Tests.cpp

//
// Copyright (c) 2017-2025 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
// THE SOFTWARE.
//

#include "Tests.h"
#include "VmaUsage.h"
#include "Common.h"
#include <atomic>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
#include <functional>

#ifdef _WIN32

static const char* CODE_DESCRIPTION = "Foo";
static constexpr VkDeviceSize KILOBYTE = 1024;
static constexpr VkDeviceSize MEGABYTE = 1024 * 1024;

extern VkCommandBuffer g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer;
extern const VkAllocationCallbacks* g_Allocs;
extern bool VK_KHR_buffer_device_address_enabled;
extern bool VK_EXT_memory_priority_enabled;
extern bool VK_KHR_maintenance5_enabled;
extern bool VK_KHR_external_memory_win32_enabled;
extern PFN_vkGetBufferDeviceAddressKHR g_vkGetBufferDeviceAddressKHR;
void BeginSingleTimeCommands();
void EndSingleTimeCommands();
void SetDebugUtilsObjectName(VkObjectType type, uint64_t handle, const std::string&);

#ifndef VMA_DEBUG_MARGIN
    #define VMA_DEBUG_MARGIN 0
#endif

enum CONFIG_TYPE
{
    CONFIG_TYPE_MINIMUM,
    CONFIG_TYPE_SMALL,
    CONFIG_TYPE_AVERAGE,
    CONFIG_TYPE_LARGE,
    CONFIG_TYPE_MAXIMUM,
    CONFIG_TYPE_COUNT
};

static constexpr CONFIG_TYPE ConfigType = CONFIG_TYPE_AVERAGE;

enum class FREE_ORDER { FORWARD, BACKWARD, RANDOM, COUNT };

static const char* FREE_ORDER_NAMES[] =
{
    "FORWARD",
    "BACKWARD",
    "RANDOM",
};

// Copy of internal VmaAlgorithmToStr.
static const char* AlgorithmToStr(uint32_t algorithm)
{
    switch(algorithm)
    {
    case VMA_POOL_CREATE_LINEAR_ALGORITHM_BIT:
        return "Linear";
    case 0:
        return "TLSF";
    default:
        assert(0);
        return "";
    }
}

static const char* VirtualAlgorithmToStr(uint32_t algorithm)
{
    switch (algorithm)
    {
    case VMA_VIRTUAL_BLOCK_CREATE_LINEAR_ALGORITHM_BIT:
        return "Linear";
    case 0:
        return "TLSF";
    default:
        assert(0);
        return "";
    }
}

static const wchar_t* DefragmentationAlgorithmToStr(uint32_t algorithm)
{
    switch (algorithm)
    {
    case VMA_DEFRAGMENTATION_FLAG_ALGORITHM_BALANCED_BIT:
        return L"Balanced";
    case VMA_DEFRAGMENTATION_FLAG_ALGORITHM_FAST_BIT:
        return L"Fast";
    case VMA_DEFRAGMENTATION_FLAG_ALGORITHM_FULL_BIT:
        return L"Full";
    case VMA_DEFRAGMENTATION_FLAG_ALGORITHM_EXTENSIVE_BIT:
        return L"Extensive";
    case 0:
        return L"Default";
    default:
        assert(0);
        return L"";
    }
}

static inline bool operator==(const VmaStatistics& lhs, const VmaStatistics& rhs)
{
    return lhs.allocationBytes == rhs.allocationBytes &&
        lhs.allocationCount == rhs.allocationCount &&
        lhs.blockBytes == rhs.blockBytes &&
        lhs.blockCount == rhs.blockCount;
}
static inline bool operator==(const VmaDetailedStatistics& lhs, const VmaDetailedStatistics& rhs)
{
    return lhs.statistics == rhs.statistics &&
        lhs.unusedRangeCount == rhs.unusedRangeCount &&
        lhs.allocationSizeMax == rhs.allocationSizeMax &&
        lhs.allocationSizeMin == rhs.allocationSizeMin &&
        lhs.unusedRangeSizeMax == rhs.unusedRangeSizeMax &&
        lhs.unusedRangeSizeMin == rhs.unusedRangeSizeMin;
}

struct AllocationSize
{
    uint32_t Probability;
    VkDeviceSize BufferSizeMin, BufferSizeMax;
    uint32_t ImageSizeMin, ImageSizeMax;
};

struct Config
{
    uint32_t RandSeed;
    VkDeviceSize BeginBytesToAllocate;
    uint32_t AdditionalOperationCount;
    VkDeviceSize MaxBytesToAllocate;
    uint32_t MemUsageProbability[4]; // For VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_*
    std::vector<AllocationSize> AllocationSizes;
    uint32_t ThreadCount;
    uint32_t ThreadsUsingCommonAllocationsProbabilityPercent;
    FREE_ORDER FreeOrder;
    VmaAllocationCreateFlags AllocationStrategy; // For VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_*
};

struct Result
{
    duration TotalTime;
    duration AllocationTimeMin, AllocationTimeAvg, AllocationTimeMax;
    duration DeallocationTimeMin, DeallocationTimeAvg, DeallocationTimeMax;
    VkDeviceSize TotalMemoryAllocated;
    VkDeviceSize FreeRangeSizeAvg, FreeRangeSizeMax;
};

struct PoolTestConfig
{
    uint32_t RandSeed;
    uint32_t ThreadCount;
    VkDeviceSize PoolSize;
    uint32_t FrameCount;
    uint32_t TotalItemCount;
    // Range for number of items used in each frame.
    uint32_t UsedItemCountMin, UsedItemCountMax;
    // Percent of items to make unused, and possibly make some others used in each frame.
    uint32_t ItemsToMakeUnusedPercent;
    std::vector<AllocationSize> AllocationSizes;

    VkDeviceSize CalcAvgResourceSize() const
    {
        uint32_t probabilitySum = 0;
        VkDeviceSize sizeSum = 0;
        for(size_t i = 0; i < AllocationSizes.size(); ++i)
        {
            const AllocationSize& allocSize = AllocationSizes[i];
            if(allocSize.BufferSizeMax > 0)
                sizeSum += (allocSize.BufferSizeMin + allocSize.BufferSizeMax) / 2 * allocSize.Probability;
            else
            {
                const VkDeviceSize avgDimension = (allocSize.ImageSizeMin + allocSize.ImageSizeMax) / 2;
                sizeSum += avgDimension * avgDimension * 4 * allocSize.Probability;
            }
            probabilitySum += allocSize.Probability;
        }
        return sizeSum / probabilitySum;
    }

    bool UsesBuffers() const
    {
        for(size_t i = 0; i < AllocationSizes.size(); ++i)
            if(AllocationSizes[i].BufferSizeMax > 0)
                return true;
        return false;
    }

    bool UsesImages() const
    {
        for(size_t i = 0; i < AllocationSizes.size(); ++i)
            if(AllocationSizes[i].ImageSizeMax > 0)
                return true;
        return false;
    }
};

struct PoolTestResult
{
    duration TotalTime;
    duration AllocationTimeMin, AllocationTimeAvg, AllocationTimeMax;
    duration DeallocationTimeMin, DeallocationTimeAvg, DeallocationTimeMax;
    size_t FailedAllocationCount, FailedAllocationTotalSize;
};

static const uint32_t IMAGE_BYTES_PER_PIXEL = 1;

uint32_t g_FrameIndex = 0;

struct BufferInfo
{
    VkBuffer Buffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    VmaAllocation Allocation = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
};

static uint32_t MemoryTypeToHeap(uint32_t memoryTypeIndex)
{
    const VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties* props;
    vmaGetMemoryProperties(g_hAllocator, &props);
    return props->memoryTypes[memoryTypeIndex].heapIndex;
}

static uint32_t GetAllocationStrategyCount()
{
    switch(ConfigType)
    {
    case CONFIG_TYPE_MINIMUM:
    case CONFIG_TYPE_SMALL:
        return 1;
    default: assert(0);
    case CONFIG_TYPE_AVERAGE:
    case CONFIG_TYPE_LARGE:
    case CONFIG_TYPE_MAXIMUM:
        return 2;
    }
}

static const char* GetAllocationStrategyName(VmaAllocationCreateFlags allocStrategy)
{
    switch(allocStrategy)
    {
    case VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_MIN_MEMORY_BIT: return "MIN_MEMORY"; break;
    case VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_MIN_TIME_BIT: return "MIN_TIME"; break;
    case 0: return "Default"; break;
    default: assert(0); return "";
    }
}

static const char* GetVirtualAllocationStrategyName(VmaVirtualAllocationCreateFlags allocStrategy)
{
    switch (allocStrategy)
    {
    case VMA_VIRTUAL_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_MIN_MEMORY_BIT: return "MIN_MEMORY"; break;
    case VMA_VIRTUAL_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_MIN_TIME_BIT: return "MIN_TIME"; break;
    case 0: return "Default"; break;
    default: assert(0); return "";
    }
}

static void InitResult(Result& outResult)
{
    outResult.TotalTime = duration::zero();
    outResult.AllocationTimeMin = duration::max();
    outResult.AllocationTimeAvg = duration::zero();
    outResult.AllocationTimeMax = duration::min();
    outResult.DeallocationTimeMin = duration::max();
    outResult.DeallocationTimeAvg = duration::zero();
    outResult.DeallocationTimeMax = duration::min();
    outResult.TotalMemoryAllocated = 0;
    outResult.FreeRangeSizeAvg = 0;
    outResult.FreeRangeSizeMax = 0;
}

class TimeRegisterObj
{
public:
    TimeRegisterObj(duration& min, duration& sum, duration& max) :
        m_Min(min),
        m_Sum(sum),
        m_Max(max),
        m_TimeBeg(std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now())
    {
    }

    ~TimeRegisterObj()
    {
        duration d = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() - m_TimeBeg;
        m_Sum += d;
        if(d < m_Min) m_Min = d;
        if(d > m_Max) m_Max = d;
    }

private:
    duration& m_Min;
    duration& m_Sum;
    duration& m_Max;
    time_point m_TimeBeg;
};

struct PoolTestThreadResult
{
    duration AllocationTimeMin, AllocationTimeSum, AllocationTimeMax;
    duration DeallocationTimeMin, DeallocationTimeSum, DeallocationTimeMax;
    size_t AllocationCount, DeallocationCount;
    size_t FailedAllocationCount, FailedAllocationTotalSize;
};

class AllocationTimeRegisterObj : public TimeRegisterObj
{
public:
    AllocationTimeRegisterObj(Result& result) :
        TimeRegisterObj(result.AllocationTimeMin, result.AllocationTimeAvg, result.AllocationTimeMax)
    {
    }
};

class DeallocationTimeRegisterObj : public TimeRegisterObj
{
public:
    DeallocationTimeRegisterObj(Result& result) :
        TimeRegisterObj(result.DeallocationTimeMin, result.DeallocationTimeAvg, result.DeallocationTimeMax)
    {
    }
};

class PoolAllocationTimeRegisterObj : public TimeRegisterObj
{
public:
    PoolAllocationTimeRegisterObj(PoolTestThreadResult& result) :
        TimeRegisterObj(result.AllocationTimeMin, result.AllocationTimeSum, result.AllocationTimeMax)
    {
    }
};

class PoolDeallocationTimeRegisterObj : public TimeRegisterObj
{
public:
    PoolDeallocationTimeRegisterObj(PoolTestThreadResult& result) :
        TimeRegisterObj(result.DeallocationTimeMin, result.DeallocationTimeSum, result.DeallocationTimeMax)
    {
    }
};

static void CurrentTimeToStr(std::string& out)
{
    time_t rawTime; time(&rawTime);
    struct tm timeInfo; localtime_s(&timeInfo, &rawTime);
    char timeStr[128];
    strftime(timeStr, _countof(timeStr), "%c", &timeInfo);
    out = timeStr;
}

VkResult MainTest(Result& outResult, const Config& config)
{
    assert(config.ThreadCount > 0);

    InitResult(outResult);

    RandomNumberGenerator mainRand{config.RandSeed};

    time_point timeBeg = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();

    std::atomic<size_t> allocationCount = 0;
    VkResult res = VK_SUCCESS;

    uint32_t memUsageProbabilitySum =
        config.MemUsageProbability[0] + config.MemUsageProbability[1] +
        config.MemUsageProbability[2] + config.MemUsageProbability[3];
    assert(memUsageProbabilitySum > 0);

    uint32_t allocationSizeProbabilitySum = std::accumulate(
        config.AllocationSizes.begin(),
        config.AllocationSizes.end(),
        0u,
        [](uint32_t sum, const AllocationSize& allocSize) {
            return sum + allocSize.Probability;
        });

    struct Allocation
    {
        VkBuffer Buffer;
        VkImage Image;
        VmaAllocation Alloc;
    };

    std::vector<Allocation> commonAllocations;
    std::mutex commonAllocationsMutex;

    auto Allocate = [&](
        VkDeviceSize bufferSize,
        const VkExtent2D imageExtent,
        RandomNumberGenerator& localRand,
        VkDeviceSize& totalAllocatedBytes,
        std::vector<Allocation>& allocations) -> VkResult
    {
        assert((bufferSize == 0) != (imageExtent.width == 0 && imageExtent.height == 0));

        uint32_t memUsageIndex = 0;
        uint32_t memUsageRand = localRand.Generate() % memUsageProbabilitySum;
        while(memUsageRand >= config.MemUsageProbability[memUsageIndex])
            memUsageRand -= config.MemUsageProbability[memUsageIndex++];

        VmaAllocationCreateInfo memReq = {};
        memReq.usage = (VmaMemoryUsage)(VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY + memUsageIndex);
        memReq.flags |= config.AllocationStrategy;

        Allocation allocation = {};
        VmaAllocationInfo allocationInfo;

        // Buffer
        if(bufferSize > 0)
        {
            assert(imageExtent.width == 0);
            VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
            bufferInfo.size = bufferSize;
            bufferInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT;

            {
                AllocationTimeRegisterObj timeRegisterObj{outResult};
                res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufferInfo, &memReq, &allocation.Buffer, &allocation.Alloc, &allocationInfo);
            }
        }
        // Image
        else
        {
            VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO };
            imageInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
            imageInfo.extent.width = imageExtent.width;
            imageInfo.extent.height = imageExtent.height;
            imageInfo.extent.depth = 1;
            imageInfo.mipLevels = 1;
            imageInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
            imageInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
            imageInfo.tiling = memReq.usage == VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY ?
                VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL :
                VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR;
            imageInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED;
            switch(memReq.usage)
            {
            case VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY:
                switch(localRand.Generate() % 3)
                {
                case 0:
                    imageInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
                    break;
                case 1:
                    imageInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
                    break;
                case 2:
                    imageInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
                    break;
                }
                break;
            case VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY:
            case VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_TO_GPU:
                imageInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
                break;
            case VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_TO_CPU:
                imageInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;
                break;
            }
            imageInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
            imageInfo.flags = 0;

            {
                AllocationTimeRegisterObj timeRegisterObj{outResult};
                res = vmaCreateImage(g_hAllocator, &imageInfo, &memReq, &allocation.Image, &allocation.Alloc, &allocationInfo);
            }
        }

        if(res == VK_SUCCESS)
        {
            ++allocationCount;
            totalAllocatedBytes += allocationInfo.size;
            bool useCommonAllocations = localRand.Generate() % 100 < config.ThreadsUsingCommonAllocationsProbabilityPercent;
            if(useCommonAllocations)
            {
                std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(commonAllocationsMutex);
                commonAllocations.push_back(allocation);
            }
            else
                allocations.push_back(allocation);
        }
        else
        {
            TEST(0);
        }
        return res;
    };

    auto GetNextAllocationSize = [&](
        VkDeviceSize& outBufSize,
        VkExtent2D& outImageSize,
        RandomNumberGenerator& localRand)
    {
        outBufSize = 0;
        outImageSize = {0, 0};

        uint32_t allocSizeIndex = 0;
        uint32_t r = localRand.Generate() % allocationSizeProbabilitySum;
        while(r >= config.AllocationSizes[allocSizeIndex].Probability)
            r -= config.AllocationSizes[allocSizeIndex++].Probability;

        const AllocationSize& allocSize = config.AllocationSizes[allocSizeIndex];
        if(allocSize.BufferSizeMax > 0)
        {
            assert(allocSize.ImageSizeMax == 0);
            if(allocSize.BufferSizeMax == allocSize.BufferSizeMin)
                outBufSize = allocSize.BufferSizeMin;
            else
            {
                outBufSize = allocSize.BufferSizeMin + localRand.Generate() % (allocSize.BufferSizeMax - allocSize.BufferSizeMin);
                outBufSize = outBufSize / 16 * 16;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            if(allocSize.ImageSizeMax == allocSize.ImageSizeMin)
                outImageSize.width = outImageSize.height = allocSize.ImageSizeMax;
            else
            {
                outImageSize.width  = allocSize.ImageSizeMin + localRand.Generate() % (allocSize.ImageSizeMax - allocSize.ImageSizeMin);
                outImageSize.height = allocSize.ImageSizeMin + localRand.Generate() % (allocSize.ImageSizeMax - allocSize.ImageSizeMin);
            }
        }
    };

    std::atomic<uint32_t> numThreadsReachedMaxAllocations = 0;
    HANDLE threadsFinishEvent = CreateEvent(NULL, TRUE, FALSE, NULL);

    auto ThreadProc = [&](uint32_t randSeed) -> void
    {
        RandomNumberGenerator threadRand(randSeed);
        VkDeviceSize threadTotalAllocatedBytes = 0;
        std::vector<Allocation> threadAllocations;
        VkDeviceSize threadBeginBytesToAllocate = config.BeginBytesToAllocate / config.ThreadCount;
        VkDeviceSize threadMaxBytesToAllocate = config.MaxBytesToAllocate / config.ThreadCount;
        uint32_t threadAdditionalOperationCount = config.AdditionalOperationCount / config.ThreadCount;

        // BEGIN ALLOCATIONS
        for(;;)
        {
            VkDeviceSize bufferSize = 0;
            VkExtent2D imageExtent = {};
            GetNextAllocationSize(bufferSize, imageExtent, threadRand);
            if(threadTotalAllocatedBytes + bufferSize + imageExtent.width * imageExtent.height * IMAGE_BYTES_PER_PIXEL <
                threadBeginBytesToAllocate)
            {
                if(Allocate(bufferSize, imageExtent, threadRand, threadTotalAllocatedBytes, threadAllocations) != VK_SUCCESS)
                    break;
            }
            else
                break;
        }

        // ADDITIONAL ALLOCATIONS AND FREES
        for(size_t i = 0; i < threadAdditionalOperationCount; ++i)
        {
            VkDeviceSize bufferSize = 0;
            VkExtent2D imageExtent = {};
            GetNextAllocationSize(bufferSize, imageExtent, threadRand);

            // true = allocate, false = free
            bool allocate = threadRand.Generate() % 2 != 0;

            if(allocate)
            {
                if(threadTotalAllocatedBytes +
                    bufferSize +
                    imageExtent.width * imageExtent.height * IMAGE_BYTES_PER_PIXEL <
                    threadMaxBytesToAllocate)
                {
                    if(Allocate(bufferSize, imageExtent, threadRand, threadTotalAllocatedBytes, threadAllocations) != VK_SUCCESS)
                        break;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                bool useCommonAllocations = threadRand.Generate() % 100 < config.ThreadsUsingCommonAllocationsProbabilityPercent;
                if(useCommonAllocations)
                {
                    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(commonAllocationsMutex);
                    if(!commonAllocations.empty())
                    {
                        size_t indexToFree = threadRand.Generate() % commonAllocations.size();
                        VmaAllocationInfo allocationInfo;
                        vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, commonAllocations[indexToFree].Alloc, &allocationInfo);
                        if(threadTotalAllocatedBytes >= allocationInfo.size)
                        {
                            DeallocationTimeRegisterObj timeRegisterObj{outResult};
                            if(commonAllocations[indexToFree].Buffer != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
                                vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, commonAllocations[indexToFree].Buffer, commonAllocations[indexToFree].Alloc);
                            else
                                vmaDestroyImage(g_hAllocator, commonAllocations[indexToFree].Image, commonAllocations[indexToFree].Alloc);
                            threadTotalAllocatedBytes -= allocationInfo.size;
                            commonAllocations.erase(commonAllocations.begin() + indexToFree);
                        }
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    if(!threadAllocations.empty())
                    {
                        size_t indexToFree = threadRand.Generate() % threadAllocations.size();
                        VmaAllocationInfo allocationInfo;
                        vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, threadAllocations[indexToFree].Alloc, &allocationInfo);
                        if(threadTotalAllocatedBytes >= allocationInfo.size)
                        {
                            DeallocationTimeRegisterObj timeRegisterObj{outResult};
                            if(threadAllocations[indexToFree].Buffer != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
                                vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, threadAllocations[indexToFree].Buffer, threadAllocations[indexToFree].Alloc);
                            else
                                vmaDestroyImage(g_hAllocator, threadAllocations[indexToFree].Image, threadAllocations[indexToFree].Alloc);
                            threadTotalAllocatedBytes -= allocationInfo.size;
                            threadAllocations.erase(threadAllocations.begin() + indexToFree);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        ++numThreadsReachedMaxAllocations;

        WaitForSingleObject(threadsFinishEvent, INFINITE);

        // DEALLOCATION
        while(!threadAllocations.empty())
        {
            size_t indexToFree = 0;
            switch(config.FreeOrder)
            {
            case FREE_ORDER::FORWARD:
                indexToFree = 0;
                break;
            case FREE_ORDER::BACKWARD:
                indexToFree = threadAllocations.size() - 1;
                break;
            case FREE_ORDER::RANDOM:
                indexToFree = mainRand.Generate() % threadAllocations.size();
                break;
            }

