov::Matrix{Float64}   # Covariance matrix
@@ -43,7 +53,18 @@ struct FixedEffectModel <: RegressionModel
     p_kp::Float64           # First Stage p value KP
 end
 
+"""
+    has_iv(m::FixedEffectModel)
+
+Return `true` if the model was estimated with instrumental variables (2SLS).
+"""
 has_iv(m::FixedEffectModel) = has_iv(m.formula)
+
+"""
+    has_fe(m::FixedEffectModel)
+
+Return `true` if the model includes high-dimensional fixed effects (`fe(...)` terms).
+"""
 has_fe(m::FixedEffectModel) = has_fe(m.formula)
 
 
@@ -62,6 +83,12 @@ StatsAPI.nulldeviance(m::FixedEffectModel) = m.tss
 StatsAPI.rss(m::FixedEffectModel) = m.rss
 StatsAPI.mss(m::FixedEffectModel) = nulldeviance(m) - rss(m)
 StatsModels.formula(m::FixedEffectModel) = m.formula_schema
+"""
+    dof_fes(m::FixedEffectModel)
+
+Return the number of degrees of freedom absorbed by the fixed effects (the total number of
+fixed-effect levels across all `fe(...)` dimensions).
+"""
 dof_fes(m::FixedEffectModel) = m.dof_fes
 
 function StatsAPI.loglikelihood(m::FixedEffectModel)
@@ -256,9 +283,12 @@ function StatsAPI.coeftable(m::FixedEffectModel; level = 0.95)
         coefnms = coefnms[newindex]
     end
     tt = cc ./ se
+    # Label the confidence-interval columns with the requested level, not a hard-coded 95%.
+    pct = 100 * level
+    pctstr = isinteger(pct) ? string(Int(pct)) : string(pct)
     CoefTable(
         hcat(cc, se, tt, fdistccdf.(Ref(1), Ref(StatsAPI.dof_residual(m)), abs2.(tt)), conf_int[:, 1:2]),
-        ["Estimate","Std. Error","t-stat", "Pr(>|t|)", "Lower 95%", "Upper 95%" ],
+        ["Estimate","Std. Error","t-stat", "Pr(>|t|)", "Lower $(pctstr)%", "Upper $(pctstr)%" ],
         ["$(coefnms[i])" for i = 1:length(cc)], 4)
 end
 

src/fit.jl

@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ Estimate a linear model with high dimensional categorical variables / instrument
 ### Details
 Models with instruments variables are estimated using 2SLS. `reg` tests for weak instruments by computing the Kleibergen-Paap rk Wald F statistic, a generalization of the Cragg-Donald Wald F statistic for non i.i.d. errors. The statistic is similar to the one returned by the Stata command `ivreg2`.
 
+Regressors that are collinear with other regressors (or with the fixed effects) are dropped from the estimation. A dropped coefficient is reported as `0` with a `NaN` standard error (and `NaN` t-statistic, p-value, and confidence interval).
+
 ### Examples
 ```julia
 using RDatasets, FixedEffectModels
@@ -325,9 +327,14 @@ function StatsAPI.fit(::Type{FixedEffectModel},
     # Compute Fstat
     F = Fstat(coef, matrix_vcov, has_intercept)
 
-    # dof_ is the number of estimated coefficients beyond the intercept.
+    # dof_ is the number of estimated coefficients beyond the intercept (F-stat numerator).
     dof_ = size(X, 2) - has_intercept
-    dof_tstat_ = max(1, Vcov.dof_residual(vcov_data, vcov_method) - (has_intercept || has_fe_intercept))
+    # Residual dof for t-tests/p-values/CIs. Vcov.dof_residual already returns the final
+    # value: nobs - size(X,2) - dof_fes for simple/robust (size(X,2) already counts the
+    # intercept column, or the constant is inside dof_fes when absorbed by a fixed effect),
+    # and minimum(nclusters)-1 = G-1 for clustering. It must NOT be decremented again for
+    # the intercept (doing so reported N-K-1 instead of N-K, and G-2 instead of G-1).