            {
                DeallocationTimeRegisterObj timeRegisterObj{outResult};
                if(threadAllocations[indexToFree].Buffer != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
                    vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, threadAllocations[indexToFree].Buffer, threadAllocations[indexToFree].Alloc);
                else
                    vmaDestroyImage(g_hAllocator, threadAllocations[indexToFree].Image, threadAllocations[indexToFree].Alloc);
            }
            threadAllocations.erase(threadAllocations.begin() + indexToFree);
        }
    };

    uint32_t threadRandSeed = mainRand.Generate();
    std::vector<std::thread> bkgThreads;
    for(size_t i = 0; i < config.ThreadCount; ++i)
    {
        bkgThreads.emplace_back(std::bind(ThreadProc, threadRandSeed + (uint32_t)i));
    }

    // Wait for threads reached max allocations
    while(numThreadsReachedMaxAllocations < config.ThreadCount)
        Sleep(0);

    // CALCULATE MEMORY STATISTICS ON FINAL USAGE
    VmaTotalStatistics vmaStats = {};
    vmaCalculateStatistics(g_hAllocator, &vmaStats);
    outResult.TotalMemoryAllocated = vmaStats.total.statistics.blockBytes;
    outResult.FreeRangeSizeMax = vmaStats.total.unusedRangeSizeMax;
    outResult.FreeRangeSizeAvg = round_div<VkDeviceSize>(vmaStats.total.statistics.blockBytes - vmaStats.total.statistics.allocationBytes, vmaStats.total.unusedRangeCount);

    // Signal threads to deallocate
    SetEvent(threadsFinishEvent);

    // Wait for threads finished
    for(size_t i = 0; i < bkgThreads.size(); ++i)
        bkgThreads[i].join();
    bkgThreads.clear();

    CloseHandle(threadsFinishEvent);

    // Deallocate remaining common resources
    while(!commonAllocations.empty())
    {
        size_t indexToFree = 0;
        switch(config.FreeOrder)
        {
        case FREE_ORDER::FORWARD:
            indexToFree = 0;
            break;
        case FREE_ORDER::BACKWARD:
            indexToFree = commonAllocations.size() - 1;
            break;
        case FREE_ORDER::RANDOM:
            indexToFree = mainRand.Generate() % commonAllocations.size();
            break;
        }

        {
            DeallocationTimeRegisterObj timeRegisterObj{outResult};
            if(commonAllocations[indexToFree].Buffer != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
                vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, commonAllocations[indexToFree].Buffer, commonAllocations[indexToFree].Alloc);
            else
                vmaDestroyImage(g_hAllocator, commonAllocations[indexToFree].Image, commonAllocations[indexToFree].Alloc);
        }
        commonAllocations.erase(commonAllocations.begin() + indexToFree);
    }

    if(allocationCount)
    {
        outResult.AllocationTimeAvg /= allocationCount;
        outResult.DeallocationTimeAvg /= allocationCount;
    }

    outResult.TotalTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() - timeBeg;

    return res;
}

void SaveAllocatorStatsToFile(const wchar_t* filePath, bool detailed = true)
{
#if !defined(VMA_STATS_STRING_ENABLED) || VMA_STATS_STRING_ENABLED
    wprintf(L"Saving JSON dump to file \"%s\"\n", filePath);
    char* stats;
    vmaBuildStatsString(g_hAllocator, &stats, detailed ? VK_TRUE : VK_FALSE);
    SaveFile(filePath, stats, strlen(stats));
    vmaFreeStatsString(g_hAllocator, stats);
#endif
}

struct AllocInfo
{
    VmaAllocation m_Allocation = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    VkBuffer m_Buffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    VkImage m_Image = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    VkImageLayout m_ImageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
    uint32_t m_StartValue = 0;
    union
    {
        VkBufferCreateInfo m_BufferInfo;
        VkImageCreateInfo m_ImageInfo;
    };

    // After defragmentation.
    VkBuffer m_NewBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    VkImage m_NewImage = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

    void CreateBuffer(
        const VkBufferCreateInfo& bufCreateInfo,
        const VmaAllocationCreateInfo& allocCreateInfo);
    void CreateImage(
        const VkImageCreateInfo& imageCreateInfo,
        const VmaAllocationCreateInfo& allocCreateInfo,
        VkImageLayout layout);
    void Destroy();
};

void AllocInfo::CreateBuffer(
    const VkBufferCreateInfo& bufCreateInfo,
    const VmaAllocationCreateInfo& allocCreateInfo)
{
    m_BufferInfo = bufCreateInfo;
    VkResult res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &m_Buffer, &m_Allocation, nullptr);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
}
void AllocInfo::CreateImage(
    const VkImageCreateInfo& imageCreateInfo,
    const VmaAllocationCreateInfo& allocCreateInfo,
    VkImageLayout layout)
{
    m_ImageInfo = imageCreateInfo;
    m_ImageLayout = layout;
    VkResult res = vmaCreateImage(g_hAllocator, &imageCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &m_Image, &m_Allocation, nullptr);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
}

void AllocInfo::Destroy()
{
    if(m_Image)
    {
        assert(!m_Buffer);
        vkDestroyImage(g_hDevice, m_Image, g_Allocs);
        m_Image = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    }
    if(m_Buffer)
    {
        assert(!m_Image);
        vkDestroyBuffer(g_hDevice, m_Buffer, g_Allocs);
        m_Buffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    }
    if(m_Allocation)
    {
        vmaFreeMemory(g_hAllocator, m_Allocation);
        m_Allocation = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    }
}

class StagingBufferCollection
{
public:
    StagingBufferCollection() { }
    ~StagingBufferCollection();
    // Returns false if maximum total size of buffers would be exceeded.
    bool AcquireBuffer(VkDeviceSize size, VkBuffer& outBuffer, void*& outMappedPtr);
    void ReleaseAllBuffers();

private:
    static const VkDeviceSize MAX_TOTAL_SIZE = 256ull * 1024 * 1024;
    struct BufInfo
    {
        VmaAllocation Allocation = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        VkBuffer Buffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        VkDeviceSize Size = VK_WHOLE_SIZE;
        void* MappedPtr = nullptr;
        bool Used = false;
    };
    std::vector<BufInfo> m_Bufs;
    // Including both used and unused.
    VkDeviceSize m_TotalSize = 0;
};

StagingBufferCollection::~StagingBufferCollection()
{
    for(size_t i = m_Bufs.size(); i--; )
    {
        vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, m_Bufs[i].Buffer, m_Bufs[i].Allocation);
    }
}

bool StagingBufferCollection::AcquireBuffer(VkDeviceSize size, VkBuffer& outBuffer, void*& outMappedPtr)
{
    assert(size <= MAX_TOTAL_SIZE);

    // Try to find existing unused buffer with best size.
    size_t bestIndex = SIZE_MAX;
    for(size_t i = 0, count = m_Bufs.size(); i < count; ++i)
    {
        BufInfo& currBufInfo = m_Bufs[i];
        if(!currBufInfo.Used && currBufInfo.Size >= size &&
            (bestIndex == SIZE_MAX || currBufInfo.Size < m_Bufs[bestIndex].Size))
        {
            bestIndex = i;
        }
    }

    if(bestIndex != SIZE_MAX)
    {
        m_Bufs[bestIndex].Used = true;
        outBuffer = m_Bufs[bestIndex].Buffer;
        outMappedPtr = m_Bufs[bestIndex].MappedPtr;
        return true;
    }

    // Allocate new buffer with requested size.
    if(m_TotalSize + size <= MAX_TOTAL_SIZE)
    {
        BufInfo bufInfo;
        bufInfo.Size = size;
        bufInfo.Used = true;

        VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
        bufCreateInfo.size = size;
        bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;

        VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
        allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO;
        allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_RANDOM_BIT | VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;

        VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
        VkResult res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &bufInfo.Buffer, &bufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
        bufInfo.MappedPtr = allocInfo.pMappedData;
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && bufInfo.MappedPtr);

        outBuffer = bufInfo.Buffer;
        outMappedPtr = bufInfo.MappedPtr;

        m_Bufs.push_back(std::move(bufInfo));

        m_TotalSize += size;

        return true;
    }

    // There are some unused but smaller buffers: Free them and try again.
    bool hasUnused = false;
    for(size_t i = 0, count = m_Bufs.size(); i < count; ++i)
    {
        if(!m_Bufs[i].Used)
        {
            hasUnused = true;
            break;
        }
    }
    if(hasUnused)
    {
        for(size_t i = m_Bufs.size(); i--; )
        {
            if(!m_Bufs[i].Used)
            {
                m_TotalSize -= m_Bufs[i].Size;
                vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, m_Bufs[i].Buffer, m_Bufs[i].Allocation);
                m_Bufs.erase(m_Bufs.begin() + i);
            }
        }

        return AcquireBuffer(size, outBuffer, outMappedPtr);
   }

    return false;
}

void StagingBufferCollection::ReleaseAllBuffers()
{
    for(size_t i = 0, count = m_Bufs.size(); i < count; ++i)
    {
        m_Bufs[i].Used = false;
    }
}

static void UploadGpuData(const AllocInfo* allocInfo, size_t allocInfoCount)
{
    StagingBufferCollection stagingBufs;

    bool cmdBufferStarted = false;
    for(size_t allocInfoIndex = 0; allocInfoIndex < allocInfoCount; ++allocInfoIndex)
    {
        const AllocInfo& currAllocInfo = allocInfo[allocInfoIndex];
        if(currAllocInfo.m_Buffer)
        {
            const VkDeviceSize size = currAllocInfo.m_BufferInfo.size;

            VkBuffer stagingBuf = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
            void* stagingBufMappedPtr = nullptr;
            if(!stagingBufs.AcquireBuffer(size, stagingBuf, stagingBufMappedPtr))
            {
                TEST(cmdBufferStarted);
                EndSingleTimeCommands();
                stagingBufs.ReleaseAllBuffers();
                cmdBufferStarted = false;

                bool ok = stagingBufs.AcquireBuffer(size, stagingBuf, stagingBufMappedPtr);
                TEST(ok);
            }

            // Fill staging buffer.
            {
                assert(size % sizeof(uint32_t) == 0);
                uint32_t* stagingValPtr = (uint32_t*)stagingBufMappedPtr;
                uint32_t val = currAllocInfo.m_StartValue;
                for(size_t i = 0; i < size / sizeof(uint32_t); ++i)
                {
                    *stagingValPtr = val;
                    ++stagingValPtr;
                    ++val;
                }
            }

            // Issue copy command from staging buffer to destination buffer.
            if(!cmdBufferStarted)
            {
                cmdBufferStarted = true;
                BeginSingleTimeCommands();
            }

            VkBufferCopy copy = {};
            copy.srcOffset = 0;
            copy.dstOffset = 0;
            copy.size = size;
            vkCmdCopyBuffer(g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer, stagingBuf, currAllocInfo.m_Buffer, 1, &copy);
        }
        else
        {
            TEST(currAllocInfo.m_ImageInfo.format == VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM && "Only RGBA8 images are currently supported.");
            TEST(currAllocInfo.m_ImageInfo.mipLevels == 1 && "Only single mip images are currently supported.");

            const VkDeviceSize size = (VkDeviceSize)currAllocInfo.m_ImageInfo.extent.width * currAllocInfo.m_ImageInfo.extent.height * sizeof(uint32_t);

            VkBuffer stagingBuf = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
            void* stagingBufMappedPtr = nullptr;
            if(!stagingBufs.AcquireBuffer(size, stagingBuf, stagingBufMappedPtr))
            {
                TEST(cmdBufferStarted);
                EndSingleTimeCommands();
                stagingBufs.ReleaseAllBuffers();
                cmdBufferStarted = false;

                bool ok = stagingBufs.AcquireBuffer(size, stagingBuf, stagingBufMappedPtr);
                TEST(ok);
            }

            // Fill staging buffer.
            {
                assert(size % sizeof(uint32_t) == 0);
                uint32_t *stagingValPtr = (uint32_t *)stagingBufMappedPtr;
                uint32_t val = currAllocInfo.m_StartValue;
                for(size_t i = 0; i < size / sizeof(uint32_t); ++i)
                {
                    *stagingValPtr = val;
                    ++stagingValPtr;
                    ++val;
                }
            }

            // Issue copy command from staging buffer to destination buffer.
            if(!cmdBufferStarted)
            {
                cmdBufferStarted = true;
                BeginSingleTimeCommands();
            }


            // Transfer to transfer dst layout
            VkImageSubresourceRange subresourceRange = {
                VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
                0, VK_REMAINING_MIP_LEVELS,
                0, VK_REMAINING_ARRAY_LAYERS
            };

            VkImageMemoryBarrier barrier = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER };
            barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
            barrier.dstAccessMask = 0;
            barrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
            barrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
            barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
            barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
            barrier.image = currAllocInfo.m_Image;
            barrier.subresourceRange = subresourceRange;

            vkCmdPipelineBarrier(g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT, 0,
                0, nullptr,
                0, nullptr,
                1, &barrier);

            // Copy image date
            VkBufferImageCopy copy = {};
            copy.bufferOffset = 0;
            copy.bufferRowLength = 0;
            copy.bufferImageHeight = 0;
            copy.imageSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
            copy.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
            copy.imageExtent = currAllocInfo.m_ImageInfo.extent;

            vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer, stagingBuf, currAllocInfo.m_Image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, 1, &copy);

            // Transfer to desired layout
            barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
            barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT;
            barrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
            barrier.newLayout = currAllocInfo.m_ImageLayout;

            vkCmdPipelineBarrier(g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT, 0,
                0, nullptr,
                0, nullptr,
                1, &barrier);
        }
    }

    if(cmdBufferStarted)
    {
        EndSingleTimeCommands();
        stagingBufs.ReleaseAllBuffers();
    }
}

static void ValidateGpuData(const AllocInfo* allocInfo, size_t allocInfoCount)
{
    StagingBufferCollection stagingBufs;

    bool cmdBufferStarted = false;
    size_t validateAllocIndexOffset = 0;
    std::vector<void*> validateStagingBuffers;
    for(size_t allocInfoIndex = 0; allocInfoIndex < allocInfoCount; ++allocInfoIndex)
    {
        const AllocInfo& currAllocInfo = allocInfo[allocInfoIndex];
        if(currAllocInfo.m_Buffer)
        {
            const VkDeviceSize size = currAllocInfo.m_BufferInfo.size;

            VkBuffer stagingBuf = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
            void* stagingBufMappedPtr = nullptr;
            if(!stagingBufs.AcquireBuffer(size, stagingBuf, stagingBufMappedPtr))
            {
                TEST(cmdBufferStarted);
                EndSingleTimeCommands();
                cmdBufferStarted = false;

                for(size_t validateIndex = 0;
                    validateIndex < validateStagingBuffers.size();
                    ++validateIndex)
                {
                    const size_t validateAllocIndex = validateIndex + validateAllocIndexOffset;
                    const VkDeviceSize validateSize = allocInfo[validateAllocIndex].m_BufferInfo.size;
                    TEST(validateSize % sizeof(uint32_t) == 0);
                    const uint32_t* stagingValPtr = (const uint32_t*)validateStagingBuffers[validateIndex];
                    uint32_t val = allocInfo[validateAllocIndex].m_StartValue;
                    bool valid = true;
                    for(size_t i = 0; i < validateSize / sizeof(uint32_t); ++i)
                    {
                        if(*stagingValPtr != val)
                        {
                            valid = false;
                            break;
                        }
                        ++stagingValPtr;
                        ++val;
                    }
                    TEST(valid);
                }

                stagingBufs.ReleaseAllBuffers();

                validateAllocIndexOffset = allocInfoIndex;
                validateStagingBuffers.clear();

                bool ok = stagingBufs.AcquireBuffer(size, stagingBuf, stagingBufMappedPtr);
                TEST(ok);
            }

            // Issue copy command from staging buffer to destination buffer.
            if(!cmdBufferStarted)
            {
                cmdBufferStarted = true;
                BeginSingleTimeCommands();
            }

            VkBufferCopy copy = {};
            copy.srcOffset = 0;
            copy.dstOffset = 0;
            copy.size = size;
            vkCmdCopyBuffer(g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer, currAllocInfo.m_Buffer, stagingBuf, 1, &copy);

            // Sava mapped pointer for later validation.
            validateStagingBuffers.push_back(stagingBufMappedPtr);
        }
        else
        {
            TEST(0 && "Images not currently supported.");
        }
    }

    if(cmdBufferStarted)
    {
        EndSingleTimeCommands();

        for(size_t validateIndex = 0;
            validateIndex < validateStagingBuffers.size();
            ++validateIndex)
        {
            const size_t validateAllocIndex = validateIndex + validateAllocIndexOffset;
            const VkDeviceSize validateSize = allocInfo[validateAllocIndex].m_BufferInfo.size;
            TEST(validateSize % sizeof(uint32_t) == 0);
            const uint32_t* stagingValPtr = (const uint32_t*)validateStagingBuffers[validateIndex];
            uint32_t val = allocInfo[validateAllocIndex].m_StartValue;
            bool valid = true;
            for(size_t i = 0; i < validateSize / sizeof(uint32_t); ++i)
            {
                if(*stagingValPtr != val)
                {
                    valid = false;
                    break;
                }
                ++stagingValPtr;
                ++val;
            }
            TEST(valid);
        }

        stagingBufs.ReleaseAllBuffers();
    }
}

static void GetMemReq(VmaAllocationCreateInfo& outMemReq)
{
    outMemReq = {};
    outMemReq.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_TO_GPU;
    //outMemReq.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_PERSISTENT_MAP_BIT;
}

static void CreateBuffer(
    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo,
    const VkBufferCreateInfo& bufCreateInfo,
    bool persistentlyMapped,
    AllocInfo& outAllocInfo)
{
    outAllocInfo = {};
    outAllocInfo.m_BufferInfo = bufCreateInfo;

    if (persistentlyMapped)
        allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;

    VmaAllocationInfo vmaAllocInfo = {};
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &outAllocInfo.m_Buffer, &outAllocInfo.m_Allocation, &vmaAllocInfo) );

    // Setup StartValue and fill.
    {
        outAllocInfo.m_StartValue = (uint32_t)rand();
        uint32_t* data = (uint32_t*)vmaAllocInfo.pMappedData;
        TEST((data != nullptr) == persistentlyMapped);
        if(!persistentlyMapped)
        {
            ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vmaMapMemory(g_hAllocator, outAllocInfo.m_Allocation, (void**)&data) );
        }

        uint32_t value = outAllocInfo.m_StartValue;
        TEST(bufCreateInfo.size % 4 == 0);
        for(size_t i = 0; i < bufCreateInfo.size / sizeof(uint32_t); ++i)
            data[i] = value++;

        if(!persistentlyMapped)
            vmaUnmapMemory(g_hAllocator, outAllocInfo.m_Allocation);
    }
}

void CreateImage(
    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo,
    const VkImageCreateInfo& imgCreateInfo,
    VkImageLayout dstLayout,
    bool persistentlyMapped,
    AllocInfo& outAllocInfo)
{
    if (persistentlyMapped)
        allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;
    outAllocInfo.CreateImage(imgCreateInfo, allocCreateInfo, dstLayout);

    // Perform barrier into destination layout
    if (dstLayout != imgCreateInfo.initialLayout)
    {
        BeginSingleTimeCommands();

        VkImageMemoryBarrier barrier = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER };
        barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_WRITE_BIT;
        barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT;
        barrier.oldLayout = imgCreateInfo.initialLayout;
        barrier.newLayout = dstLayout;
        barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
        barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
        barrier.image = outAllocInfo.m_Image;
        barrier.subresourceRange =
        {
            VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
            0, VK_REMAINING_MIP_LEVELS,
            0, VK_REMAINING_ARRAY_LAYERS
        };

        vkCmdPipelineBarrier(g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer,
            VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, 0,
            0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &barrier);

        EndSingleTimeCommands();
    }
}

static void CreateAllocation(AllocInfo& outAllocation)
{
    outAllocation.m_Allocation = nullptr;
    outAllocation.m_Buffer = nullptr;
    outAllocation.m_Image = nullptr;
    outAllocation.m_StartValue = (uint32_t)rand();

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo vmaMemReq;
    GetMemReq(vmaMemReq);

    VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;

    const bool isBuffer = true;//(rand() & 0x1) != 0;
    const bool isLarge = (rand() % 16) == 0;
    if(isBuffer)
    {
        const uint32_t bufferSize = isLarge ?
            (rand() % 10 + 1) * (1024 * 1024) : // 1 MB ... 10 MB
            (rand() % 1024 + 1) * 1024; // 1 KB ... 1 MB

        VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
        bufferInfo.size = bufferSize;
        bufferInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;

        VkResult res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufferInfo, &vmaMemReq, &outAllocation.m_Buffer, &outAllocation.m_Allocation, &allocInfo);
        outAllocation.m_BufferInfo = bufferInfo;
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
    }
    else
    {
        const uint32_t imageSizeX = isLarge ?
            1024 + rand() % (4096 - 1024) : // 1024 ... 4096
            rand() % 1024 + 1; // 1 ... 1024
        const uint32_t imageSizeY = isLarge ?
            1024 + rand() % (4096 - 1024) : // 1024 ... 4096
            rand() % 1024 + 1; // 1 ... 1024

        VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO };
        imageInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
        imageInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
        imageInfo.extent.width = imageSizeX;
        imageInfo.extent.height = imageSizeY;
        imageInfo.extent.depth = 1;
        imageInfo.mipLevels = 1;
        imageInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
        imageInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
        imageInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
        imageInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED;
        imageInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;

        VkResult res = vmaCreateImage(g_hAllocator, &imageInfo, &vmaMemReq, &outAllocation.m_Image, &outAllocation.m_Allocation, &allocInfo);
        outAllocation.m_ImageInfo = imageInfo;
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
    }

    uint32_t* data = (uint32_t*)allocInfo.pMappedData;
    if(allocInfo.pMappedData == nullptr)
    {
        VkResult res = vmaMapMemory(g_hAllocator, outAllocation.m_Allocation, (void**)&data);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
    }

    uint32_t value = outAllocation.m_StartValue;
    TEST(allocInfo.size % 4 == 0);
    for(size_t i = 0; i < allocInfo.size / sizeof(uint32_t); ++i)
        data[i] = value++;

    if(allocInfo.pMappedData == nullptr)
        vmaUnmapMemory(g_hAllocator, outAllocation.m_Allocation);
}

static void DestroyAllocation(const AllocInfo& allocation)
{
    if(allocation.m_Buffer)
        vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, allocation.m_Buffer, allocation.m_Allocation);
    else
        vmaDestroyImage(g_hAllocator, allocation.m_Image, allocation.m_Allocation);
}

static void DestroyAllAllocations(std::vector<AllocInfo>& allocations)
{
    for(size_t i = allocations.size(); i--; )
        DestroyAllocation(allocations[i]);
    allocations.clear();
}

static void ValidateAllocationData(const AllocInfo& allocation)
{
    VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
    vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, allocation.m_Allocation, &allocInfo);

    uint32_t* data = (uint32_t*)allocInfo.pMappedData;
    if(allocInfo.pMappedData == nullptr)
    {
        VkResult res = vmaMapMemory(g_hAllocator, allocation.m_Allocation, (void**)&data);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
    }

    uint32_t value = allocation.m_StartValue;
    bool ok = true;
    if(allocation.m_Buffer)
    {
        TEST(allocInfo.size % 4 == 0);
        for(size_t i = 0; i < allocInfo.size / sizeof(uint32_t); ++i)
        {
            if(data[i] != value++)
            {
                ok = false;
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    else
    {
        TEST(allocation.m_Image);
        // Images not currently supported.
    }
    TEST(ok);

    if(allocInfo.pMappedData == nullptr)
        vmaUnmapMemory(g_hAllocator, allocation.m_Allocation);
}

static void RecreateAllocationResource(AllocInfo& allocation)
{
    VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
    vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, allocation.m_Allocation, &allocInfo);

    if(allocation.m_Buffer)
    {
        vkDestroyBuffer(g_hDevice, allocation.m_Buffer, g_Allocs);

        VkResult res = vkCreateBuffer(g_hDevice, &allocation.m_BufferInfo, g_Allocs, &allocation.m_Buffer);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

        // Just to silence validation layer warnings.
        VkMemoryRequirements vkMemReq;
        vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(g_hDevice, allocation.m_Buffer, &vkMemReq);
        TEST(vkMemReq.size >= allocation.m_BufferInfo.size);

        res = vmaBindBufferMemory(g_hAllocator, allocation.m_Allocation, allocation.m_Buffer);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
    }
    else
    {
        vkDestroyImage(g_hDevice, allocation.m_Image, g_Allocs);

        VkResult res = vkCreateImage(g_hDevice, &allocation.m_ImageInfo, g_Allocs, &allocation.m_Image);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

        // Just to silence validation layer warnings.
        VkMemoryRequirements vkMemReq;
        vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(g_hDevice, allocation.m_Image, &vkMemReq);

        res = vmaBindImageMemory(g_hAllocator, allocation.m_Allocation, allocation.m_Image);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
    }
}

static void ProcessDefragmentationPass(VmaDefragmentationPassMoveInfo& stepInfo)
{
    std::vector<VkImageMemoryBarrier> beginImageBarriers;
    std::vector<VkImageMemoryBarrier> finalizeImageBarriers;

    VkPipelineStageFlags beginSrcStageMask = 0;
    VkPipelineStageFlags beginDstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;

    VkPipelineStageFlags finalizeSrcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
    VkPipelineStageFlags finalizeDstStageMask = 0;

    bool wantsMemoryBarrier = false;

    VkMemoryBarrier beginMemoryBarrier = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_BARRIER };
    VkMemoryBarrier finalizeMemoryBarrier = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_BARRIER };

    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < stepInfo.moveCount; ++i)
    {
        if (stepInfo.pMoves[i].operation == VMA_DEFRAGMENTATION_MOVE_OPERATION_COPY)
        {
            VmaAllocationInfo info;
            vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, stepInfo.pMoves[i].srcAllocation, &info);

            AllocInfo* allocInfo = (AllocInfo*)info.pUserData;

            if (allocInfo->m_Image)
            {
                VkImage newImage;

                const VkResult result = vkCreateImage(g_hDevice, &allocInfo->m_ImageInfo, g_Allocs, &newImage);
                TEST(result >= VK_SUCCESS);

                vmaBindImageMemory(g_hAllocator, stepInfo.pMoves[i].dstTmpAllocation, newImage);
                allocInfo->m_NewImage = newImage;

                // Keep track of our pipeline stages that we need to wait/signal on
                beginSrcStageMask |= VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
                finalizeDstStageMask |= VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;

                // We need one pipeline barrier and two image layout transitions here
                // First we'll have to turn our newly created image into VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL
                // And the second one is turning the old image into VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL

                VkImageSubresourceRange subresourceRange = {
                    VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
                    0, VK_REMAINING_MIP_LEVELS,
                    0, VK_REMAINING_ARRAY_LAYERS
                };

                VkImageMemoryBarrier barrier = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER };
                barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
                barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT;
                barrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
                barrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
                barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
                barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
                barrier.image = newImage;
                barrier.subresourceRange = subresourceRange;

                beginImageBarriers.push_back(barrier);

                // Second barrier to convert the existing image. This one actually needs a real barrier
                barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_WRITE_BIT;
                barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT;
                barrier.oldLayout = allocInfo->m_ImageLayout;
                barrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL;
                barrier.image = allocInfo->m_Image;

                beginImageBarriers.push_back(barrier);

                // And lastly we need a barrier that turns our new image into the layout of the old one
                barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
                barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT;
                barrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
                barrier.newLayout = allocInfo->m_ImageLayout;
                barrier.image = newImage;

                finalizeImageBarriers.push_back(barrier);
            }
            else if (allocInfo->m_Buffer)
            {
                VkBuffer newBuffer;

                const VkResult result = vkCreateBuffer(g_hDevice, &allocInfo->m_BufferInfo, g_Allocs, &newBuffer);
                TEST(result >= VK_SUCCESS);

                vmaBindBufferMemory(g_hAllocator, stepInfo.pMoves[i].dstTmpAllocation, newBuffer);
                allocInfo->m_NewBuffer = newBuffer;

                // Keep track of our pipeline stages that we need to wait/signal on
                beginSrcStageMask |= VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
                finalizeDstStageMask |= VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;

                beginMemoryBarrier.srcAccessMask |= VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_WRITE_BIT;
                beginMemoryBarrier.dstAccessMask |= VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT;

                finalizeMemoryBarrier.srcAccessMask |= VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
                finalizeMemoryBarrier.dstAccessMask |= VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT;

                wantsMemoryBarrier = true;
            }
        }
    }

    if (!beginImageBarriers.empty() || wantsMemoryBarrier)
    {
        const uint32_t memoryBarrierCount = wantsMemoryBarrier ? 1 : 0;

        vkCmdPipelineBarrier(g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer, beginSrcStageMask, beginDstStageMask, 0,
            memoryBarrierCount, &beginMemoryBarrier,
            0, nullptr,
            (uint32_t)beginImageBarriers.size(), beginImageBarriers.data());
    }

    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < stepInfo.moveCount; ++i)
    {
        if (stepInfo.pMoves[i].operation == VMA_DEFRAGMENTATION_MOVE_OPERATION_COPY)
        {
            VmaAllocationInfo info;
            vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, stepInfo.pMoves[i].srcAllocation, &info);

            AllocInfo* allocInfo = (AllocInfo*)info.pUserData;

            if (allocInfo->m_Image)
            {
                std::vector<VkImageCopy> imageCopies;

                // Copy all mips of the source image into the target image
                VkOffset3D offset = { 0, 0, 0 };
                VkExtent3D extent = allocInfo->m_ImageInfo.extent;

                VkImageSubresourceLayers subresourceLayers = {
                    VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
                    0,
                    0, 1
                };

                for (uint32_t mip = 0; mip < allocInfo->m_ImageInfo.mipLevels; ++mip)
                {
                    subresourceLayers.mipLevel = mip;

                    VkImageCopy imageCopy{
                        subresourceLayers,
                        offset,
                        subresourceLayers,
                        offset,
                        extent
                    };

                    imageCopies.push_back(imageCopy);

                    extent.width = std::max(uint32_t(1), extent.width >> 1);
                    extent.height = std::max(uint32_t(1), extent.height >> 1);
                    extent.depth = std::max(uint32_t(1), extent.depth >> 1);
                }

                vkCmdCopyImage(
                    g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer,
                    allocInfo->m_Image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
                    allocInfo->m_NewImage, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
                    (uint32_t)imageCopies.size(), imageCopies.data());
            }
            else if (allocInfo->m_Buffer)
            {
                VkBufferCopy region = {
                    0,
                    0,
                    allocInfo->m_BufferInfo.size };

                vkCmdCopyBuffer(g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer,
                    allocInfo->m_Buffer, allocInfo->m_NewBuffer,
                    1, &region);
            }
        }
    }

    if (!finalizeImageBarriers.empty() || wantsMemoryBarrier)
    {
        const uint32_t memoryBarrierCount = wantsMemoryBarrier ? 1 : 0;

        vkCmdPipelineBarrier(g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer, finalizeSrcStageMask, finalizeDstStageMask, 0,
            memoryBarrierCount, &finalizeMemoryBarrier,
            0, nullptr,
            (uint32_t)finalizeImageBarriers.size(), finalizeImageBarriers.data());
    }
}

static void Defragment(VmaDefragmentationInfo& defragmentationInfo,
    VmaDefragmentationStats* defragmentationStats = nullptr)
{
    VmaDefragmentationContext defragCtx = nullptr;
    VkResult res = vmaBeginDefragmentation(g_hAllocator, &defragmentationInfo, &defragCtx);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

    VmaDefragmentationPassMoveInfo pass = {};
    while ((res = vmaBeginDefragmentationPass(g_hAllocator, defragCtx, &pass)) == VK_INCOMPLETE)
    {
        BeginSingleTimeCommands();
        ProcessDefragmentationPass(pass);
        EndSingleTimeCommands();

        // Destroy old buffers/images and replace them with new handles.
        for(size_t i = 0; i < pass.moveCount; ++i)
        {
            VmaAllocation const alloc = pass.pMoves[i].srcAllocation;
            VmaAllocationInfo vmaAllocInfo;
            vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, alloc, &vmaAllocInfo);
            AllocInfo* allocInfo = (AllocInfo*)vmaAllocInfo.pUserData;

            if(allocInfo->m_Buffer)
            {
                assert(allocInfo->m_NewBuffer && !allocInfo->m_Image && !allocInfo->m_NewImage);
                vkDestroyBuffer(g_hDevice, allocInfo->m_Buffer, g_Allocs);
                allocInfo->m_Buffer = allocInfo->m_NewBuffer;
                allocInfo->m_NewBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
            }
            else if(allocInfo->m_Image)
            {
                assert(allocInfo->m_NewImage && !allocInfo->m_Buffer && !allocInfo->m_NewBuffer);
                vkDestroyImage(g_hDevice, allocInfo->m_Image, g_Allocs);
                allocInfo->m_Image = allocInfo->m_NewImage;
                allocInfo->m_NewImage = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
            }
            else
                assert(0);
        }
        if ((res = vmaEndDefragmentationPass(g_hAllocator, defragCtx, &pass)) == VK_SUCCESS)
            break;
        TEST(res == VK_INCOMPLETE);
    }
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

    vmaEndDefragmentation(g_hAllocator, defragCtx, defragmentationStats);
}

static void ValidateAllocationsData(const AllocInfo* allocs, size_t allocCount)
{
    std::for_each(allocs, allocs + allocCount, [](const AllocInfo& allocInfo) {
        ValidateAllocationData(allocInfo);
    });
}


static void TestJson()
{
    wprintf(L"Test JSON\n");

    std::vector<VmaPool> pools;
    std::vector<VmaAllocation> allocs;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};

    VkBufferCreateInfo buffCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    buffCreateInfo.size = 1024;
    buffCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;

    VkImageCreateInfo imgCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO };
    imgCreateInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
    imgCreateInfo.extent.depth = 1;
    imgCreateInfo.mipLevels = 1;
    imgCreateInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
    imgCreateInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
    imgCreateInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED;
    imgCreateInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
    imgCreateInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

    VkMemoryRequirements memReq = {};
    {
        VkBuffer dummyBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        TEST(vkCreateBuffer(g_hDevice, &buffCreateInfo, g_Allocs, &dummyBuffer) == VK_SUCCESS && dummyBuffer);

        vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(g_hDevice, dummyBuffer, &memReq);
        vkDestroyBuffer(g_hDevice, dummyBuffer, g_Allocs);
    }

    // Select if using custom pool or default
    for (uint8_t poolType = 0; poolType < 2; ++poolType)
    {
        // Select different memoryTypes
        for (uint8_t memType = 0; memType < 2; ++memType)
        {
            switch (memType)
            {
            case 0:
                allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_DEVICE;
                allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DONT_BIND_BIT;
                break;
            case 1:
                allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_HOST;
                allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DONT_BIND_BIT | VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_RANDOM_BIT;
                break;
            }

            switch (poolType)
            {
            case 0:
                allocCreateInfo.pool = nullptr;
                break;
            case 1:
            {
                VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
                TEST(vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(g_hAllocator, &buffCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex) == VK_SUCCESS);

                VmaPool pool;
                TEST(vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool) == VK_SUCCESS);

                allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;
                pools.emplace_back(pool);
                break;
            }
            }

            // Select different allocation flags
            for (uint8_t allocFlag = 0; allocFlag < 2; ++allocFlag)
            {
                switch (allocFlag)
                {
                case 1:
                    allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT;
                    break;
                }

                // Select different alloc types (block, buffer, texture, etc.)
                for (uint8_t allocType = 0; allocType < 4; ++allocType)
                {
                    // Select different data stored in the allocation
                    for (uint8_t data = 0; data < 4; ++data)
                    {
                        VmaAllocation alloc = nullptr;

                        switch (allocType)
                        {
                        case 0:
                        {
                            VmaAllocationCreateInfo localCreateInfo = allocCreateInfo;
                            switch (memType)
                            {
                            case 0:
                                localCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY;
                                break;
                            case 1:
                                localCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY;
                                break;
                            }
                            TEST(vmaAllocateMemory(g_hAllocator, &memReq, &localCreateInfo, &alloc, nullptr) == VK_SUCCESS || alloc == VK_NULL_HANDLE);
                            break;
                        }
                        case 1:
                        {
                            VkBuffer buffer;
                            TEST(vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &buffCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buffer, &alloc, nullptr) == VK_SUCCESS || alloc == VK_NULL_HANDLE);
                            vkDestroyBuffer(g_hDevice, buffer, g_Allocs);
                            break;
                        }
                        case 2:
                        {
                            imgCreateInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR;
                            imgCreateInfo.extent.width = 512;
                            imgCreateInfo.extent.height = 1;
                            VkImage image;
                            TEST(vmaCreateImage(g_hAllocator, &imgCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &image, &alloc, nullptr) == VK_SUCCESS || alloc == VK_NULL_HANDLE);
                            vkDestroyImage(g_hDevice, image, g_Allocs);
                            break;
                        }
                        case 3:
                        {
                            imgCreateInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
                            imgCreateInfo.extent.width = 1024;
                            imgCreateInfo.extent.height = 512;
                            VkImage image;
                            TEST(vmaCreateImage(g_hAllocator, &imgCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &image, &alloc, nullptr) == VK_SUCCESS || alloc == VK_NULL_HANDLE);
                            vkDestroyImage(g_hDevice, image, g_Allocs);
                            break;
                        }
                        }

                        if(alloc)
                        {
                            switch (data)
                            {
                            case 1:
                                vmaSetAllocationUserData(g_hAllocator, alloc, (void*)16112007);
                                break;
                            case 2:
                                vmaSetAllocationName(g_hAllocator, alloc, "SHEPURD");
                                break;
                            case 3:
                                vmaSetAllocationUserData(g_hAllocator, alloc, (void*)26012010);
                                vmaSetAllocationName(g_hAllocator, alloc, "JOKER");
                                break;
                            }
                            allocs.emplace_back(alloc);
                        }
                    }
                }

            }
        }
    }
    SaveAllocatorStatsToFile(L"JSON_VULKAN.json");

    for (auto& alloc : allocs)
        vmaFreeMemory(g_hAllocator, alloc);
    for (auto& pool : pools)
        vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
}

void TestDefragmentationSimple()
{
    wprintf(L"Test defragmentation simple\n");

    RandomNumberGenerator rand(667);

    const VkDeviceSize BUF_SIZE = 0x10000;
    const VkDeviceSize BLOCK_SIZE = BUF_SIZE * 8;

    const VkDeviceSize MIN_BUF_SIZE = 32;
    const VkDeviceSize MAX_BUF_SIZE = BUF_SIZE * 4;
    auto RandomBufSize = [&]() -> VkDeviceSize
    {
        return align_up<VkDeviceSize>(rand.Generate() % (MAX_BUF_SIZE - MIN_BUF_SIZE + 1) + MIN_BUF_SIZE, 64);
    };

    VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    bufCreateInfo.size = BUF_SIZE;
    bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
    allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO;
    allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_RANDOM_BIT;

    uint32_t memTypeIndex = UINT32_MAX;
    vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &memTypeIndex);

    VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
    poolCreateInfo.blockSize = BLOCK_SIZE;
    poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex = memTypeIndex;

    VmaPool pool;
    TEST(vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool) == VK_SUCCESS);
    allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;

    VmaDefragmentationInfo defragInfo = {};
    defragInfo.flags = VMA_DEFRAGMENTATION_FLAG_ALGORITHM_FAST_BIT;
    defragInfo.pool = pool;

    // Defragmentation of empty pool.
    {
        VmaDefragmentationContext defragCtx = nullptr;
        VkResult res = vmaBeginDefragmentation(g_hAllocator, &defragInfo, &defragCtx);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

        VmaDefragmentationPassMoveInfo pass = {};
        res = vmaBeginDefragmentationPass(g_hAllocator, defragCtx, &pass);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

        VmaDefragmentationStats defragStats = {};
        vmaEndDefragmentation(g_hAllocator, defragCtx, &defragStats);
        TEST(defragStats.allocationsMoved == 0 && defragStats.bytesFreed == 0 &&
            defragStats.bytesMoved == 0 && defragStats.deviceMemoryBlocksFreed == 0);
    }

    std::vector<AllocInfo> allocations;

    // persistentlyMappedOption = 0 - not persistently mapped.
    // persistentlyMappedOption = 1 - persistently mapped.
    for (uint32_t persistentlyMappedOption = 0; persistentlyMappedOption < 2; ++persistentlyMappedOption)
    {
        wprintf(L"  Persistently mapped option = %u\n", persistentlyMappedOption);
        const bool persistentlyMapped = persistentlyMappedOption != 0;

        // # Test 1
        // Buffers of fixed size.
        // Fill 2 blocks. Remove odd buffers. Defragment everything.
        // Expected result: at least 1 block freed.
        {
            for (size_t i = 0; i < BLOCK_SIZE / BUF_SIZE * 2; ++i)
            {
                AllocInfo allocInfo;
                CreateBuffer(allocCreateInfo, bufCreateInfo, persistentlyMapped, allocInfo);
                allocations.push_back(allocInfo);
            }

            for (size_t i = 1; i < allocations.size(); ++i)
            {
                DestroyAllocation(allocations[i]);
                allocations.erase(allocations.begin() + i);
            }

            // Set data for defragmentation retrieval
            for (auto& alloc : allocations)
                vmaSetAllocationUserData(g_hAllocator, alloc.m_Allocation, &alloc);

            VmaDefragmentationStats defragStats;
            Defragment(defragInfo, &defragStats);
            TEST(defragStats.allocationsMoved == 4 && defragStats.bytesMoved == 4 * BUF_SIZE);

            ValidateAllocationsData(allocations.data(), allocations.size());
            DestroyAllAllocations(allocations);
        }

        // # Test 2
        // Buffers of fixed size.
        // Fill 2 blocks. Remove odd buffers. Defragment one buffer at time.
        // Expected result: Each of 4 interations makes some progress.
        {
            for (size_t i = 0; i < BLOCK_SIZE / BUF_SIZE * 2; ++i)
            {
                AllocInfo allocInfo;
                CreateBuffer(allocCreateInfo, bufCreateInfo, persistentlyMapped, allocInfo);
                allocations.push_back(allocInfo);
            }

            for (size_t i = 1; i < allocations.size(); ++i)
            {
                DestroyAllocation(allocations[i]);
                allocations.erase(allocations.begin() + i);
            }

            // Set data for defragmentation retrieval
            for (auto& alloc : allocations)
                vmaSetAllocationUserData(g_hAllocator, alloc.m_Allocation, &alloc);

            defragInfo.maxAllocationsPerPass = 1;
            defragInfo.maxBytesPerPass = BUF_SIZE;

            VmaDefragmentationContext defragCtx = nullptr;
            VkResult res = vmaBeginDefragmentation(g_hAllocator, &defragInfo, &defragCtx);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

            for (size_t i = 0; i < BLOCK_SIZE / BUF_SIZE / 2; ++i)
            {
                VmaDefragmentationPassMoveInfo pass = {};
                res = vmaBeginDefragmentationPass(g_hAllocator, defragCtx, &pass);
                TEST(res == VK_INCOMPLETE);