+    dof_tstat_ = max(1, Vcov.dof_residual(vcov_data, vcov_method))
     p = fdistccdf(dof_, dof_tstat_, F)
 
     # Compute Fstat of First Stage

src/partial_out.jl

@@ -5,17 +5,19 @@ Partial out variables in a Dataframe
 * `df`: A table
 * `formula::FormulaTerm`: A formula created using `@formula`
 * `add_mean::Bool`: Should the initial mean added to the returned variable?
-* `method::Symbol`: A symbol for the method. Default is :cpu. Alternatively,  :gpu requires `CuArrays`. In this case, use the option `double_precision = false` to use `Float32`.
+* `method::Symbol`: A symbol for the method. Default is `:cpu`. Alternatively, use `:CUDA` or `:Metal` (load the respective package — CUDA.jl or Metal.jl — before `using FixedEffectModels`).
 * `maxiter::Integer`: Maximum number of iterations
 * `double_precision::Bool`: Should the demeaning operation use Float64 rather than Float32? Default to true.
-* `tol::Real`: Tolerance
+* `tol::Real`: Tolerance for the iterative demeaning. Default `1e-6`, matching `reg` (so that `partial_out` and `reg(...; save = :residuals)` return the same residuals).
 * `align::Bool`: Should the returned DataFrame align with the original DataFrame in case of missing values? Default to true.
 * `drop_singletons::Bool=false`: Should singletons be dropped?
 
 ### Returns
-* `::DataFrame`: a dataframe with as many columns as there are dependent variables and as many rows as the original dataframe.
-* `::Vector{Int}`: a vector of iterations for each column
-* `::Vector{Bool}`: a vector of success for each column
+* `::DataFrame`: residuals, one column per dependent variable, aligned with the original dataframe.
+* `::BitVector`: the estimation-sample mask (the rows actually used).
+* `::Vector{Int}`: number of demeaning iterations for each column.
+* `::Vector{Bool}`: convergence flag for each column.
+* `::Int`: degrees of freedom absorbed by the fixed effects.
 
 ### Details
 `partial_out` returns the residuals of a set of variables after regressing them on a set of regressors. The syntax is similar to `reg` - but it accepts multiple dependent variables. It returns a dataframe with as many columns as there are dependent variables and as many rows as the original dataframe.
@@ -40,14 +42,19 @@ function partial_out(
     @nospecialize(contrasts::Dict = Dict{Symbol, Any}()),
     @nospecialize(method::Symbol = :cpu),
     @nospecialize(double_precision::Bool = true),
-    @nospecialize(tol::Real = double_precision ? 1e-8 : 1e-6),
+    @nospecialize(tol::Real = 1e-6),
     @nospecialize(align = true),
     @nospecialize(drop_singletons = false))
 
     # Normalize generic Tables.jl input once; the rest of the function uses
     # DataFrame indexing/views, and copycols = false avoids copies when possible.
     df = DataFrame(df; copycols = false)
 
+    if method == :gpu
+        @info "method = :gpu is deprecated. Use method = :CUDA or method = :Metal"
+        method = :CUDA
+    end
+
     if  (ConstantTerm(0) ∉ eachterm(f.rhs)) && (ConstantTerm(1) ∉ eachterm(f.rhs))
         f = FormulaTerm(f.lhs, tuple(ConstantTerm(1), eachterm(f.rhs)...))
     end

src/utils/basecol.jl

@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ Generalized inverse via sweep operator.
 Returns minus the symmetric inverse (negated so callers negate back).
 """
 function invsym!(X::Symmetric; has_intercept = false, setzeros = false, diagonal = 1:size(X, 2))
-    tols = max.(diag(X), 1)
+    # Per-column reference scale for the numerically-zero pivot test below.