                BeginSingleTimeCommands();
                ProcessDefragmentationPass(pass);
                EndSingleTimeCommands();

                // Destroy old buffers/images and replace them with new handles.
                for (size_t i = 0; i < pass.moveCount; ++i)
                {
                    VmaAllocation const alloc = pass.pMoves[i].srcAllocation;
                    VmaAllocationInfo vmaAllocInfo;
                    vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, alloc, &vmaAllocInfo);
                    AllocInfo* allocInfo = (AllocInfo*)vmaAllocInfo.pUserData;

                    if (allocInfo->m_Buffer)
                    {
                        assert(allocInfo->m_NewBuffer && !allocInfo->m_Image && !allocInfo->m_NewImage);
                        vkDestroyBuffer(g_hDevice, allocInfo->m_Buffer, g_Allocs);
                        allocInfo->m_Buffer = allocInfo->m_NewBuffer;
                        allocInfo->m_NewBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
                    }
                    else if (allocInfo->m_Image)
                    {
                        assert(allocInfo->m_NewImage && !allocInfo->m_Buffer && !allocInfo->m_NewBuffer);
                        vkDestroyImage(g_hDevice, allocInfo->m_Image, g_Allocs);
                        allocInfo->m_Image = allocInfo->m_NewImage;
                        allocInfo->m_NewImage = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
                    }
                    else
                        assert(0);
                }

                res = vmaEndDefragmentationPass(g_hAllocator, defragCtx, &pass);
                TEST(res == VK_INCOMPLETE);
            }

            VmaDefragmentationStats defragStats = {};
            vmaEndDefragmentation(g_hAllocator, defragCtx, &defragStats);
            TEST(defragStats.allocationsMoved == 4 && defragStats.bytesMoved == 4 * BUF_SIZE);

            ValidateAllocationsData(allocations.data(), allocations.size());
            DestroyAllAllocations(allocations);
        }

        // # Test 3
        // Buffers of variable size.
        // Create a number of buffers. Remove some percent of them.
        // Defragment while having some percent of them unmovable.
        // Expected result: Just simple validation.
        {
            for (size_t i = 0; i < 100; ++i)
            {
                VkBufferCreateInfo localBufCreateInfo = bufCreateInfo;
                localBufCreateInfo.size = RandomBufSize();

                AllocInfo allocInfo;
                CreateBuffer(allocCreateInfo, localBufCreateInfo, persistentlyMapped, allocInfo);
                allocations.push_back(allocInfo);
            }

            const uint32_t percentToDelete = 60;
            const size_t numberToDelete = allocations.size() * percentToDelete / 100;
            for (size_t i = 0; i < numberToDelete; ++i)
            {
                size_t indexToDelete = rand.Generate() % (uint32_t)allocations.size();
                DestroyAllocation(allocations[indexToDelete]);
                allocations.erase(allocations.begin() + indexToDelete);
            }

            // Non-movable allocations will be at the beginning of allocations array.
            const uint32_t percentNonMovable = 20;
            const size_t numberNonMovable = allocations.size() * percentNonMovable / 100;
            for (size_t i = 0; i < numberNonMovable; ++i)
            {
                size_t indexNonMovable = i + rand.Generate() % (uint32_t)(allocations.size() - i);
                if (indexNonMovable != i)
                    std::swap(allocations[i], allocations[indexNonMovable]);
            }

            // Set data for defragmentation retrieval
            for (auto& alloc : allocations)
                vmaSetAllocationUserData(g_hAllocator, alloc.m_Allocation, &alloc);

            defragInfo.maxAllocationsPerPass = 0;
            defragInfo.maxBytesPerPass = 0;

            VmaDefragmentationContext defragCtx = nullptr;
            VkResult res = vmaBeginDefragmentation(g_hAllocator, &defragInfo, &defragCtx);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

            VmaDefragmentationPassMoveInfo pass = {};
            while ((res = vmaBeginDefragmentationPass(g_hAllocator, defragCtx, &pass)) == VK_INCOMPLETE)
            {
                VmaDefragmentationMove* end = pass.pMoves + pass.moveCount;
                for (uint32_t i = 0; i < numberNonMovable; ++i)
                {
                    VmaDefragmentationMove* move = std::find_if(pass.pMoves, end, [&](VmaDefragmentationMove& move) { return move.srcAllocation == allocations[i].m_Allocation; });
                    if (move != end)
                        move->operation = VMA_DEFRAGMENTATION_MOVE_OPERATION_IGNORE;
                }

                BeginSingleTimeCommands();
                ProcessDefragmentationPass(pass);
                EndSingleTimeCommands();

                // Destroy old buffers/images and replace them with new handles.
                for (size_t i = 0; i < pass.moveCount; ++i)
                {
                    if (pass.pMoves[i].operation != VMA_DEFRAGMENTATION_MOVE_OPERATION_IGNORE)
                    {
                        VmaAllocation const alloc = pass.pMoves[i].srcAllocation;
                        VmaAllocationInfo vmaAllocInfo;
                        vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, alloc, &vmaAllocInfo);
                        AllocInfo* allocInfo = (AllocInfo*)vmaAllocInfo.pUserData;

                        if (allocInfo->m_Buffer)
                        {
                            assert(allocInfo->m_NewBuffer && !allocInfo->m_Image && !allocInfo->m_NewImage);
                            vkDestroyBuffer(g_hDevice, allocInfo->m_Buffer, g_Allocs);
                            allocInfo->m_Buffer = allocInfo->m_NewBuffer;
                            allocInfo->m_NewBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
                        }
                        else
                            assert(0);
                    }
                }

                if ((res = vmaEndDefragmentationPass(g_hAllocator, defragCtx, &pass)) == VK_SUCCESS)
                    break;
                TEST(res == VK_INCOMPLETE);
            }
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

            VmaDefragmentationStats defragStats;
            vmaEndDefragmentation(g_hAllocator, defragCtx, &defragStats);

            ValidateAllocationsData(allocations.data(), allocations.size());
            DestroyAllAllocations(allocations);
        }
    }

    vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
}

void TestDefragmentationVsMapping()
{
    wprintf(L"Test defragmentation vs mapping\n");

    VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = {VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO};
    bufCreateInfo.size = 64 * KILOBYTE;
    bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo dummyAllocCreateInfo = {};
    dummyAllocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO;
    dummyAllocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT;

    VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
    poolCreateInfo.flags = VMA_POOL_CREATE_IGNORE_BUFFER_IMAGE_GRANULARITY_BIT;
    poolCreateInfo.blockSize = 1 * MEGABYTE;
    TEST(vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &dummyAllocCreateInfo, &poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex)
        == VK_SUCCESS);

    VmaPool pool = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    TEST(vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool) == VK_SUCCESS);

    RandomNumberGenerator rand{2355762};

    // 16 * 64 KB allocations fit into a single 1 MB block. Create 10 such blocks.
    constexpr uint32_t START_ALLOC_COUNT = 160;
    std::vector<AllocInfo> allocs{START_ALLOC_COUNT};

    constexpr uint32_t RAND_NUM_PERSISTENTLY_MAPPED_BIT = 0x1000;
    constexpr uint32_t RAND_NUM_MANUAL_MAP_COUNT_MASK = 0x3;

    // Create all the allocations, map what's needed.
    {
        VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
        allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;
        for(size_t allocIndex = 0; allocIndex < START_ALLOC_COUNT; ++allocIndex)
        {
            const uint32_t randNum = rand.Generate();
            if(randNum & RAND_NUM_PERSISTENTLY_MAPPED_BIT)
                allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;
            else
                allocCreateInfo.flags &= ~VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;
            allocs[allocIndex].CreateBuffer(bufCreateInfo, allocCreateInfo);
            vmaSetAllocationUserData(g_hAllocator, allocs[allocIndex].m_Allocation, (void*)(uintptr_t)randNum);
        }
    }

    // Destroy 2/3 of them.
    for(uint32_t i = 0; i < START_ALLOC_COUNT * 2 / 3; ++i)
    {
        const uint32_t allocIndexToRemove = rand.Generate() % allocs.size();
        allocs[allocIndexToRemove].Destroy();
        allocs.erase(allocs.begin() + allocIndexToRemove);
    }

    // Map the remaining allocations the right number of times.
    for(size_t allocIndex = 0, allocCount = allocs.size(); allocIndex < allocCount; ++allocIndex)
    {
        VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
        vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, allocs[allocIndex].m_Allocation, &allocInfo);
        const uint32_t randNum = (uint32_t)(uintptr_t)allocInfo.pUserData;
        const uint32_t mapCount = randNum & RAND_NUM_MANUAL_MAP_COUNT_MASK;
        for(uint32_t mapIndex = 0; mapIndex < mapCount; ++mapIndex)
        {
            void* ptr;
            TEST(vmaMapMemory(g_hAllocator, allocs[allocIndex].m_Allocation, &ptr) == VK_SUCCESS);
            TEST(ptr != nullptr);
        }
    }

    // Defragment!
    {
        VmaDefragmentationInfo defragInfo = {};
        defragInfo.pool = pool;
        defragInfo.flags = VMA_DEFRAGMENTATION_FLAG_ALGORITHM_EXTENSIVE_BIT;
        VmaDefragmentationContext defragCtx;
        TEST(vmaBeginDefragmentation(g_hAllocator, &defragInfo, &defragCtx) == VK_SUCCESS);

        for(uint32_t passIndex = 0; ; ++passIndex)
        {
            VmaDefragmentationPassMoveInfo passInfo = {};
            VkResult res = vmaBeginDefragmentationPass(g_hAllocator, defragCtx, &passInfo);
            if(res == VK_SUCCESS)
                break;
            TEST(res == VK_INCOMPLETE);

            wprintf(L"    Pass %u moving %u allocations\n", passIndex, passInfo.moveCount);

            for(uint32_t moveIndex = 0; moveIndex < passInfo.moveCount; ++moveIndex)
            {
                if(rand.Generate() % 5 == 0)
                    passInfo.pMoves[moveIndex].operation = VMA_DEFRAGMENTATION_MOVE_OPERATION_IGNORE;
            }


            res = vmaEndDefragmentationPass(g_hAllocator, defragCtx, &passInfo);
            if(res == VK_SUCCESS)
                break;
            TEST(res == VK_INCOMPLETE);
        }

        VmaDefragmentationStats defragStats = {};
        vmaEndDefragmentation(g_hAllocator, defragCtx, &defragStats);
        wprintf(L"    Defragmentation: moved %u allocations, %llu B, freed %u memory blocks, %llu B\n",
            defragStats.allocationsMoved, defragStats.bytesMoved,
            defragStats.deviceMemoryBlocksFreed, defragStats.bytesFreed);
        TEST(defragStats.allocationsMoved > 0 && defragStats.bytesMoved > 0);
        TEST(defragStats.deviceMemoryBlocksFreed > 0 && defragStats.bytesFreed > 0);
    }

    // Test mapping and unmap
    for(size_t allocIndex = allocs.size(); allocIndex--; )
    {
        VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
        vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, allocs[allocIndex].m_Allocation, &allocInfo);
        const uint32_t randNum = (uint32_t)(uintptr_t)allocInfo.pUserData;
        const bool isMapped = (randNum & (RAND_NUM_PERSISTENTLY_MAPPED_BIT | RAND_NUM_MANUAL_MAP_COUNT_MASK)) != 0;
        TEST(isMapped == (allocInfo.pMappedData != nullptr));

        const uint32_t mapCount = randNum & RAND_NUM_MANUAL_MAP_COUNT_MASK;
        for(uint32_t mapIndex = 0; mapIndex < mapCount; ++mapIndex)
            vmaUnmapMemory(g_hAllocator, allocs[allocIndex].m_Allocation);
    }

    // Destroy all the remaining allocations.
    for(size_t i = allocs.size(); i--; )
        allocs[i].Destroy();

    vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
}

void TestDefragmentationAlgorithms()
{
    wprintf(L"Test defragmentation algorithms\n");

    RandomNumberGenerator rand(669);

    const VkDeviceSize BUF_SIZE = 0x10000;
    const uint32_t TEX_SIZE = 256;
    const VkDeviceSize BLOCK_SIZE = BUF_SIZE * 200 + TEX_SIZE * 200;

    const VkDeviceSize MIN_BUF_SIZE = 2048;
    const VkDeviceSize MAX_BUF_SIZE = BUF_SIZE * 4;
    auto RandomBufSize = [&]() -> VkDeviceSize
    {
        return align_up<VkDeviceSize>(rand.Generate() % (MAX_BUF_SIZE - MIN_BUF_SIZE + 1) + MIN_BUF_SIZE, 64);
    };

    const uint32_t MIN_TEX_SIZE = 512;
    const uint32_t MAX_TEX_SIZE = TEX_SIZE * 4;
    auto RandomTexSize = [&]() -> uint32_t
    {
        return align_up<uint32_t>(rand.Generate() % (MAX_TEX_SIZE - MIN_TEX_SIZE + 1) + MIN_TEX_SIZE, 64);
    };

    VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    bufCreateInfo.size = BUF_SIZE;
    bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;

    VkImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO };
    imageCreateInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
    imageCreateInfo.extent.width = 128; // Example one.
    imageCreateInfo.extent.height = 128; // Example one.
    imageCreateInfo.extent.depth = 1;
    imageCreateInfo.mipLevels = 1;
    imageCreateInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
    imageCreateInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM;
    imageCreateInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR;
    imageCreateInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED;
    imageCreateInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
    imageCreateInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
    allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO;
    allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_RANDOM_BIT;

    uint32_t bufMemTypeIndex = UINT32_MAX;
    TEST(vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &bufMemTypeIndex) == VK_SUCCESS);
    uint32_t imageMemTypeIndex = UINT32_MAX;
    TEST(vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForImageInfo(g_hAllocator, &imageCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &imageMemTypeIndex) == VK_SUCCESS);

    const uint32_t commonMemTypeIndex = bufMemTypeIndex & imageMemTypeIndex;
    // Check if this platform supports buffer and LINEAR R8 2D images in the same HOST_VISIBLE + HOST_CACHED memory.
    TEST(commonMemTypeIndex != 0);

    VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
    poolCreateInfo.blockSize = BLOCK_SIZE;
    poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex = commonMemTypeIndex;

    VmaPool pool;
    TEST(vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool) == VK_SUCCESS);
    allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;

    VmaDefragmentationInfo defragInfo = {};
    defragInfo.pool = pool;

    std::vector<AllocInfo> allocations;

    for (uint8_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
    {
        switch (i)
        {
        case 0:
            defragInfo.flags = VMA_DEFRAGMENTATION_FLAG_ALGORITHM_FAST_BIT;
            break;
        case 1:
            defragInfo.flags = VMA_DEFRAGMENTATION_FLAG_ALGORITHM_BALANCED_BIT;
            break;
        case 2:
            defragInfo.flags = VMA_DEFRAGMENTATION_FLAG_ALGORITHM_FULL_BIT;
            break;
        case 3:
            defragInfo.flags = VMA_DEFRAGMENTATION_FLAG_ALGORITHM_EXTENSIVE_BIT;
            break;
        }
        wprintf(L"  Algorithm = %s\n", DefragmentationAlgorithmToStr(defragInfo.flags));

        // 0 - Without immovable allocations
        // 1 - With immovable allocations
        for (uint8_t j = 0; j < 2; ++j)
        {
            for (size_t i = 0; i < 400; ++i)
            {
                bufCreateInfo.size = RandomBufSize();

                AllocInfo allocInfo;
                CreateBuffer(allocCreateInfo, bufCreateInfo, false, allocInfo);
                allocations.push_back(allocInfo);
            }
            for (size_t i = 0; i < 100; ++i)
            {
                imageCreateInfo.extent.width = RandomTexSize();
                imageCreateInfo.extent.height = RandomTexSize();

                AllocInfo allocInfo;
                CreateImage(allocCreateInfo, imageCreateInfo, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL, false, allocInfo);
                allocations.push_back(allocInfo);
            }

            const uint32_t percentToDelete = 55;
            const size_t numberToDelete = allocations.size() * percentToDelete / 100;
            for (size_t i = 0; i < numberToDelete; ++i)
            {
                size_t indexToDelete = rand.Generate() % (uint32_t)allocations.size();
                DestroyAllocation(allocations[indexToDelete]);
                allocations.erase(allocations.begin() + indexToDelete);
            }

            // Non-movable allocations will be at the beginning of allocations array.
            const uint32_t percentNonMovable = 20;
            const size_t numberNonMovable = j == 0 ? 0 : (allocations.size() * percentNonMovable / 100);
            for (size_t i = 0; i < numberNonMovable; ++i)
            {
                size_t indexNonMovable = i + rand.Generate() % (uint32_t)(allocations.size() - i);
                if (indexNonMovable != i)
                    std::swap(allocations[i], allocations[indexNonMovable]);
            }

            // Set data for defragmentation retrieval
            for (auto& alloc : allocations)
                vmaSetAllocationUserData(g_hAllocator, alloc.m_Allocation, &alloc);

            std::wstring output = DefragmentationAlgorithmToStr(defragInfo.flags);
            if (j == 0)
                output += L"_NoMove";
            else
                output += L"_Move";
            SaveAllocatorStatsToFile((output + L"_Before.json").c_str());

            VmaDefragmentationContext defragCtx = nullptr;
            VkResult res = vmaBeginDefragmentation(g_hAllocator, &defragInfo, &defragCtx);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

            VmaDefragmentationPassMoveInfo pass = {};
            while ((res = vmaBeginDefragmentationPass(g_hAllocator, defragCtx, &pass)) == VK_INCOMPLETE)
            {
                VmaDefragmentationMove* end = pass.pMoves + pass.moveCount;
                for (uint32_t i = 0; i < numberNonMovable; ++i)
                {
                    VmaDefragmentationMove* move = std::find_if(pass.pMoves, end, [&](VmaDefragmentationMove& move) { return move.srcAllocation == allocations[i].m_Allocation; });
                    if (move != end)
                        move->operation = VMA_DEFRAGMENTATION_MOVE_OPERATION_IGNORE;
                }
                for (uint32_t i = 0; i < pass.moveCount; ++i)
                {
                    auto it = std::find_if(allocations.begin(), allocations.end(), [&](const AllocInfo& info) { return pass.pMoves[i].srcAllocation == info.m_Allocation; });
                    assert(it != allocations.end());
                }

                BeginSingleTimeCommands();
                ProcessDefragmentationPass(pass);
                EndSingleTimeCommands();

                // Destroy old buffers/images and replace them with new handles.
                for (size_t i = 0; i < pass.moveCount; ++i)
                {
                    if (pass.pMoves[i].operation == VMA_DEFRAGMENTATION_MOVE_OPERATION_COPY)
                    {
                        VmaAllocation const alloc = pass.pMoves[i].srcAllocation;
                        VmaAllocationInfo vmaAllocInfo;
                        vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, alloc, &vmaAllocInfo);
                        AllocInfo* allocInfo = (AllocInfo*)vmaAllocInfo.pUserData;

                        if (allocInfo->m_Buffer)
                        {
                            assert(allocInfo->m_NewBuffer && !allocInfo->m_Image && !allocInfo->m_NewImage);
                            vkDestroyBuffer(g_hDevice, allocInfo->m_Buffer, g_Allocs);
                            allocInfo->m_Buffer = allocInfo->m_NewBuffer;
                            allocInfo->m_NewBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
                        }
                        else if (allocInfo->m_Image)
                        {
                            assert(allocInfo->m_NewImage && !allocInfo->m_Buffer && !allocInfo->m_NewBuffer);
                            vkDestroyImage(g_hDevice, allocInfo->m_Image, g_Allocs);
                            allocInfo->m_Image = allocInfo->m_NewImage;
                            allocInfo->m_NewImage = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
                        }
                        else
                            assert(0);
                    }
                }

                if ((res = vmaEndDefragmentationPass(g_hAllocator, defragCtx, &pass)) == VK_SUCCESS)
                    break;
                TEST(res == VK_INCOMPLETE);
            }
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

            VmaDefragmentationStats defragStats;
            vmaEndDefragmentation(g_hAllocator, defragCtx, &defragStats);

            SaveAllocatorStatsToFile((output + L"_After.json").c_str());
            ValidateAllocationsData(allocations.data(), allocations.size());
            DestroyAllAllocations(allocations);
        }
    }

    vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
}

void TestDefragmentationFull()
{
    std::vector<AllocInfo> allocations;

    // Create initial allocations.
    for(size_t i = 0; i < 400; ++i)
    {
        AllocInfo allocation;
        CreateAllocation(allocation);
        allocations.push_back(allocation);
    }

    // Delete random allocations
    const size_t allocationsToDeletePercent = 80;
    size_t allocationsToDelete = allocations.size() * allocationsToDeletePercent / 100;
    for(size_t i = 0; i < allocationsToDelete; ++i)
    {
        size_t index = (size_t)rand() % allocations.size();
        DestroyAllocation(allocations[index]);
        allocations.erase(allocations.begin() + index);
    }
    //ValidateAllocationsData(allocations.data(), allocations.size()); // Ultra-slow
    //SaveAllocatorStatsToFile(L"Before.csv");

    {
        std::vector<VmaAllocation> vmaAllocations(allocations.size());
        for(size_t i = 0; i < allocations.size(); ++i)
            vmaAllocations[i] = allocations[i].m_Allocation;

        const size_t nonMovablePercent = 0;
        size_t nonMovableCount = vmaAllocations.size() * nonMovablePercent / 100;
        for(size_t i = 0; i < nonMovableCount; ++i)
        {
            size_t index = (size_t)rand() % vmaAllocations.size();
            vmaAllocations.erase(vmaAllocations.begin() + index);
        }

        // Set data for defragmentation retrieval
        for (auto& alloc : allocations)
            vmaSetAllocationUserData(g_hAllocator, alloc.m_Allocation, &alloc);

        const uint32_t defragCount = 1;
        for(uint32_t defragIndex = 0; defragIndex < defragCount; ++defragIndex)
        {
            std::vector<VkBool32> allocationsChanged(vmaAllocations.size());

            VmaDefragmentationInfo defragmentationInfo = {};
            defragmentationInfo.flags = VMA_DEFRAGMENTATION_FLAG_ALGORITHM_FULL_BIT;

            wprintf(L"Defragmentation #%u\n", defragIndex);

            time_point begTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();

            VmaDefragmentationStats stats;
            Defragment(defragmentationInfo, &stats);

            float defragmentDuration = ToFloatSeconds(std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() - begTime);

            wprintf(L"Moved allocations %u, bytes %llu\n", stats.allocationsMoved, stats.bytesMoved);
            wprintf(L"Freed blocks %u, bytes %llu\n", stats.deviceMemoryBlocksFreed, stats.bytesFreed);
            wprintf(L"Time: %.2f s\n", defragmentDuration);

            for(size_t i = 0; i < vmaAllocations.size(); ++i)
            {
                if(allocationsChanged[i])
                {
                    RecreateAllocationResource(allocations[i]);
                }
            }

            //wchar_t fileName[MAX_PATH];
            //swprintf(fileName, MAX_PATH, L"After_%02u.csv", defragIndex);
            //SaveAllocatorStatsToFile(fileName);
        }
    }

    // Destroy all remaining allocations.
    //ValidateAllocationsData(allocations.data(), allocations.size()); // Ultra-slow
    DestroyAllAllocations(allocations);
}

static void TestDefragmentationGpu()
{
    wprintf(L"Test defragmentation GPU\n");

    std::vector<AllocInfo> allocations;

    // Create that many allocations to surely fill 3 new blocks of 256 MB.
    const VkDeviceSize bufSizeMin = 5ull * 1024 * 1024;
    const VkDeviceSize bufSizeMax = 10ull * 1024 * 1024;
    const VkDeviceSize totalSize = 3ull * 256 * 1024 * 1024;
    const size_t bufCount = (size_t)(totalSize / bufSizeMin);
    const size_t percentToLeave = 30;
    const size_t percentNonMovable = 3;
    RandomNumberGenerator rand = { 234522 };

    VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
    allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_DEVICE;

    // Create all intended buffers.
    for(size_t i = 0; i < bufCount; ++i)
    {
        bufCreateInfo.size = align_up(rand.Generate() % (bufSizeMax - bufSizeMin) + bufSizeMin, 32ull);

        if(rand.Generate() % 100 < percentNonMovable)
        {
            bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT |
                VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT |
                VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
            allocCreateInfo.pUserData = (void*)(uintptr_t)2;
        }
        else
        {
            // Different usage just to see different color in output from VmaDumpVis.
            bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT |
                VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT |
                VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
            // And in JSON dump.
            allocCreateInfo.pUserData = (void*)(uintptr_t)1;
        }

        AllocInfo alloc;
        alloc.CreateBuffer(bufCreateInfo, allocCreateInfo);
        alloc.m_StartValue = rand.Generate();
        allocations.push_back(alloc);
    }

    // Destroy some percentage of them.
    {
        const size_t buffersToDestroy = round_div<size_t>(bufCount * (100 - percentToLeave), 100);
        for(size_t i = 0; i < buffersToDestroy; ++i)
        {
            const size_t index = rand.Generate() % allocations.size();
            allocations[index].Destroy();
            allocations.erase(allocations.begin() + index);
        }
    }

    // Set data for defragmentation retrieval
    for (auto& alloc : allocations)
        vmaSetAllocationUserData(g_hAllocator, alloc.m_Allocation, &alloc);

    // Fill them with meaningful data.
    UploadGpuData(allocations.data(), allocations.size());

    wchar_t fileName[MAX_PATH];
    swprintf_s(fileName, L"GPU_defragmentation_A_before.json");
    SaveAllocatorStatsToFile(fileName);

    // Defragment using GPU only.
    {
        const size_t allocCount = allocations.size();

        std::vector<VmaAllocation> allocationPtrs;
        std::vector<VkBool32> allocationChanged;
        std::vector<size_t> allocationOriginalIndex;

        for(size_t i = 0; i < allocCount; ++i)
        {
            VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo = {};
            vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, allocations[i].m_Allocation, &allocInfo);
            if((uintptr_t)allocInfo.pUserData == 1) // Movable
            {
                allocationPtrs.push_back(allocations[i].m_Allocation);
                allocationChanged.push_back(VK_FALSE);
                allocationOriginalIndex.push_back(i);
            }
        }

        const size_t movableAllocCount = allocationPtrs.size();

        VmaDefragmentationInfo defragInfo = {};
        VmaDefragmentationStats stats;
        Defragment(defragInfo, &stats);

        for(size_t i = 0; i < movableAllocCount; ++i)
        {
            if(allocationChanged[i])
            {
                const size_t origAllocIndex = allocationOriginalIndex[i];
                RecreateAllocationResource(allocations[origAllocIndex]);
            }
        }

        // If corruption detection is enabled, GPU defragmentation may not work on
        // memory types that have this detection active, e.g. on Intel.
        #if !defined(VMA_DEBUG_DETECT_CORRUPTION) || VMA_DEBUG_DETECT_CORRUPTION == 0
            TEST(stats.allocationsMoved > 0 && stats.bytesMoved > 0);
            TEST(stats.deviceMemoryBlocksFreed > 0 && stats.bytesFreed > 0);
        #endif
    }

    swprintf_s(fileName, L"GPU_defragmentation_B_after.json");
    SaveAllocatorStatsToFile(fileName);
    ValidateGpuData(allocations.data(), allocations.size());

    // Destroy all remaining buffers.
    for(size_t i = allocations.size(); i--; )
    {
        allocations[i].Destroy();
    }
}

static void TestDefragmentationIncrementalBasic()
{
    wprintf(L"Test defragmentation incremental basic\n");

    std::vector<AllocInfo> allocations;

    // Create that many allocations to surely fill 3 new blocks of 256 MB.
    const std::array<uint32_t, 3> imageSizes = { 256, 512, 1024 };
    const VkDeviceSize bufSizeMin = 5ull * 1024 * 1024;
    const VkDeviceSize bufSizeMax = 10ull * 1024 * 1024;
    const VkDeviceSize totalSize = 3ull * 256 * 1024 * 1024;
    const size_t imageCount = totalSize / ((size_t)imageSizes[0] * imageSizes[0] * 4) / 2;
    const size_t bufCount = (size_t)(totalSize / bufSizeMin) / 2;
    const size_t percentToLeave = 30;
    RandomNumberGenerator rand = { 234522 };

    VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO };
    imageInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
    imageInfo.extent.depth = 1;
    imageInfo.mipLevels = 1;
    imageInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
    imageInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
    imageInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
    imageInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED;
    imageInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
    imageInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
    allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_DEVICE;

    // Create all intended images.
    for(size_t i = 0; i < imageCount; ++i)
    {
        const uint32_t size = imageSizes[rand.Generate() % 3];

        imageInfo.extent.width = size;
        imageInfo.extent.height = size;

        AllocInfo alloc;
        CreateImage(allocCreateInfo, imageInfo, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL, false, alloc);
        alloc.m_StartValue = 0;

        allocations.push_back(alloc);
    }

    // And all buffers
    VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };

    for(size_t i = 0; i < bufCount; ++i)
    {
        bufCreateInfo.size = align_up<VkDeviceSize>(bufSizeMin + rand.Generate() % (bufSizeMax - bufSizeMin), 16);
        bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;

        AllocInfo alloc;
        alloc.CreateBuffer(bufCreateInfo, allocCreateInfo);
        alloc.m_StartValue = 0;

        allocations.push_back(alloc);
    }

    // Destroy some percentage of them.
    {
        const size_t allocationsToDestroy = round_div<size_t>((imageCount + bufCount) * (100 - percentToLeave), 100);
        for(size_t i = 0; i < allocationsToDestroy; ++i)
        {
            const size_t index = rand.Generate() % allocations.size();
            allocations[index].Destroy();
            allocations.erase(allocations.begin() + index);
        }
    }

    {
        // Set our user data pointers. A real application should probably be more clever here
        const size_t allocationCount = allocations.size();
        for(size_t i = 0; i < allocationCount; ++i)
        {
            AllocInfo &alloc = allocations[i];
            vmaSetAllocationUserData(g_hAllocator, alloc.m_Allocation, &alloc);
        }
    }

    // Fill them with meaningful data.
    UploadGpuData(allocations.data(), allocations.size());

    wchar_t fileName[MAX_PATH];
    swprintf_s(fileName, L"GPU_defragmentation_incremental_basic_A_before.json");
    SaveAllocatorStatsToFile(fileName);

    // Defragment using GPU only.
    {
        VmaDefragmentationInfo defragInfo = {};
        VmaDefragmentationContext ctx = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        VkResult res = vmaBeginDefragmentation(g_hAllocator, &defragInfo, &ctx);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

        VmaDefragmentationPassMoveInfo pass = {};
        while ((res = vmaBeginDefragmentationPass(g_hAllocator, ctx, &pass)) == VK_INCOMPLETE)
        {
            // Ignore data outside of test
            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < pass.moveCount; ++i)
            {
                auto it = std::find_if(allocations.begin(), allocations.end(), [&](const AllocInfo& info) { return pass.pMoves[i].srcAllocation == info.m_Allocation; });
                if (it == allocations.end())
                    pass.pMoves[i].operation = VMA_DEFRAGMENTATION_MOVE_OPERATION_IGNORE;
            }

            BeginSingleTimeCommands();
            ProcessDefragmentationPass(pass);
            EndSingleTimeCommands();

            // Destroy old buffers/images and replace them with new handles.
            for (size_t i = 0; i < pass.moveCount; ++i)
            {
                if (pass.pMoves[i].operation != VMA_DEFRAGMENTATION_MOVE_OPERATION_IGNORE)
                {
                    VmaAllocation const alloc = pass.pMoves[i].srcAllocation;
                    VmaAllocationInfo vmaAllocInfo;
                    vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, alloc, &vmaAllocInfo);
                    AllocInfo* allocInfo = (AllocInfo*)vmaAllocInfo.pUserData;

                    if (allocInfo->m_Buffer)
                    {
                        assert(allocInfo->m_NewBuffer && !allocInfo->m_Image && !allocInfo->m_NewImage);
                        vkDestroyBuffer(g_hDevice, allocInfo->m_Buffer, g_Allocs);
                        allocInfo->m_Buffer = allocInfo->m_NewBuffer;
                        allocInfo->m_NewBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
                    }
                    else if (allocInfo->m_Image)
                    {
                        assert(allocInfo->m_NewImage && !allocInfo->m_Buffer && !allocInfo->m_NewBuffer);
                        vkDestroyImage(g_hDevice, allocInfo->m_Image, g_Allocs);
                        allocInfo->m_Image = allocInfo->m_NewImage;
                        allocInfo->m_NewImage = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
                    }
                    else
                        assert(0);
                }
            }

            if ((res = vmaEndDefragmentationPass(g_hAllocator, ctx, &pass)) == VK_SUCCESS)
                break;
            TEST(res == VK_INCOMPLETE);
        }

        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
        VmaDefragmentationStats stats = {};
        vmaEndDefragmentation(g_hAllocator, ctx, &stats);

        // If corruption detection is enabled, GPU defragmentation may not work on
        // memory types that have this detection active, e.g. on Intel.
#if !defined(VMA_DEBUG_DETECT_CORRUPTION) || VMA_DEBUG_DETECT_CORRUPTION == 0
        TEST(stats.allocationsMoved > 0 && stats.bytesMoved > 0);
        TEST(stats.deviceMemoryBlocksFreed > 0 && stats.bytesFreed > 0);
#endif
    }

    //ValidateGpuData(allocations.data(), allocations.size());

    swprintf_s(fileName, L"GPU_defragmentation_incremental_basic_B_after.json");
    SaveAllocatorStatsToFile(fileName);

    // Destroy all remaining buffers and images.
    for(size_t i = allocations.size(); i--; )
    {
        allocations[i].Destroy();
    }
}

void TestDefragmentationIncrementalComplex()
{
    wprintf(L"Test defragmentation incremental complex\n");

    std::vector<AllocInfo> allocations;

    // Create that many allocations to surely fill 3 new blocks of 256 MB.
    const std::array<uint32_t, 3> imageSizes = { 256, 512, 1024 };
    const VkDeviceSize bufSizeMin = 5ull * 1024 * 1024;
    const VkDeviceSize bufSizeMax = 10ull * 1024 * 1024;
    const VkDeviceSize totalSize = 3ull * 256 * 1024 * 1024;
    const size_t imageCount = (size_t)(totalSize / (imageSizes[0] * imageSizes[0] * 4)) / 2;
    const size_t bufCount = (size_t)(totalSize / bufSizeMin) / 2;
    const size_t percentToLeave = 30;
    RandomNumberGenerator rand = { 234522 };

    VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO };
    imageInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
    imageInfo.extent.depth = 1;
    imageInfo.mipLevels = 1;
    imageInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
    imageInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
    imageInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
    imageInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED;
    imageInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
    imageInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
    allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_DEVICE;

    // Create all intended images.
    for(size_t i = 0; i < imageCount; ++i)
    {
        const uint32_t size = imageSizes[rand.Generate() % 3];

        imageInfo.extent.width = size;
        imageInfo.extent.height = size;

        AllocInfo alloc;
        CreateImage(allocCreateInfo, imageInfo, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL, false, alloc);
        alloc.m_StartValue = 0;

        allocations.push_back(alloc);
    }

    // And all buffers
    VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };

    for(size_t i = 0; i < bufCount; ++i)
    {
        bufCreateInfo.size = align_up<VkDeviceSize>(bufSizeMin + rand.Generate() % (bufSizeMax - bufSizeMin), 16);
        bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;

        AllocInfo alloc;
        alloc.CreateBuffer(bufCreateInfo, allocCreateInfo);
        alloc.m_StartValue = 0;

        allocations.push_back(alloc);
    }

    // Destroy some percentage of them.
    {
        const size_t allocationsToDestroy = round_div<size_t>((imageCount + bufCount) * (100 - percentToLeave), 100);
        for(size_t i = 0; i < allocationsToDestroy; ++i)
        {
            const size_t index = rand.Generate() % allocations.size();
            allocations[index].Destroy();
            allocations.erase(allocations.begin() + index);
        }
    }

    {
        // Set our user data pointers. A real application should probably be more clever here
        for (auto& alloc : allocations)
            vmaSetAllocationUserData(g_hAllocator, alloc.m_Allocation, &alloc);
    }

    // Fill them with meaningful data.
    UploadGpuData(allocations.data(), allocations.size());

    wchar_t fileName[MAX_PATH];
    swprintf_s(fileName, L"GPU_defragmentation_incremental_complex_A_before.json");
    SaveAllocatorStatsToFile(fileName);

    const size_t maxAdditionalAllocations = 100;
    std::vector<AllocInfo> additionalAllocations;
    additionalAllocations.reserve(maxAdditionalAllocations);

    const auto makeAdditionalAllocation = [&]()
    {
        if (additionalAllocations.size() < maxAdditionalAllocations)
        {
            bufCreateInfo.size = align_up<VkDeviceSize>(bufSizeMin + rand.Generate() % (bufSizeMax - bufSizeMin), 16);
            bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;

            AllocInfo alloc;
            alloc.CreateBuffer(bufCreateInfo, allocCreateInfo);

            additionalAllocations.push_back(alloc);
            vmaSetAllocationUserData(g_hAllocator, alloc.m_Allocation, &additionalAllocations.back());
        }
    };

    // Defragment using GPU only.
    {
        VmaDefragmentationInfo defragInfo = {};
        defragInfo.flags = VMA_DEFRAGMENTATION_FLAG_ALGORITHM_FULL_BIT;

        VmaDefragmentationContext ctx = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        VkResult res = vmaBeginDefragmentation(g_hAllocator, &defragInfo, &ctx);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

        makeAdditionalAllocation();

        VmaDefragmentationPassMoveInfo pass = {};
        while((res = vmaBeginDefragmentationPass(g_hAllocator, ctx, &pass)) == VK_INCOMPLETE)
        {
            makeAdditionalAllocation();

            // Ignore data outside of test
            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < pass.moveCount; ++i)
            {
                auto it = std::find_if(allocations.begin(), allocations.end(), [&](const AllocInfo& info) { return pass.pMoves[i].srcAllocation == info.m_Allocation; });
                if (it == allocations.end())
                {
                    auto it = std::find_if(additionalAllocations.begin(), additionalAllocations.end(), [&](const AllocInfo& info) { return pass.pMoves[i].srcAllocation == info.m_Allocation; });
                    if (it == additionalAllocations.end())
                        pass.pMoves[i].operation = VMA_DEFRAGMENTATION_MOVE_OPERATION_IGNORE;
                }
            }

            BeginSingleTimeCommands();
            ProcessDefragmentationPass(pass);
            EndSingleTimeCommands();

            makeAdditionalAllocation();

            // Destroy old buffers/images and replace them with new handles.
            for (size_t i = 0; i < pass.moveCount; ++i)
            {
                if (pass.pMoves[i].operation != VMA_DEFRAGMENTATION_MOVE_OPERATION_IGNORE)
                {
                    VmaAllocation const alloc = pass.pMoves[i].srcAllocation;
                    VmaAllocationInfo vmaAllocInfo;
                    vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, alloc, &vmaAllocInfo);
                    AllocInfo* allocInfo = (AllocInfo*)vmaAllocInfo.pUserData;

                    if (allocInfo->m_Buffer)
                    {
                        assert(allocInfo->m_NewBuffer && !allocInfo->m_Image && !allocInfo->m_NewImage);
                        vkDestroyBuffer(g_hDevice, allocInfo->m_Buffer, g_Allocs);
                        allocInfo->m_Buffer = allocInfo->m_NewBuffer;
                        allocInfo->m_NewBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
                    }
                    else if (allocInfo->m_Image)
                    {
                        assert(allocInfo->m_NewImage && !allocInfo->m_Buffer && !allocInfo->m_NewBuffer);
                        vkDestroyImage(g_hDevice, allocInfo->m_Image, g_Allocs);
                        allocInfo->m_Image = allocInfo->m_NewImage;
                        allocInfo->m_NewImage = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
                    }
                    else
                        assert(0);
                }
            }

            if ((res = vmaEndDefragmentationPass(g_hAllocator, ctx, &pass)) == VK_SUCCESS)
                break;
            TEST(res == VK_INCOMPLETE);

            makeAdditionalAllocation();
        }

        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
        VmaDefragmentationStats stats = {};
        vmaEndDefragmentation(g_hAllocator, ctx, &stats);

        // If corruption detection is enabled, GPU defragmentation may not work on
        // memory types that have this detection active, e.g. on Intel.
#if !defined(VMA_DEBUG_DETECT_CORRUPTION) || VMA_DEBUG_DETECT_CORRUPTION == 0
        TEST(stats.allocationsMoved > 0 && stats.bytesMoved > 0);
        TEST(stats.deviceMemoryBlocksFreed > 0 && stats.bytesFreed > 0);
#endif
    }

    //ValidateGpuData(allocations.data(), allocations.size());

    swprintf_s(fileName, L"GPU_defragmentation_incremental_complex_B_after.json");
    SaveAllocatorStatsToFile(fileName);

    // Destroy all remaining buffers.
    for(size_t i = allocations.size(); i--; )
    {
        allocations[i].Destroy();
    }

    for(size_t i = additionalAllocations.size(); i--; )
    {
        additionalAllocations[i].Destroy();
    }
}

static void TestUserData()
{
    VkResult res;

    VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT;
    bufCreateInfo.size = 0x10000;

    for(uint32_t testIndex = 0; testIndex < 2; ++testIndex)
    {
        // Opaque pointer
        {

            void* numberAsPointer = (void*)(size_t)0xC2501FF3u;
            void* pointerToSomething = &res;

            VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
            allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO;
            allocCreateInfo.pUserData = numberAsPointer;
            if(testIndex == 1)
                allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT;

            VkBuffer buf; VmaAllocation alloc; VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
            res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf, &alloc, &allocInfo);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            TEST(allocInfo.pUserData == numberAsPointer);

            vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, alloc, &allocInfo);
            TEST(allocInfo.pUserData == numberAsPointer);

            vmaSetAllocationUserData(g_hAllocator, alloc, pointerToSomething);
            vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, alloc, &allocInfo);
            TEST(allocInfo.pUserData == pointerToSomething);

            vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf, alloc);
        }

        // String
        {
            const char* name1 = "Buffer name \\\"\'<>&% \nSecond line .,;=";
            const char* name2 = "2";
            const size_t name1Len = strlen(name1);

            char* name1Buf = new char[name1Len + 1];
            strcpy_s(name1Buf, name1Len + 1, name1);

            VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
            allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO;
            allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_USER_DATA_COPY_STRING_BIT;
            allocCreateInfo.pUserData = name1Buf;
            if(testIndex == 1)
                allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT;