+    tols = sweep_tolerances(X)
     buffer = zeros(size(X, 1))
     for j in diagonal
         d = X[j,j]
@@ -17,17 +18,31 @@ function invsym!(X::Symmetric; has_intercept = false, setzeros = false, diagonal
             copy!(buffer, view(X, :, j))
             Symmetric(BLAS.syrk!('U', 'N', -1/d, buffer, one(eltype(X)), X.data))
             rmul!(buffer, 1 / d)
-            @views copy!(X.data[1:j-1,j], buffer[1:j-1])        
-            @views copy!(X.data[j, j+1:end], buffer[j+1:end])   
+            @views copy!(X.data[1:j-1,j], buffer[1:j-1])
+            @views copy!(X.data[j, j+1:end], buffer[j+1:end])
             X[j,j] = - 1 / d
         end
         if setzeros && has_intercept && j == 1
-            tols = max.(diag(X), 1)
+            tols = sweep_tolerances(X)
         end
     end
     return X
 end
 
+# Reference scale per column used by invsym! to flag a (post-sweep) pivot as numerically
+# zero: a column is dropped when |pivot| < scale_j * sqrt(eps). The scale is the column's
+# own diagonal, floored by a tiny multiple of the largest diagonal so the test is
+# scale-invariant. The previous absolute floor of 1 spuriously dropped genuinely
+# independent regressors whose total sum of squares was below ~sqrt(eps), while the
+# relative floor still drops all-zero columns (diag 0 -> floored to ref*eps > 0). On
+# well-scaled designs (all diagonals >= 1) this reproduces the old tolerances exactly.
+function sweep_tolerances(X::Symmetric)
+    d = diag(X)
+    ref = maximum(d; init = zero(eltype(d)))
+    floor_ = ref > 0 ? ref * eps(eltype(d)) : eps(eltype(d))
+    return max.(d, floor_)
+end
+
 """
     basis!(XX::Symmetric; has_intercept=false)
 
@@ -189,6 +204,11 @@ end
 
 Expand coefficient vector and vcov matrix to account for omitted (collinear)
 variables and IV-reclassified variable permutations.
+
+Coefficients dropped for collinearity are reinserted with a value of `0`, and the
+corresponding rows and columns of the variance-covariance matrix are filled with `NaN`.
+This is the convention used to flag an omitted regressor: its standard error, t-statistic,
+p-value, and confidence interval are therefore reported as `NaN`.
 """
 function reinsert_omitted!(
     coef::Vector{Float64},                   # estimated coefficients (excluding omitted)
@@ -197,28 +217,19 @@ function reinsert_omitted!(
     perm::Union{Nothing, Vector{Int}}        # permutation from IV reclassification, or nothing
 )
     if !all(basis_coef)
+        kept = findall(basis_coef)
         newcoef = zeros(length(basis_coef))
+        newcoef[kept] = coef
+
         newmatrix_vcov = fill(NaN, (length(basis_coef), length(basis_coef)))
-        newindex = [searchsortedfirst(cumsum(basis_coef), i) for i in 1:length(coef)]
-        for i in eachindex(newindex)
-            newcoef[newindex[i]] = coef[i]
-            for j in eachindex(newindex)
-                newmatrix_vcov[newindex[i], newindex[j]] = matrix_vcov[i, j]
-            end
-        end
+        newmatrix_vcov[kept, kept] = Matrix(matrix_vcov)
         coef = newcoef
         matrix_vcov = Symmetric(newmatrix_vcov)
     end
     if perm !== nothing
-        _invperm = invperm(perm)
-        coef = coef[_invperm]
-        newmatrix_vcov = zeros(size(matrix_vcov))
-        for i in 1:size(newmatrix_vcov, 1)
-            for j in 1:size(newmatrix_vcov, 1)
-                newmatrix_vcov[i, j] = matrix_vcov[_invperm[i], _invperm[j]]
-            end
-        end
-        matrix_vcov = Symmetric(newmatrix_vcov)
+        invp = invperm(perm)
+        coef = coef[invp]
+        matrix_vcov = Symmetric(Matrix(matrix_vcov)[invp, invp])
     end
     return coef, matrix_vcov
 end

src/utils/fixedeffects.jl

@@ -52,8 +52,20 @@ end
 
 function nunique(fe::FixedEffect)
     seen = falses(fe.n)
-    @inbounds for ref in fe.refs
-        seen[ref] = true
+    if fe.interaction isa UnitWeights
+        @inbounds for ref in fe.refs
+            seen[ref] = true
+        end
+    else
+        # Continuous-slope fixed effect (e.g. fe(id)&x): a group whose interaction is
+        # identically zero contributes no column to the design and absorbs no degree of
+        # freedom (the demeaning sets its scale to 0, SolverCPU.scale!). Count only groups
+        # with at least one nonzero interaction value, so dof_fes is not overstated.
+        @inbounds for i in eachindex(fe.refs, fe.interaction)
+            if !iszero(fe.interaction[i])
+                seen[fe.refs[i]] = true
+            end
+        end
     end
     count(seen)
 end

src/utils/formula.jl

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ eachterm(@nospecialize(x::NTuple{N, AbstractTerm})) where {N} = x
 ##############################################################################
 has_iv(@nospecialize(f::FormulaTerm)) = any(x -> x isa FormulaTerm, eachterm(f.rhs))
 function parse_iv(@nospecialize(f::FormulaTerm))
+    f.lhs isa FormulaTerm && throw(ArgumentError("Malformed formula: the left-hand side cannot contain `~`. The instrumental-variable syntax is `y ~ exogenous + (endogenous ~ instruments)`."))
     if has_iv(f)
         i = findfirst(x -> x isa FormulaTerm, eachterm(f.rhs))
         term = eachterm(f.rhs)[i]
@@ -41,6 +42,18 @@ struct FixedEffectTerm <: AbstractTerm
     x::Symbol
 end
 StatsModels.termvars(t::FixedEffectTerm) = [t.x]
+
+"""
+    fe(x)
+
+Mark a variable as a high-dimensional fixed effect (a categorical variable to be absorbed)
+inside a `@formula` passed to [`reg`](@ref) or [`partial_out`](@ref), e.g.
+`@formula(y ~ x + fe(id))`. Several fixed effects are added with `+`, and they can be
+interacted with `&`/`*`: `fe(id)&fe(year)` for interacted fixed effects, `fe(id)&x` for
+group-specific slopes on a continuous variable `x`.
+
+When building a formula programmatically, `fe` also accepts a `Symbol`: `fe(:id)`.
+"""
 fe(x::Term) = fe(Symbol(x))
 fe(s::Symbol) = FixedEffectTerm(s)
 

test/collinearity.jl

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-using DataFrames, CSV, FixedEffectModels, Random, Statistics, Test
+using DataFrames, CSV, FixedEffectModels, Random, Statistics, Test, LinearAlgebra
+using FixedEffectModels: reinsert_omitted!
 
 @testset "collinearity_with_fixedeffects" begin
 
@@ -44,3 +45,47 @@ using DataFrames, CSV, FixedEffectModels, Random, Statistics, Test
   rr = reg(df, @formula(x1 ~ x2))
   @test all(!isnan, stderror(rr))
 end
+
+@testset "reinsert omitted" begin
+  coef = [10.0, 20.0]
+  vcov = Symmetric([1.0 0.2; 0.2 4.0])
+  basis_coef = BitVector([true, false, true])
+  perm = [2, 1, 3]
+
+  newcoef, newvcov = reinsert_omitted!(coef, vcov, basis_coef, perm)
+  newvcov_matrix = Matrix(newvcov)
+
+  @test newcoef == [0.0, 10.0, 20.0]
+  @test isnan(newvcov_matrix[1, 1])
+  @test isnan(newvcov_matrix[1, 2])
+  @test isnan(newvcov_matrix[1, 3])
+  @test isnan(newvcov_matrix[2, 1])
+  @test newvcov_matrix[2, 2] == 1.0
+  @test newvcov_matrix[2, 3] == 0.2
+  @test isnan(newvcov_matrix[3, 1])
+  @test newvcov_matrix[3, 2] == 0.2
+  @test newvcov_matrix[3, 3] == 4.0
+end
+
+@testset "small-scale independent regressor is kept" begin
+  # The rank test is scale-invariant: a genuinely independent regressor whose total
+  # sum of squares is below sqrt(eps) used to be dropped as collinear (NaN stderror).