            VkBuffer buf; VmaAllocation alloc; VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
            res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf, &alloc, &allocInfo);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            TEST(allocInfo.pName != nullptr && allocInfo.pName != name1Buf);
            TEST(strcmp(name1, allocInfo.pName) == 0);

            delete[] name1Buf;

            vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, alloc, &allocInfo);
            TEST(strcmp(name1, allocInfo.pName) == 0);

            vmaSetAllocationName(g_hAllocator, alloc, name2);
            vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, alloc, &allocInfo);
            TEST(strcmp(name2, allocInfo.pName) == 0);

            vmaSetAllocationName(g_hAllocator, alloc, nullptr);
            vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, alloc, &allocInfo);
            TEST(allocInfo.pName == nullptr);

            vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf, alloc);
        }
    }
}

static void TestInvalidAllocations()
{
    VkResult res;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};

    // Try to allocate 0 bytes.
    {
        VkMemoryRequirements memReq = {};
        memReq.size = 0; // !!!
        memReq.alignment = 4;
        memReq.memoryTypeBits = UINT32_MAX;
        VmaAllocation alloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        res = vmaAllocateMemory(g_hAllocator, &memReq, &allocCreateInfo, &alloc, nullptr);
        TEST(res == VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED && alloc == VK_NULL_HANDLE);
    }

    // Try to create buffer with size = 0.
    {
        VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
        bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
        bufCreateInfo.size = 0; // !!!
        VkBuffer buf = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        VmaAllocation alloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf, &alloc, nullptr);
        TEST(res == VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED && buf == VK_NULL_HANDLE && alloc == VK_NULL_HANDLE);
    }

    // Try to create image with one dimension = 0.
    {
        VkImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
        imageCreateInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
        imageCreateInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM;
        imageCreateInfo.extent.width = 128;
        imageCreateInfo.extent.height = 0; // !!!
        imageCreateInfo.extent.depth = 1;
        imageCreateInfo.mipLevels = 1;
        imageCreateInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
        imageCreateInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
        imageCreateInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR;
        imageCreateInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
        imageCreateInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED;
        VkImage image = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        VmaAllocation alloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        res = vmaCreateImage(g_hAllocator, &imageCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &image, &alloc, nullptr);
        TEST(res == VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED && image == VK_NULL_HANDLE && alloc == VK_NULL_HANDLE);
    }
}

static void TestMemoryRequirements()
{
    VkResult res;
    VkBuffer buf;
    VmaAllocation alloc;
    VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;

    const VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties* memProps;
    vmaGetMemoryProperties(g_hAllocator, &memProps);

    VkBufferCreateInfo bufInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    bufInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
    bufInfo.size = 128;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};

    // No requirements.
    res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf, &alloc, &allocInfo);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
    vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf, alloc);

    // Usage = auto + host access.
    allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO;
    allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_RANDOM_BIT;
    allocCreateInfo.requiredFlags = 0;
    allocCreateInfo.preferredFlags = 0;
    allocCreateInfo.memoryTypeBits = UINT32_MAX;

    res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf, &alloc, &allocInfo);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
    TEST(memProps->memoryTypes[allocInfo.memoryType].propertyFlags & VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT);
    vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf, alloc);

    // Required flags, preferred flags.
    allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_UNKNOWN;
    allocCreateInfo.flags = 0;
    allocCreateInfo.requiredFlags = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT;
    allocCreateInfo.preferredFlags = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_CACHED_BIT;
    allocCreateInfo.memoryTypeBits = 0;

    res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf, &alloc, &allocInfo);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
    TEST(memProps->memoryTypes[allocInfo.memoryType].propertyFlags & VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT);
    TEST(memProps->memoryTypes[allocInfo.memoryType].propertyFlags & VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT);
    vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf, alloc);

    // memoryTypeBits.
    const uint32_t memType = allocInfo.memoryType;
    allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_UNKNOWN;
    allocCreateInfo.flags = 0;
    allocCreateInfo.requiredFlags = 0;
    allocCreateInfo.preferredFlags = 0;
    allocCreateInfo.memoryTypeBits = 1u << memType;

    res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf, &alloc, &allocInfo);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
    TEST(allocInfo.memoryType == memType);
    vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf, alloc);

}

static void TestGetAllocatorInfo()
{
    wprintf(L"Test vmaGetAllocatorInfo\n");

    VmaAllocatorInfo allocInfo = {};
    vmaGetAllocatorInfo(g_hAllocator, &allocInfo);
    TEST(allocInfo.instance == g_hVulkanInstance);
    TEST(allocInfo.physicalDevice == g_hPhysicalDevice);
    TEST(allocInfo.device == g_hDevice);
}

static void TestBasics()
{
    wprintf(L"Test basics\n");

    VkResult res;

    TestGetAllocatorInfo();

    TestMemoryRequirements();

    // Allocation that is MAPPED and not necessarily HOST_VISIBLE.
    {
        VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
        bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT;
        bufCreateInfo.size = 128;

        VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
        allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_DEVICE;
        allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT | VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;

        VkBuffer buf; VmaAllocation alloc; VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
        res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf, &alloc, &allocInfo);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

        vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf, alloc);

        // Same with DEDICATED_MEMORY.
        allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT;

        res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf, &alloc, &allocInfo);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

        vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf, alloc);
    }

    TestUserData();

    TestInvalidAllocations();
}

static void TestVirtualBlocks()
{
    wprintf(L"Test virtual blocks\n");

    const VkDeviceSize blockSize = 16 * MEGABYTE;
    const VkDeviceSize alignment = 256;
    VkDeviceSize offset;

    // # Create block 16 MB

    VmaVirtualBlockCreateInfo blockCreateInfo = {};
    blockCreateInfo.pAllocationCallbacks = g_Allocs;
    blockCreateInfo.size = blockSize;
    VmaVirtualBlock block;
    TEST(vmaCreateVirtualBlock(&blockCreateInfo, &block) == VK_SUCCESS && block);

    // # Allocate 8 MB (also fetch offset from the allocation)

    VmaVirtualAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
    allocCreateInfo.alignment = alignment;
    allocCreateInfo.pUserData = (void*)(uintptr_t)1;
    allocCreateInfo.size = 8 * MEGABYTE;
    VmaVirtualAllocation allocation0 = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    TEST(vmaVirtualAllocate(block, &allocCreateInfo, &allocation0, &offset) == VK_SUCCESS);
    TEST(allocation0 != VK_NULL_HANDLE);

    // # Validate the allocation

    VmaVirtualAllocationInfo allocInfo0 = {};
    vmaGetVirtualAllocationInfo(block, allocation0, &allocInfo0);
    TEST(allocInfo0.offset < blockSize);
    TEST(allocInfo0.offset == offset);
    TEST(allocInfo0.size == allocCreateInfo.size);
    TEST(allocInfo0.pUserData == allocCreateInfo.pUserData);

    // # Check SetUserData

    vmaSetVirtualAllocationUserData(block, allocation0, (void*)(uintptr_t)2);
    vmaGetVirtualAllocationInfo(block, allocation0, &allocInfo0);
    TEST(allocInfo0.pUserData == (void*)(uintptr_t)2);

    // # Allocate 4 MB (also test passing null as pOffset during allocation)

    allocCreateInfo.size = 4 * MEGABYTE;
    VmaVirtualAllocation allocation1 = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    TEST(vmaVirtualAllocate(block, &allocCreateInfo, &allocation1, nullptr) == VK_SUCCESS);
    TEST(allocation1 != VK_NULL_HANDLE);
    VmaVirtualAllocationInfo allocInfo1 = {};
    vmaGetVirtualAllocationInfo(block, allocation1, &allocInfo1);
    TEST(allocInfo1.offset < blockSize);
    TEST(allocInfo1.offset + 4 * MEGABYTE <= allocInfo0.offset || allocInfo0.offset + 8 * MEGABYTE <= allocInfo1.offset); // Check if they don't overlap.

    // # Allocate another 8 MB - it should fail

    allocCreateInfo.size = 8 * MEGABYTE;
    VmaVirtualAllocation allocation2 = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    TEST(vmaVirtualAllocate(block, &allocCreateInfo, &allocation2, &offset) < 0);
    TEST(allocation2 == VK_NULL_HANDLE);
    TEST(offset == UINT64_MAX);

    // # Free the 4 MB block. Now allocation of 8 MB should succeed.

    vmaVirtualFree(block, allocation1);
    TEST(vmaVirtualAllocate(block, &allocCreateInfo, &allocation2, nullptr) == VK_SUCCESS);
    TEST(allocation2 != VK_NULL_HANDLE);
    VmaVirtualAllocationInfo allocInfo2 = {};
    vmaGetVirtualAllocationInfo(block, allocation2, &allocInfo2);
    TEST(allocInfo2.offset < blockSize);
    TEST(allocInfo2.offset + 4 * MEGABYTE <= allocInfo0.offset || allocInfo0.offset + 8 * MEGABYTE <= allocInfo2.offset); // Check if they don't overlap.

    // # Calculate statistics

    VmaDetailedStatistics statInfo = {};
    vmaCalculateVirtualBlockStatistics(block, &statInfo);
    TEST(statInfo.statistics.allocationCount == 2);
    TEST(statInfo.statistics.blockCount == 1);
    TEST(statInfo.statistics.allocationBytes == blockSize);
    TEST(statInfo.statistics.blockBytes == blockSize);

    // # Generate JSON dump

#if !defined(VMA_STATS_STRING_ENABLED) || VMA_STATS_STRING_ENABLED
    char* json = nullptr;
    vmaBuildVirtualBlockStatsString(block, &json, VK_TRUE);
    {
        std::string str(json);
        TEST( str.find("\"CustomData\": \"0000000000000001\"") != std::string::npos );
        TEST( str.find("\"CustomData\": \"0000000000000002\"") != std::string::npos );
    }
    vmaFreeVirtualBlockStatsString(block, json);
#endif

    // # Free alloc0, leave alloc2 unfreed.

    vmaVirtualFree(block, allocation0);

    // # Test free of null allocation.
    vmaVirtualFree(block, VK_NULL_HANDLE);

    // # Test alignment

    {
        constexpr size_t allocCount = 10;
        VmaVirtualAllocation allocations[allocCount] = {};
        for(size_t i = 0; i < allocCount; ++i)
        {
            const bool alignment0 = i == allocCount - 1;
            allocCreateInfo.size = i * 3 + 15;
            allocCreateInfo.alignment = alignment0 ? 0 : 8;
            TEST(vmaVirtualAllocate(block, &allocCreateInfo, &allocations[i], nullptr) == VK_SUCCESS);
            TEST(allocations[i] != VK_NULL_HANDLE);
            if(!alignment0)
            {
                VmaVirtualAllocationInfo info;
                vmaGetVirtualAllocationInfo(block, allocations[i], &info);
                TEST(info.offset % allocCreateInfo.alignment == 0);
            }
        }

        for(size_t i = allocCount; i--; )
        {
            vmaVirtualFree(block, allocations[i]);
        }
    }

    // # Final cleanup

    vmaVirtualFree(block, allocation2);
    vmaDestroyVirtualBlock(block);

    {
        // Another virtual block, using Clear this time.
        TEST(vmaCreateVirtualBlock(&blockCreateInfo, &block) == VK_SUCCESS);

        allocCreateInfo = VmaVirtualAllocationCreateInfo{};
        allocCreateInfo.size = MEGABYTE;

        for(size_t i = 0; i < 8; ++i)
        {
            VmaVirtualAllocation allocation;
            TEST(vmaVirtualAllocate(block, &allocCreateInfo, &allocation, nullptr) == VK_SUCCESS);
        }

        vmaClearVirtualBlock(block);
        vmaDestroyVirtualBlock(block);
    }
}

static void TestVirtualBlocksAlgorithms()
{
    wprintf(L"Test virtual blocks algorithms\n");

    RandomNumberGenerator rand{3454335};
    auto calcRandomAllocSize = [&rand]() -> VkDeviceSize { return rand.Generate() % 20 + 5; };

    for(size_t algorithmIndex = 0; algorithmIndex < 2; ++algorithmIndex)
    {
        // Create the block
        VmaVirtualBlockCreateInfo blockCreateInfo = {};
        blockCreateInfo.pAllocationCallbacks = g_Allocs;
        blockCreateInfo.size = 10'000;
        switch(algorithmIndex)
        {
        case 1: blockCreateInfo.flags = VMA_VIRTUAL_BLOCK_CREATE_LINEAR_ALGORITHM_BIT; break;
        }
        VmaVirtualBlock block = nullptr;
        VkResult res = vmaCreateVirtualBlock(&blockCreateInfo, &block);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

        struct AllocData
        {
            VmaVirtualAllocation allocation;
            VkDeviceSize allocOffset, requestedSize, allocationSize;
        };
        std::vector<AllocData> allocations;

        // Test too large allocation
        {
            VmaVirtualAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
            allocCreateInfo.size = blockCreateInfo.size * 2;
            VmaVirtualAllocation alloc;
            TEST(vmaVirtualAllocate(block, &allocCreateInfo, &alloc, nullptr) < 0);
        }

        // Make some allocations
        for(size_t i = 0; i < 20; ++i)
        {
            VmaVirtualAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
            allocCreateInfo.size = calcRandomAllocSize();
            allocCreateInfo.pUserData = (void*)(uintptr_t)(allocCreateInfo.size * 10);
            if(i < 10) { }
            else if(i < 12) allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_VIRTUAL_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_MIN_MEMORY_BIT;
            else if(i < 14) allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_VIRTUAL_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_MIN_TIME_BIT;
            else if(i < 16) allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_VIRTUAL_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_MIN_MEMORY_BIT;
            else if(i < 18 && algorithmIndex == 1) allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_VIRTUAL_ALLOCATION_CREATE_UPPER_ADDRESS_BIT;

            AllocData alloc = {};
            alloc.requestedSize = allocCreateInfo.size;
            res = vmaVirtualAllocate(block, &allocCreateInfo, &alloc.allocation, nullptr);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

            VmaVirtualAllocationInfo allocInfo;
            vmaGetVirtualAllocationInfo(block, alloc.allocation, &allocInfo);
            TEST(allocInfo.size >= allocCreateInfo.size);
            alloc.allocOffset = allocInfo.offset;
            alloc.allocationSize = allocInfo.size;

            allocations.push_back(alloc);
        }

        // Free some of the allocations
        for(size_t i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
        {
            const size_t index = rand.Generate() % allocations.size();
            vmaVirtualFree(block, allocations[index].allocation);
            allocations.erase(allocations.begin() + index);
        }

        // Allocate some more
        for(size_t i = 0; i < 6; ++i)
        {
            VmaVirtualAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
            allocCreateInfo.size = calcRandomAllocSize();
            allocCreateInfo.pUserData = (void*)(uintptr_t)(allocCreateInfo.size * 10);

            AllocData alloc = {};
            alloc.requestedSize = allocCreateInfo.size;
            res = vmaVirtualAllocate(block, &allocCreateInfo, &alloc.allocation, nullptr);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

            VmaVirtualAllocationInfo allocInfo;
            vmaGetVirtualAllocationInfo(block, alloc.allocation, &allocInfo);
            TEST(allocInfo.size >= allocCreateInfo.size);
            alloc.allocOffset = allocInfo.offset;
            alloc.allocationSize = allocInfo.size;

            allocations.push_back(alloc);
        }

        // Allocate some with extra alignment
        for(size_t i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
        {
            VmaVirtualAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
            allocCreateInfo.size = calcRandomAllocSize();
            allocCreateInfo.alignment = 16;
            allocCreateInfo.pUserData = (void*)(uintptr_t)(allocCreateInfo.size * 10);

            AllocData alloc = {};
            alloc.requestedSize = allocCreateInfo.size;
            res = vmaVirtualAllocate(block, &allocCreateInfo, &alloc.allocation, nullptr);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

            VmaVirtualAllocationInfo allocInfo;
            vmaGetVirtualAllocationInfo(block, alloc.allocation, &allocInfo);
            TEST(allocInfo.offset % 16 == 0);
            TEST(allocInfo.size >= allocCreateInfo.size);
            alloc.allocOffset = allocInfo.offset;
            alloc.allocationSize = allocInfo.size;

            allocations.push_back(alloc);
        }

        // Check if the allocations don't overlap
        std::sort(allocations.begin(), allocations.end(), [](const AllocData& lhs, const AllocData& rhs) {
            return lhs.allocOffset < rhs.allocOffset; });
        for(size_t i = 0; i < allocations.size() - 1; ++i)
        {
            TEST(allocations[i+1].allocOffset >= allocations[i].allocOffset + allocations[i].allocationSize);
        }

        // Check pUserData
        {
            const AllocData& alloc = allocations.back();
            VmaVirtualAllocationInfo allocInfo = {};
            vmaGetVirtualAllocationInfo(block, alloc.allocation, &allocInfo);
            TEST((uintptr_t)allocInfo.pUserData == alloc.requestedSize * 10);

            vmaSetVirtualAllocationUserData(block, alloc.allocation, (void*)(uintptr_t)666);
            vmaGetVirtualAllocationInfo(block, alloc.allocation, &allocInfo);
            TEST((uintptr_t)allocInfo.pUserData == 666);
        }

        // Calculate statistics
        {
            VkDeviceSize actualAllocSizeMin = VK_WHOLE_SIZE, actualAllocSizeMax = 0, actualAllocSizeSum = 0;
            std::for_each(allocations.begin(), allocations.end(), [&](const AllocData& a) {
                actualAllocSizeMin = std::min(actualAllocSizeMin, a.allocationSize);
                actualAllocSizeMax = std::max(actualAllocSizeMax, a.allocationSize);
                actualAllocSizeSum += a.allocationSize;
            });

            VmaDetailedStatistics statInfo = {};
            vmaCalculateVirtualBlockStatistics(block, &statInfo);
            TEST(statInfo.statistics.allocationCount == allocations.size());
            TEST(statInfo.statistics.blockCount == 1);
            TEST(statInfo.statistics.blockBytes == blockCreateInfo.size);
            TEST(statInfo.allocationSizeMax == actualAllocSizeMax);
            TEST(statInfo.allocationSizeMin == actualAllocSizeMin);
            TEST(statInfo.statistics.allocationBytes >= actualAllocSizeSum);
        }

#if !defined(VMA_STATS_STRING_ENABLED) || VMA_STATS_STRING_ENABLED
        // Build JSON dump string
        {
            char* json = nullptr;
            vmaBuildVirtualBlockStatsString(block, &json, VK_TRUE);
            int I = 0; // put a breakpoint here to debug
            vmaFreeVirtualBlockStatsString(block, json);
        }
#endif

        // Final cleanup
        vmaClearVirtualBlock(block);
        vmaDestroyVirtualBlock(block);
    }
}

static void TestAllocationVersusResourceSize()
{
    wprintf(L"Test allocation versus resource size\n");

    VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    bufCreateInfo.size = 22921; // Prime number
    bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
    allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_HOST;
    allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT;

    for(uint32_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
    {
        const bool isDedicated = i == 1;
        if(isDedicated)
            allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT;
        else
            allocCreateInfo.flags &= ~VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT;

        AllocInfo info;
        info.CreateBuffer(bufCreateInfo, allocCreateInfo);

        VmaAllocationInfo2 allocInfo = {};
        vmaGetAllocationInfo2(g_hAllocator, info.m_Allocation, &allocInfo);
        //wprintf(L"  Buffer size = %llu, allocation size = %llu\n", bufCreateInfo.size, allocInfo.size);

        // Map and test accessing entire area of the allocation, not only the buffer.
        void* mappedPtr = nullptr;
        VkResult res = vmaMapMemory(g_hAllocator, info.m_Allocation, &mappedPtr);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

        memset(mappedPtr, 0xCC, (size_t)allocInfo.allocationInfo.size);

        vmaUnmapMemory(g_hAllocator, info.m_Allocation);

        // Test new information returned by VmaAllocationInfo2.
        if (isDedicated)
        {
            TEST(allocInfo.dedicatedMemory);
            TEST(allocInfo.blockSize == allocInfo.allocationInfo.size);
        }
        else
        {
            TEST(!allocInfo.dedicatedMemory);
            TEST(allocInfo.blockSize > allocInfo.allocationInfo.size);
        }

        info.Destroy();
    }
}

static void TestPool_MinBlockCount()
{
#if defined(VMA_DEBUG_MARGIN) && VMA_DEBUG_MARGIN > 0
    return;
#endif

    wprintf(L"Test Pool MinBlockCount\n");
    VkResult res;

    static const VkDeviceSize ALLOC_SIZE = 512ull * 1024;
    static const VkDeviceSize BLOCK_SIZE = ALLOC_SIZE * 2; // Each block can fit 2 allocations.

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
    allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_HOST;

    VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
    bufCreateInfo.size = ALLOC_SIZE;

    VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
    poolCreateInfo.blockSize = BLOCK_SIZE;
    poolCreateInfo.minBlockCount = 2; // At least 2 blocks always present.
    res = vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

    VmaPool pool = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    res = vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && pool != VK_NULL_HANDLE);

    // Check that there are 2 blocks preallocated as requested.
    VmaDetailedStatistics begPoolStats = {};
    vmaCalculatePoolStatistics(g_hAllocator, pool, &begPoolStats);
    TEST(begPoolStats.statistics.blockCount == 2 &&
        begPoolStats.statistics.allocationCount == 0 &&
        begPoolStats.statistics.blockBytes == BLOCK_SIZE * 2);

    // Allocate 5 buffers to create 3 blocks.
    static const uint32_t BUF_COUNT = 5;
    allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;
    std::vector<AllocInfo> allocs(BUF_COUNT);
    for(uint32_t i = 0; i < BUF_COUNT; ++i)
    {
        res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &allocs[i].m_Buffer, &allocs[i].m_Allocation, nullptr);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && allocs[i].m_Buffer != VK_NULL_HANDLE && allocs[i].m_Allocation != VK_NULL_HANDLE);
    }

    // Check that there are really 3 blocks.
    VmaDetailedStatistics poolStats2 = {};
    vmaCalculatePoolStatistics(g_hAllocator, pool, &poolStats2);
    TEST(poolStats2.statistics.blockCount == 3 &&
        poolStats2.statistics.allocationCount == BUF_COUNT &&
        poolStats2.statistics.blockBytes == BLOCK_SIZE * 3);

    // Free two first allocations to make one block empty.
    allocs[0].Destroy();
    allocs[1].Destroy();

    // Check that there are still 3 blocks due to hysteresis.
    VmaDetailedStatistics poolStats3 = {};
    vmaCalculatePoolStatistics(g_hAllocator, pool, &poolStats3);
    TEST(poolStats3.statistics.blockCount == 3 &&
        poolStats3.statistics.allocationCount == BUF_COUNT - 2 &&
        poolStats2.statistics.blockBytes == BLOCK_SIZE * 3);

    // Free the last allocation to make second block empty.
    allocs[BUF_COUNT - 1].Destroy();

    // Check that there are now 2 blocks only.
    VmaDetailedStatistics poolStats4 = {};
    vmaCalculatePoolStatistics(g_hAllocator, pool, &poolStats4);
    TEST(poolStats4.statistics.blockCount == 2 &&
        poolStats4.statistics.allocationCount == BUF_COUNT - 3 &&
        poolStats4.statistics.blockBytes == BLOCK_SIZE * 2);

    // Cleanup.
    for(size_t i = allocs.size(); i--; )
    {
        allocs[i].Destroy();
    }
    vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
}

static void TestPool_MinAllocationAlignment()
{
    wprintf(L"Test Pool MinAllocationAlignment\n");
    VkResult res;

    static const VkDeviceSize ALLOC_SIZE = 32;
    static const VkDeviceSize BLOCK_SIZE = 1024 * 1024;
    static const VkDeviceSize MIN_ALLOCATION_ALIGNMENT = 64 * 1024;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
    allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_HOST;

    VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
    bufCreateInfo.size = ALLOC_SIZE;

    VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
    poolCreateInfo.blockSize = BLOCK_SIZE;
    poolCreateInfo.minAllocationAlignment = MIN_ALLOCATION_ALIGNMENT;
    res = vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

    VmaPool pool = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    res = vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && pool != VK_NULL_HANDLE);

    static const uint32_t BUF_COUNT = 4;
    allocCreateInfo = {};
    allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;
    std::vector<AllocInfo> allocs(BUF_COUNT);
    for(uint32_t i = 0; i < BUF_COUNT; ++i)
    {
        VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo = {};
        res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &allocs[i].m_Buffer, &allocs[i].m_Allocation, &allocInfo);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && allocs[i].m_Buffer != VK_NULL_HANDLE && allocs[i].m_Allocation != VK_NULL_HANDLE);
        TEST(allocInfo.offset % MIN_ALLOCATION_ALIGNMENT == 0);
    }

    // Cleanup.
    for(size_t i = allocs.size(); i--; )
    {
        allocs[i].Destroy();
    }
    vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
}

static void TestPoolsAndAllocationParameters()
{
    wprintf(L"Test pools and allocation parameters\n");

    VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    bufCreateInfo.size = 1 * MEGABYTE;
    bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};

    uint32_t memTypeIndex = UINT32_MAX;
    VkResult res = vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &memTypeIndex);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

    VmaPool pool1 = nullptr, pool2 = nullptr;
    std::vector<BufferInfo> bufs;

    uint32_t totalNewAllocCount = 0, totalNewBlockCount = 0;
    VmaTotalStatistics statsBeg, statsEnd;
    vmaCalculateStatistics(g_hAllocator, &statsBeg);

    // poolTypeI:
    // 0 = default pool
    // 1 = custom pool, default (flexible) block size and block count
    // 2 = custom pool, fixed block size and limited block count
    for(size_t poolTypeI = 0; poolTypeI < 3; ++poolTypeI)
    {
        if(poolTypeI == 0)
        {
            allocCreateInfo.pool = nullptr;
        }
        else if(poolTypeI == 1)
        {
            VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
            poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex = memTypeIndex;
            res = vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool1);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            allocCreateInfo.pool = pool1;
        }
        else if(poolTypeI == 2)
        {
            VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
            poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex = memTypeIndex;
            poolCreateInfo.maxBlockCount = 1;
            poolCreateInfo.blockSize = 2 * MEGABYTE + MEGABYTE / 2; // 2.5 MB
            res = vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool2);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            allocCreateInfo.pool = pool2;
        }

        uint32_t poolAllocCount = 0, poolBlockCount = 0;
        BufferInfo bufInfo = {};
        VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo[4] = {};

        // Default parameters
        allocCreateInfo.flags = 0;
        res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &bufInfo.Buffer, &bufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo[0]);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && bufInfo.Allocation && bufInfo.Buffer);
        bufs.push_back(std::move(bufInfo));
        ++poolAllocCount;

        // DEDICATED. Should not try pool2 as it asserts on invalid call.
        if(poolTypeI != 2)
        {
            allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT;
            res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &bufInfo.Buffer, &bufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo[1]);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && bufInfo.Allocation && bufInfo.Buffer);
            TEST(allocInfo[1].offset == 0); // Dedicated
            TEST(allocInfo[1].deviceMemory != allocInfo[0].deviceMemory); // Dedicated
            bufs.push_back(std::move(bufInfo));
            ++poolAllocCount;
        }

        // NEVER_ALLOCATE #1
        allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_NEVER_ALLOCATE_BIT;
        res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &bufInfo.Buffer, &bufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo[2]);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && bufInfo.Allocation && bufInfo.Buffer);
        TEST(allocInfo[2].deviceMemory == allocInfo[0].deviceMemory); // Same memory block as default one.
        TEST(allocInfo[2].offset != allocInfo[0].offset);
        bufs.push_back(std::move(bufInfo));
        ++poolAllocCount;

        // NEVER_ALLOCATE #2. Should fail in pool2 as it has no space.
        allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_NEVER_ALLOCATE_BIT;
        res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &bufInfo.Buffer, &bufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo[3]);
        if(poolTypeI == 2)
            TEST(res < 0);
        else
        {
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && bufInfo.Allocation && bufInfo.Buffer);
            bufs.push_back(std::move(bufInfo));
            ++poolAllocCount;
        }

        // Pool stats
        switch(poolTypeI)
        {
        case 0: poolBlockCount = 1; break; // At least 1 added for dedicated allocation.
        case 1: poolBlockCount = 2; break; // 1 for custom pool block and 1 for dedicated allocation.
        case 2: poolBlockCount = 1; break; // Only custom pool, no dedicated allocation.
        }

        if(poolTypeI > 0)
        {
            VmaDetailedStatistics poolStats = {};
            vmaCalculatePoolStatistics(g_hAllocator, poolTypeI == 2 ? pool2 : pool1, &poolStats);
            TEST(poolStats.statistics.allocationCount == poolAllocCount);
            const VkDeviceSize usedSize = poolStats.statistics.allocationBytes;
            TEST(usedSize == poolAllocCount * MEGABYTE);
            TEST(poolStats.statistics.blockCount == poolBlockCount);
        }

        totalNewAllocCount += poolAllocCount;
        totalNewBlockCount += poolBlockCount;
    }

    vmaCalculateStatistics(g_hAllocator, &statsEnd);
    TEST(statsEnd.total.statistics.allocationCount == statsBeg.total.statistics.allocationCount + totalNewAllocCount);
    TEST(statsEnd.total.statistics.blockCount >= statsBeg.total.statistics.blockCount + totalNewBlockCount);
    TEST(statsEnd.total.statistics.allocationBytes == statsBeg.total.statistics.allocationBytes + totalNewAllocCount * MEGABYTE);

    for(auto& bufInfo : bufs)
        vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, bufInfo.Buffer, bufInfo.Allocation);

    vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool2);
    vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool1);
}

void TestHeapSizeLimit()
{
    wprintf(L"Test heap size limit\n");

    const VkDeviceSize HEAP_SIZE_LIMIT = 100ull * 1024 * 1024; // 100 MB
    const VkDeviceSize BLOCK_SIZE      =  10ull * 1024 * 1024; // 10 MB

    VkDeviceSize heapSizeLimit[VK_MAX_MEMORY_HEAPS];
    for(uint32_t i = 0; i < VK_MAX_MEMORY_HEAPS; ++i)
    {
        heapSizeLimit[i] = HEAP_SIZE_LIMIT;
    }

    VmaAllocatorCreateInfo allocatorCreateInfo = {};
    allocatorCreateInfo.physicalDevice = g_hPhysicalDevice;
    allocatorCreateInfo.device = g_hDevice;
    allocatorCreateInfo.instance = g_hVulkanInstance;
    allocatorCreateInfo.pHeapSizeLimit = heapSizeLimit;
#ifdef VOLK_HEADER_VERSION
    VmaVulkanFunctions vulkanFunctions = {};
    vmaImportVulkanFunctionsFromVolk(&allocatorCreateInfo, &vulkanFunctions);
    allocatorCreateInfo.pVulkanFunctions = &vulkanFunctions;
#endif
#if VMA_DYNAMIC_VULKAN_FUNCTIONS
    VmaVulkanFunctions vulkanFunctions = {};
    vulkanFunctions.vkGetInstanceProcAddr = vkGetInstanceProcAddr;
    vulkanFunctions.vkGetDeviceProcAddr = vkGetDeviceProcAddr;
    allocatorCreateInfo.pVulkanFunctions = &vulkanFunctions;
#endif

    VmaAllocator hAllocator;
    VkResult res = vmaCreateAllocator(&allocatorCreateInfo, &hAllocator);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

    struct Item
    {
        VkBuffer hBuf;
        VmaAllocation hAlloc;
    };
    std::vector<Item> items;

    VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT;

    // 1. Allocate two blocks of dedicated memory, half the size of BLOCK_SIZE.
    VmaAllocationInfo dedicatedAllocInfo;
    {
        VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
        allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_DEVICE;
        allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT;

        bufCreateInfo.size = BLOCK_SIZE / 2;

        for(size_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
        {
            Item item;
            res = vmaCreateBuffer(hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &item.hBuf, &item.hAlloc, &dedicatedAllocInfo);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            items.push_back(item);
        }
    }

    // Create pool to make sure allocations must be out of this memory type.
    VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
    poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex = dedicatedAllocInfo.memoryType;
    poolCreateInfo.blockSize = BLOCK_SIZE;

    VmaPool hPool;
    res = vmaCreatePool(hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &hPool);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

    // 2. Allocate normal buffers from all the remaining memory.
    {
        VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
        allocCreateInfo.pool = hPool;

        bufCreateInfo.size = BLOCK_SIZE / 2;

        const size_t bufCount = ((HEAP_SIZE_LIMIT / BLOCK_SIZE) - 1) * 2;
        for(size_t i = 0; i < bufCount; ++i)
        {
            Item item;
            res = vmaCreateBuffer(hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &item.hBuf, &item.hAlloc, nullptr);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            items.push_back(item);
        }
    }

    // 3. Allocation of one more (even small) buffer should fail.
    {
        VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
        allocCreateInfo.pool = hPool;

        bufCreateInfo.size = 128;

        VkBuffer hBuf;
        VmaAllocation hAlloc;
        res = vmaCreateBuffer(hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &hBuf, &hAlloc, nullptr);
        TEST(res == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY);
    }

    // Destroy everything.
    for(size_t i = items.size(); i--; )
    {
        vmaDestroyBuffer(hAllocator, items[i].hBuf, items[i].hAlloc);
    }

    vmaDestroyPool(hAllocator, hPool);

    vmaDestroyAllocator(hAllocator);
}

#ifndef VMA_DEBUG_MARGIN
    #define VMA_DEBUG_MARGIN (0)
#endif

static void TestDebugMargin()
{
    if(VMA_DEBUG_MARGIN == 0)
    {
        return;
    }

    wprintf(L"Test VMA_DEBUG_MARGIN = %u\n", (uint32_t)VMA_DEBUG_MARGIN);

    VkBufferCreateInfo bufInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    bufInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
    bufInfo.size = 256; // Doesn't matter

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
    allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_HOST;
    allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_RANDOM_BIT;

    VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
    TEST(vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(
        g_hAllocator, &bufInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex) == VK_SUCCESS);

    for(size_t algorithmIndex = 0; algorithmIndex < 2; ++algorithmIndex)
    {
        switch(algorithmIndex)
        {
        case 0: poolCreateInfo.flags = 0; break;
        case 1: poolCreateInfo.flags = VMA_POOL_CREATE_LINEAR_ALGORITHM_BIT; break;
        default: assert(0);
        }
        VmaPool pool = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        TEST(vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool) == VK_SUCCESS && pool);

        allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;

        // Create few buffers of different size.
        const size_t BUF_COUNT = 10;
        BufferInfo buffers[BUF_COUNT];
        VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo[BUF_COUNT];
        for(size_t allocIndex = 0; allocIndex < 10; ++allocIndex)
        {
            const bool isLast = allocIndex == BUF_COUNT - 1;
            bufInfo.size = (VkDeviceSize)(allocIndex + 1) * 256;
            // Last one will be mapped.
            allocCreateInfo.flags = isLast ? VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT : 0;

            VkResult res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buffers[allocIndex].Buffer, &buffers[allocIndex].Allocation, &allocInfo[allocIndex]);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

            if(isLast)
            {
                // Fill with data.
                TEST(allocInfo[allocIndex].pMappedData != nullptr);
                // Uncomment this "+ 1" to overwrite past end of allocation and check corruption detection.
                memset(allocInfo[allocIndex].pMappedData, 0xFF, bufInfo.size /* + 1 */);
            }
        }

        // Check if their offsets preserve margin between them.
        std::sort(allocInfo, allocInfo + BUF_COUNT, [](const VmaAllocationInfo& lhs, const VmaAllocationInfo& rhs) -> bool
        {
            if(lhs.deviceMemory != rhs.deviceMemory)
            {
                return lhs.deviceMemory < rhs.deviceMemory;
            }
            return lhs.offset < rhs.offset;
        });
        for(size_t i = 1; i < BUF_COUNT; ++i)
        {
            if(allocInfo[i].deviceMemory == allocInfo[i - 1].deviceMemory)
            {
                TEST(allocInfo[i].offset >=
                    allocInfo[i - 1].offset + allocInfo[i - 1].size + VMA_DEBUG_MARGIN);
            }
        }

        VkResult res = vmaCheckCorruption(g_hAllocator, UINT32_MAX);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS || res == VK_ERROR_FEATURE_NOT_PRESENT);

        // JSON dump
        char* json = nullptr;
        vmaBuildStatsString(g_hAllocator, &json, VK_TRUE);
        int I = 1; // Put breakpoint here to manually inspect json in a debugger.
        vmaFreeStatsString(g_hAllocator, json);

        // Destroy all buffers.
        for(size_t i = BUF_COUNT; i--; )
        {
            vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buffers[i].Buffer, buffers[i].Allocation);
        }

        vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
    }
}

static void TestDebugMarginNotInVirtualAllocator()
{
    wprintf(L"Test VMA_DEBUG_MARGIN not applied to virtual allocator\n");

    constexpr size_t ALLOCATION_COUNT = 10;
    for(size_t algorithm = 0; algorithm < 2; ++algorithm)
    {
        VmaVirtualBlockCreateInfo blockCreateInfo = {};
        blockCreateInfo.size = ALLOCATION_COUNT * MEGABYTE;
        blockCreateInfo.flags = (algorithm == 1 ? VMA_VIRTUAL_BLOCK_CREATE_LINEAR_ALGORITHM_BIT : 0);

        VmaVirtualBlock block = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        TEST(vmaCreateVirtualBlock(&blockCreateInfo, &block) == VK_SUCCESS);

        // Fill the entire block
        VmaVirtualAllocation allocs[ALLOCATION_COUNT];
        for(size_t i = 0; i < ALLOCATION_COUNT; ++i)
        {
            VmaVirtualAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
            allocCreateInfo.size = 1 * MEGABYTE;
            TEST(vmaVirtualAllocate(block, &allocCreateInfo, &allocs[i], nullptr) == VK_SUCCESS);
        }

        vmaClearVirtualBlock(block);
        vmaDestroyVirtualBlock(block);
    }
}

static void TestLinearAllocator()
{
    wprintf(L"Test linear allocator\n");

    RandomNumberGenerator rand{645332};

    VkBufferCreateInfo sampleBufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    sampleBufCreateInfo.size = 1024; // Whatever.
    sampleBufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo sampleAllocCreateInfo = {};
    sampleAllocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_DEVICE;

    VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
    VkResult res = vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(g_hAllocator, &sampleBufCreateInfo, &sampleAllocCreateInfo, &poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

    poolCreateInfo.blockSize = 1024 * 300;
    poolCreateInfo.flags = VMA_POOL_CREATE_LINEAR_ALGORITHM_BIT;
    poolCreateInfo.minBlockCount = poolCreateInfo.maxBlockCount = 1;

    VmaPool pool = nullptr;
    res = vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

    VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = sampleBufCreateInfo;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
    allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;

    constexpr size_t maxBufCount = 100;
    std::vector<BufferInfo> bufInfo;

    constexpr VkDeviceSize bufSizeMin = 64;
    constexpr VkDeviceSize bufSizeMax = 1024;
    VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
    VkDeviceSize prevOffset = 0;

    // Test one-time free.
    for(size_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
    {
        // Allocate number of buffers of varying size that surely fit into this block.
        VkDeviceSize bufSumSize = 0;
        for(size_t i = 0; i < maxBufCount; ++i)
        {
			bufCreateInfo.size = align_up<VkDeviceSize>(bufSizeMin + rand.Generate() % (bufSizeMax - bufSizeMin), 64);
            BufferInfo newBufInfo;
            res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            TEST(i == 0 || allocInfo.offset > prevOffset);
            bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
            prevOffset = allocInfo.offset;
            TEST(allocInfo.size >= bufCreateInfo.size);
            bufSumSize += allocInfo.size;
        }

        // Validate pool stats.
        VmaDetailedStatistics stats;
        vmaCalculatePoolStatistics(g_hAllocator, pool, &stats);
        TEST(stats.statistics.blockBytes == poolCreateInfo.blockSize);
        TEST(stats.statistics.blockBytes - stats.statistics.allocationBytes == poolCreateInfo.blockSize - bufSumSize);
        TEST(stats.statistics.allocationCount == bufInfo.size());

        // Destroy the buffers in random order.
        while(!bufInfo.empty())
        {
            const size_t indexToDestroy = rand.Generate() % bufInfo.size();
            const BufferInfo& currBufInfo = bufInfo[indexToDestroy];
            vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, currBufInfo.Buffer, currBufInfo.Allocation);
            bufInfo.erase(bufInfo.begin() + indexToDestroy);
        }
    }

    // Test stack.
    {
        // Allocate number of buffers of varying size that surely fit into this block.
        for(size_t i = 0; i < maxBufCount; ++i)
        {
            bufCreateInfo.size = align_up<VkDeviceSize>(bufSizeMin + rand.Generate() % (bufSizeMax - bufSizeMin), 64);
            BufferInfo newBufInfo;
            res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            TEST(i == 0 || allocInfo.offset > prevOffset);
            bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
            prevOffset = allocInfo.offset;
        }

        // Destroy few buffers from top of the stack.
        for(size_t i = 0; i < maxBufCount / 5; ++i)
        {
            const BufferInfo& currBufInfo = bufInfo.back();
            vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, currBufInfo.Buffer, currBufInfo.Allocation);
            bufInfo.pop_back();
        }

        // Create some more
        for(size_t i = 0; i < maxBufCount / 5; ++i)
        {
            bufCreateInfo.size = align_up<VkDeviceSize>(bufSizeMin + rand.Generate() % (bufSizeMax - bufSizeMin), 64);
            BufferInfo newBufInfo;
            res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            TEST(i == 0 || allocInfo.offset > prevOffset);
            bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
            prevOffset = allocInfo.offset;
        }

        // Destroy the buffers in reverse order.
        while(!bufInfo.empty())
        {
            const BufferInfo& currBufInfo = bufInfo.back();
            vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, currBufInfo.Buffer, currBufInfo.Allocation);
            bufInfo.pop_back();
        }
    }

    // Test ring buffer.
    {
        // Allocate number of buffers that surely fit into this block.
        bufCreateInfo.size = bufSizeMax;
        for(size_t i = 0; i < maxBufCount; ++i)
        {
            BufferInfo newBufInfo;
            res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            TEST(i == 0 || allocInfo.offset > prevOffset);
            bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
            prevOffset = allocInfo.offset;
        }

        // Free and allocate new buffers so many times that we make sure we wrap-around at least once.
        const size_t buffersPerIter = maxBufCount / 10 - 1;
        const size_t iterCount = poolCreateInfo.blockSize / bufCreateInfo.size / buffersPerIter * 2;
        for(size_t iter = 0; iter < iterCount; ++iter)
        {
            for(size_t bufPerIter = 0; bufPerIter < buffersPerIter; ++bufPerIter)
            {
                const BufferInfo& currBufInfo = bufInfo.front();
                vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, currBufInfo.Buffer, currBufInfo.Allocation);
                bufInfo.erase(bufInfo.begin());
            }
            for(size_t bufPerIter = 0; bufPerIter < buffersPerIter; ++bufPerIter)
            {
                BufferInfo newBufInfo;
                res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                    &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
                TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
                bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
            }
        }

        // Allocate buffers until we reach out-of-memory.
        uint32_t debugIndex = 0;
        while(res == VK_SUCCESS)
        {
            BufferInfo newBufInfo;
            res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
            if(res == VK_SUCCESS)
            {
                bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
            }
            else
            {
                TEST(res == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY);
            }
            ++debugIndex;
        }