+  df = DataFrame(CSV.File(joinpath(dirname(pathof(FixedEffectModels)), "../dataset/Cigar.csv")))
+  df.tiny = df.Price .* 3e-8
+  m = reg(df, @formula(Sales ~ tiny))
+  mP = reg(df, @formula(Sales ~ Price))
+  @test !isnan(stderror(m)[2])
+  # scaling a regressor by c scales its coefficient by 1/c and leaves the t-stat invariant
+  @test coef(m)[2] * 3e-8 ≈ coef(mP)[2] rtol = 1e-4
+  @test coef(m)[2] / stderror(m)[2] ≈ coef(mP)[2] / stderror(mP)[2] rtol = 1e-4
+end
+
+@testset "collinear regressor reported as zero coef and NaN stderror" begin
+  df = DataFrame(y = [1.0, 3.0, 2.0, 5.0, 4.0, 6.0], x = [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0])
+  df.x2 = 2 .* df.x        # perfectly collinear with x
+  m = reg(df, @formula(y ~ x + x2))
+  # coefnames are [(Intercept), x, x2]; the later collinear column x2 is dropped
+  @test coef(m)[3] == 0
+  @test isnan(stderror(m)[3])
+  @test !isnan(stderror(m)[2])
+end

test/fit.jl

@@ -777,4 +777,37 @@ end
 
 	df_ivinf = DataFrame(y = [1.0, 2.0, 3.0], x = [0.0, 1.0, 2.0], z = [1.0, Inf, 3.0])
 	@test_throws ArgumentError reg(df_ivinf, @formula(y ~ (x ~ z)))
+
+	# malformed formula: a `~` on the left-hand side gives a clear error, not a MethodError
+	@test_throws ArgumentError reg(df, @formula((y ~ z) ~ x))
+end
+
+@testset "residual degrees of freedom and CI labels" begin
+	df = DataFrame(CSV.File(joinpath(dirname(pathof(FixedEffectModels)), "../dataset/Cigar.csv")))
+
+	# The intercept is counted exactly once: residual dof is N - K, not N - K - 1.
+	@test dof_residual(reg(df, @formula(Sales ~ Price))) == 1378
+	@test dof_residual(reg(df, @formula(Sales ~ 0 + Price))) == 1379
+	@test dof_residual(reg(df, @formula(Sales ~ CPI + (Price ~ Pimin)))) == 1377
+	# A fixed effect absorbs the constant once (dof = N - slopes - #levels).
+	@test dof_residual(reg(df, @formula(Sales ~ Price + fe(State)))) == 1380 - 1 - length(unique(df.State))
+	# Cluster-robust dof is G - 1 (clusters minus one), not G - 2.
+	@test dof_residual(reg(df, @formula(Sales ~ Price), Vcov.cluster(:State))) == length(unique(df.State)) - 1
+
+	# coeftable labels the confidence-interval columns with the requested level.
+	m = reg(df, @formula(Sales ~ Price))
+	@test coeftable(m).colnms[end-1:end] == ["Lower 95%", "Upper 95%"]
+	@test coeftable(m; level = 0.90).colnms[end-1:end] == ["Lower 90%", "Upper 90%"]
+	@test coeftable(m; level = 0.99).colnms[end-1:end] == ["Lower 99%", "Upper 99%"]
+end
+
+@testset "continuous-slope FE degrees of freedom" begin
+	# A group whose continuous interaction is identically zero contributes no column
+	# to the design and must not be counted in dof_fes.
+	df = DataFrame(id = repeat(1:3, inner = 4),
+	               z = Float64[3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6, 5, 3, 5, 8],
+	               y = Float64[5, 2, 7, 3, 1, 8, 4, 9, 6, 2, 5, 3])
+	df.x = Float64.(df.id .!= 1)          # interaction identically zero for id == 1
+	m = reg(df, @formula(y ~ z + fe(id)&x))
+	@test FixedEffectModels.dof_fes(m) == 2
 end

test/partial_out.jl

@@ -38,5 +38,8 @@ end
 	@test_throws ArgumentError partial_out(df, @formula(y ~ (x ~ z)))
 	@test_throws ArgumentError partial_out(df, @formula(y ~ x), weights = :w)
 	@test_throws ArgumentError partial_out(DataFrame(y = [missing, missing], x = [1.0, 2.0]), @formula(y ~ x))
+
+	# method = :gpu is deprecated in favor of :CUDA / :Metal
+	@test_logs (:info, r"method = :gpu is deprecated") partial_out(df, @formula(y ~ x), method = :gpu)
 end