        // Destroy the buffers in random order.
        while(!bufInfo.empty())
        {
            const size_t indexToDestroy = rand.Generate() % bufInfo.size();
            const BufferInfo& currBufInfo = bufInfo[indexToDestroy];
            vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, currBufInfo.Buffer, currBufInfo.Allocation);
            bufInfo.erase(bufInfo.begin() + indexToDestroy);
        }
    }

    // Test double stack.
    {
        // Allocate number of buffers of varying size that surely fit into this block, alternate from bottom/top.
        VkDeviceSize prevOffsetLower = 0;
        VkDeviceSize prevOffsetUpper = poolCreateInfo.blockSize;
        for(size_t i = 0; i < maxBufCount; ++i)
        {
            const bool upperAddress = (i % 2) != 0;
            if(upperAddress)
                allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_UPPER_ADDRESS_BIT;
            else
                allocCreateInfo.flags &= ~VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_UPPER_ADDRESS_BIT;
            bufCreateInfo.size = align_up<VkDeviceSize>(bufSizeMin + rand.Generate() % (bufSizeMax - bufSizeMin), 64);
            BufferInfo newBufInfo;
            res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            if(upperAddress)
            {
                TEST(allocInfo.offset < prevOffsetUpper);
                prevOffsetUpper = allocInfo.offset;
            }
            else
            {
                TEST(allocInfo.offset >= prevOffsetLower);
                prevOffsetLower = allocInfo.offset;
            }
            TEST(prevOffsetLower < prevOffsetUpper);
            bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
        }

        // Destroy few buffers from top of the stack.
        for(size_t i = 0; i < maxBufCount / 5; ++i)
        {
            const BufferInfo& currBufInfo = bufInfo.back();
            vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, currBufInfo.Buffer, currBufInfo.Allocation);
            bufInfo.pop_back();
        }

        // Create some more
        for(size_t i = 0; i < maxBufCount / 5; ++i)
        {
            const bool upperAddress = (i % 2) != 0;
            if(upperAddress)
                allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_UPPER_ADDRESS_BIT;
            else
                allocCreateInfo.flags &= ~VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_UPPER_ADDRESS_BIT;
            bufCreateInfo.size = align_up<VkDeviceSize>(bufSizeMin + rand.Generate() % (bufSizeMax - bufSizeMin), 64);
            BufferInfo newBufInfo;
            res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
        }

        // Destroy the buffers in reverse order.
        while(!bufInfo.empty())
        {
            const BufferInfo& currBufInfo = bufInfo.back();
            vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, currBufInfo.Buffer, currBufInfo.Allocation);
            bufInfo.pop_back();
        }

        // Create buffers on both sides until we reach out of memory.
        prevOffsetLower = 0;
        prevOffsetUpper = poolCreateInfo.blockSize;
        res = VK_SUCCESS;
        for(size_t i = 0; res == VK_SUCCESS; ++i)
        {
            const bool upperAddress = (i % 2) != 0;
            if(upperAddress)
                allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_UPPER_ADDRESS_BIT;
            else
                allocCreateInfo.flags &= ~VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_UPPER_ADDRESS_BIT;
            bufCreateInfo.size = align_up<VkDeviceSize>(bufSizeMin + rand.Generate() % (bufSizeMax - bufSizeMin), 64);
            BufferInfo newBufInfo;
            res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
            if(res == VK_SUCCESS)
            {
                if(upperAddress)
                {
                    TEST(allocInfo.offset < prevOffsetUpper);
                    prevOffsetUpper = allocInfo.offset;
                }
                else
                {
                    TEST(allocInfo.offset >= prevOffsetLower);
                    prevOffsetLower = allocInfo.offset;
                }
                TEST(prevOffsetLower < prevOffsetUpper);
                bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
            }
        }

        // Destroy the buffers in random order.
        while(!bufInfo.empty())
        {
            const size_t indexToDestroy = rand.Generate() % bufInfo.size();
            const BufferInfo& currBufInfo = bufInfo[indexToDestroy];
            vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, currBufInfo.Buffer, currBufInfo.Allocation);
            bufInfo.erase(bufInfo.begin() + indexToDestroy);
        }

        // Create buffers on upper side only, constant size, until we reach out of memory.
        prevOffsetUpper = poolCreateInfo.blockSize;
        res = VK_SUCCESS;
        allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_UPPER_ADDRESS_BIT;
        bufCreateInfo.size = bufSizeMax;
        for(size_t i = 0; res == VK_SUCCESS; ++i)
        {
            BufferInfo newBufInfo;
            res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
            if(res == VK_SUCCESS)
            {
                TEST(allocInfo.offset < prevOffsetUpper);
                prevOffsetUpper = allocInfo.offset;
                bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
            }
        }

        // Destroy the buffers in reverse order.
        while(!bufInfo.empty())
        {
            const BufferInfo& currBufInfo = bufInfo.back();
            vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, currBufInfo.Buffer, currBufInfo.Allocation);
            bufInfo.pop_back();
        }
    }

    vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
}

static void TestLinearAllocatorMultiBlock()
{
    wprintf(L"Test linear allocator multi block\n");

    RandomNumberGenerator rand{345673};

    VkBufferCreateInfo sampleBufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    sampleBufCreateInfo.size = 1024 * 1024;
    sampleBufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo sampleAllocCreateInfo = {};
    sampleAllocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_HOST;

    VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
    poolCreateInfo.flags = VMA_POOL_CREATE_LINEAR_ALGORITHM_BIT;
    VkResult res = vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(g_hAllocator, &sampleBufCreateInfo, &sampleAllocCreateInfo, &poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

    VmaPool pool = nullptr;
    res = vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

    VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = sampleBufCreateInfo;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
    allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;

    std::vector<BufferInfo> bufInfo;
    VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;

    // Test one-time free.
    {
        // Allocate buffers until we move to a second block.
        VkDeviceMemory lastMem = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        for(uint32_t i = 0; ; ++i)
        {
            BufferInfo newBufInfo;
            res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
            if(lastMem && allocInfo.deviceMemory != lastMem)
            {
                break;
            }
            lastMem = allocInfo.deviceMemory;
        }

        TEST(bufInfo.size() > 2);

        // Make sure that pool has now two blocks.
        VmaDetailedStatistics poolStats = {};
        vmaCalculatePoolStatistics(g_hAllocator, pool, &poolStats);
        TEST(poolStats.statistics.blockCount == 2);

        // Destroy all the buffers in random order.
        while(!bufInfo.empty())
        {
            const size_t indexToDestroy = rand.Generate() % bufInfo.size();
            const BufferInfo& currBufInfo = bufInfo[indexToDestroy];
            vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, currBufInfo.Buffer, currBufInfo.Allocation);
            bufInfo.erase(bufInfo.begin() + indexToDestroy);
        }

        // Make sure that pool has now at most one block.
        vmaCalculatePoolStatistics(g_hAllocator, pool, &poolStats);
        TEST(poolStats.statistics.blockCount <= 1);
    }

    // Test stack.
    {
        // Allocate buffers until we move to a second block.
        VkDeviceMemory lastMem = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        for(uint32_t i = 0; ; ++i)
        {
            BufferInfo newBufInfo;
            res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
            if(lastMem && allocInfo.deviceMemory != lastMem)
            {
                break;
            }
            lastMem = allocInfo.deviceMemory;
        }

        TEST(bufInfo.size() > 2);

        // Add few more buffers.
        for(uint32_t i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
        {
            BufferInfo newBufInfo;
            res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
        }

        // Make sure that pool has now two blocks.
        VmaDetailedStatistics poolStats = {};
        vmaCalculatePoolStatistics(g_hAllocator, pool, &poolStats);
        TEST(poolStats.statistics.blockCount == 2);

        // Delete half of buffers, LIFO.
        for(size_t i = 0, countToDelete = bufInfo.size() / 2; i < countToDelete; ++i)
        {
            const BufferInfo& currBufInfo = bufInfo.back();
            vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, currBufInfo.Buffer, currBufInfo.Allocation);
            bufInfo.pop_back();
        }

        // Add one more buffer.
        BufferInfo newBufInfo;
        res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
            &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
        bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);

        // Make sure that pool has now one block.
        vmaCalculatePoolStatistics(g_hAllocator, pool, &poolStats);
        TEST(poolStats.statistics.blockCount == 1);

        // Delete all the remaining buffers, LIFO.
        while(!bufInfo.empty())
        {
            const BufferInfo& currBufInfo = bufInfo.back();
            vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, currBufInfo.Buffer, currBufInfo.Allocation);
            bufInfo.pop_back();
        }
    }

    vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
}

static void TestAllocationAlgorithmsCorrectness()
{
    wprintf(L"Test allocation algorithm correctness\n");

    constexpr uint32_t LEVEL_COUNT = 12;
    RandomNumberGenerator rand{2342435};

    for(uint32_t isVirtual = 0; isVirtual < 3; ++isVirtual)
    {
        // isVirtual == 0: Use VmaPool, unit is 64 KB.
        // isVirtual == 1: Use VmaVirtualBlock, unit is 64 KB.
        // isVirtual == 2: Use VmaVirtualBlock, unit is 1 B.
        const VkDeviceSize sizeUnit = isVirtual == 2 ? 1 : 0x10000;
        const VkDeviceSize blockSize = (1llu << (LEVEL_COUNT - 1)) * sizeUnit;

        for(uint32_t algorithmIndex = 0; algorithmIndex < 1; ++algorithmIndex)
        {
            VmaPool pool = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
            VmaVirtualBlock virtualBlock = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

            uint32_t algorithm;
            switch (algorithmIndex)
            {
            case 0:
                algorithm = 0;
                break;
            default:
                break;
            }

            if(isVirtual)
            {
                VmaVirtualBlockCreateInfo blockCreateInfo = {};
                blockCreateInfo.pAllocationCallbacks = g_Allocs;
                blockCreateInfo.flags = algorithm;
                blockCreateInfo.size = blockSize;
                TEST(vmaCreateVirtualBlock(&blockCreateInfo, &virtualBlock) == VK_SUCCESS);
            }
            else
            {
                VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
                poolCreateInfo.blockSize = blockSize;
                poolCreateInfo.flags = algorithm;
                poolCreateInfo.minBlockCount = poolCreateInfo.maxBlockCount = 1;

                VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
                bufCreateInfo.size = 0x10000; // Doesn't matter.
                bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;
                VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
                TEST(vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex) == VK_SUCCESS);

                TEST(vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool) == VK_SUCCESS);
            }

            for(uint32_t strategyIndex = 0; strategyIndex < 3; ++strategyIndex)
            {
                struct AllocData
                {
                    VmaAllocation alloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
                    VkBuffer buf = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
                    VmaVirtualAllocation virtualAlloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
                };
                std::vector<AllocData> allocationsPerLevel[LEVEL_COUNT];

                auto createAllocation = [&](uint32_t level) -> void
                {
                    AllocData allocData;
                    const VkDeviceSize allocSize = (1llu << level) * sizeUnit;
                    if(isVirtual)
                    {
                        VmaVirtualAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
                        allocCreateInfo.size = allocSize;
                        switch(strategyIndex)
                        {
                        case 1: allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_VIRTUAL_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_MIN_TIME_BIT; break;
                        case 2: allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_VIRTUAL_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_MIN_MEMORY_BIT; break;
                        }
                        TEST(vmaVirtualAllocate(virtualBlock, &allocCreateInfo, &allocData.virtualAlloc, nullptr) == VK_SUCCESS);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
                        allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;
                        switch(strategyIndex)
                        {
                        case 1: allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_VIRTUAL_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_MIN_TIME_BIT; break;
                        case 2: allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_VIRTUAL_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_MIN_MEMORY_BIT; break;
                        }
                        VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
                        bufCreateInfo.size = allocSize;
                        bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;
                        TEST(vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &allocData.buf, &allocData.alloc, nullptr) == VK_SUCCESS);
                    }
                    allocationsPerLevel[level].push_back(allocData);
                };

                auto destroyAllocation = [&](uint32_t level, size_t index) -> void
                {
                    const AllocData& allocData = allocationsPerLevel[level][index];
                    if(isVirtual)
                        vmaVirtualFree(virtualBlock, allocData.virtualAlloc);
                    else
                        vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, allocData.buf, allocData.alloc);
                    allocationsPerLevel[level].erase(allocationsPerLevel[level].begin() + index);
                };

                // Fill entire block with one big allocation.
                createAllocation(LEVEL_COUNT - 1);

                // For each level, remove one allocation and refill it with 2 allocations at lower level.
                for(uint32_t level = LEVEL_COUNT; level-- > 1; )
                {
                    size_t indexToDestroy = rand.Generate() % allocationsPerLevel[level].size();
                    destroyAllocation(level, indexToDestroy);
                    createAllocation(level - 1);
                    createAllocation(level - 1);
                }

                // Test statistics.
                {
                    uint32_t actualAllocCount = 0, statAllocCount = 0;
                    VkDeviceSize actualAllocSize = 0, statAllocSize = 0;
                    // Calculate actual statistics.
                    for(uint32_t level = 0; level < LEVEL_COUNT; ++level)
                    {
                        for(size_t index = allocationsPerLevel[level].size(); index--; )
                        {
                            if(isVirtual)
                            {
                                VmaVirtualAllocationInfo allocInfo = {};
                                vmaGetVirtualAllocationInfo(virtualBlock, allocationsPerLevel[level][index].virtualAlloc, &allocInfo);
                                actualAllocSize += allocInfo.size;
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo = {};
                                vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, allocationsPerLevel[level][index].alloc, &allocInfo);
                                actualAllocSize += allocInfo.size;
                            }
                        }
                        actualAllocCount += (uint32_t)allocationsPerLevel[level].size();
                    }
                    // Fetch reported statistics.
                    if(isVirtual)
                    {
                        VmaDetailedStatistics info = {};
                        vmaCalculateVirtualBlockStatistics(virtualBlock, &info);
                        statAllocCount = info.statistics.allocationCount;
                        statAllocSize = info.statistics.allocationBytes;
                        TEST(info.statistics.blockCount == 1);
                        TEST(info.statistics.blockBytes == blockSize);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        VmaDetailedStatistics stats = {};
                        vmaCalculatePoolStatistics(g_hAllocator, pool, &stats);
                        statAllocCount = (uint32_t)stats.statistics.allocationCount;
                        statAllocSize = stats.statistics.allocationBytes;
                        TEST(stats.statistics.blockCount == 1);
                        TEST(stats.statistics.blockBytes == blockSize);
                    }
                    // Compare them.
                    TEST(actualAllocCount == statAllocCount);
                    TEST(actualAllocSize == statAllocSize);
                }

                // Test JSON dump - for manual inspection.
                {
                    char* json = nullptr;
                    if(isVirtual)
                    {
                        vmaBuildVirtualBlockStatsString(virtualBlock, &json, VK_TRUE);
                        int I = 1; // Put breakpoint here to inspect `json`.
                        vmaFreeVirtualBlockStatsString(virtualBlock, json);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        vmaBuildStatsString(g_hAllocator, &json, VK_TRUE);
                        int I = 1; // Put breakpoint here to inspect `json`.
                        vmaFreeStatsString(g_hAllocator, json);
                    }
                }

                // Free all remaining allocations
                for(uint32_t level = 0; level < LEVEL_COUNT; ++level)
                    for(size_t index = allocationsPerLevel[level].size(); index--; )
                        destroyAllocation(level, index);
            }

            vmaDestroyVirtualBlock(virtualBlock);
            vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
        }
    }
}

static void ManuallyTestLinearAllocator()
{
    VmaTotalStatistics origStats;
    vmaCalculateStatistics(g_hAllocator, &origStats);

    wprintf(L"Manually test linear allocator\n");

    RandomNumberGenerator rand{645332};

    VkBufferCreateInfo sampleBufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    sampleBufCreateInfo.size = 1024; // Whatever.
    sampleBufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo sampleAllocCreateInfo = {};
    sampleAllocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_DEVICE;

    VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
    VkResult res = vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(g_hAllocator, &sampleBufCreateInfo, &sampleAllocCreateInfo, &poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

    poolCreateInfo.blockSize = 10 * 1024;
    poolCreateInfo.flags = VMA_POOL_CREATE_LINEAR_ALGORITHM_BIT;
    poolCreateInfo.minBlockCount = poolCreateInfo.maxBlockCount = 1;

    VmaPool pool = nullptr;
    res = vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

    VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = sampleBufCreateInfo;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
    allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;

    std::vector<BufferInfo> bufInfo;
    VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
    BufferInfo newBufInfo;

    // Test double stack.
    {
        /*
        Lower: Buffer 32 B, Buffer 1024 B, Buffer 32 B
        Upper: Buffer 16 B, Buffer 1024 B, Buffer 128 B

        Totally:
        1 block allocated
        10240 Vulkan bytes
        6 new allocations
        2256 bytes in allocations
        */

        bufCreateInfo.size = 32;
        res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
            &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
        bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);

        bufCreateInfo.size = 1024;
        res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
            &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
        bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);

        bufCreateInfo.size = 32;
        res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
            &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
        bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);

        allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_UPPER_ADDRESS_BIT;

        bufCreateInfo.size = 128;
        res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
            &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
        bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);

        bufCreateInfo.size = 1024;
        res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
            &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
        bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);

        bufCreateInfo.size = 16;
        res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
            &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
        bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);

        VmaTotalStatistics currStats;
        vmaCalculateStatistics(g_hAllocator, &currStats);
        VmaDetailedStatistics poolStats;
        vmaCalculatePoolStatistics(g_hAllocator, pool, &poolStats);

#if !defined(VMA_STATS_STRING_ENABLED) || VMA_STATS_STRING_ENABLED
        char* statsStr = nullptr;
        vmaBuildStatsString(g_hAllocator, &statsStr, VK_TRUE);

        // PUT BREAKPOINT HERE TO CHECK.
        // Inspect: currStats versus origStats, poolStats, statsStr.
        int I = 0;

        vmaFreeStatsString(g_hAllocator, statsStr);
#endif

        // Destroy the buffers in reverse order.
        while(!bufInfo.empty())
        {
            const BufferInfo& currBufInfo = bufInfo.back();
            vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, currBufInfo.Buffer, currBufInfo.Allocation);
            bufInfo.pop_back();
        }
    }

    vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
}

static void BenchmarkAlgorithmsCase(FILE* file,
    uint32_t algorithm,
    bool empty,
    VmaAllocationCreateFlags allocStrategy,
    FREE_ORDER freeOrder)
{
    RandomNumberGenerator rand{16223};

    const VkDeviceSize bufSizeMin = 32;
    const VkDeviceSize bufSizeMax = 1024;
    const size_t maxBufCapacity = 10000;
    const uint32_t iterationCount = 10;

    VkBufferCreateInfo sampleBufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    sampleBufCreateInfo.size = bufSizeMax;
    sampleBufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo sampleAllocCreateInfo = {};
    sampleAllocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_DEVICE;

    VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
    VkResult res = vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(g_hAllocator, &sampleBufCreateInfo, &sampleAllocCreateInfo, &poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

    poolCreateInfo.blockSize = bufSizeMax * maxBufCapacity;
    poolCreateInfo.flags = VMA_POOL_CREATE_IGNORE_BUFFER_IMAGE_GRANULARITY_BIT;//TODO remove this
    poolCreateInfo.flags |= algorithm;
    poolCreateInfo.minBlockCount = poolCreateInfo.maxBlockCount = 1;

    VmaPool pool = nullptr;
    res = vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

    // Buffer created just to get memory requirements. Never bound to any memory.
    VkBuffer dummyBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    res = vkCreateBuffer(g_hDevice, &sampleBufCreateInfo, g_Allocs, &dummyBuffer);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && dummyBuffer);

    VkMemoryRequirements memReq = {};
    vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(g_hDevice, dummyBuffer, &memReq);

    vkDestroyBuffer(g_hDevice, dummyBuffer, g_Allocs);

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
    allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;
    allocCreateInfo.flags = allocStrategy;

    VmaAllocation alloc;
    std::vector<VmaAllocation> baseAllocations;

    if(!empty)
    {
        // Make allocations up to 1/3 of pool size.
        VkDeviceSize totalSize = 0;
        while(totalSize < poolCreateInfo.blockSize / 3)
        {
            // This test intentionally allows sizes that are aligned to 4 or 16 bytes.
            // This is theoretically allowed and already uncovered one bug.
            memReq.size = bufSizeMin + rand.Generate() % (bufSizeMax - bufSizeMin);
            res = vmaAllocateMemory(g_hAllocator, &memReq, &allocCreateInfo, &alloc, nullptr);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            baseAllocations.push_back(alloc);
            totalSize += memReq.size;
        }

        // Delete half of them, choose randomly.
        size_t allocsToDelete = baseAllocations.size() / 2;
        for(size_t i = 0; i < allocsToDelete; ++i)
        {
            const size_t index = (size_t)rand.Generate() % baseAllocations.size();
            vmaFreeMemory(g_hAllocator, baseAllocations[index]);
            baseAllocations.erase(baseAllocations.begin() + index);
        }
    }

    // BENCHMARK
    const size_t allocCount = maxBufCapacity / 3;
    std::vector<VmaAllocation> testAllocations;
    testAllocations.reserve(allocCount);
    duration allocTotalDuration = duration::zero();
    duration freeTotalDuration = duration::zero();
    for(uint32_t iterationIndex = 0; iterationIndex < iterationCount; ++iterationIndex)
    {
        // Allocations
        time_point allocTimeBeg = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
        for(size_t i = 0; i < allocCount; ++i)
        {
            memReq.size = bufSizeMin + rand.Generate() % (bufSizeMax - bufSizeMin);
            res = vmaAllocateMemory(g_hAllocator, &memReq, &allocCreateInfo, &alloc, nullptr);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            testAllocations.push_back(alloc);
        }
        allocTotalDuration += std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() - allocTimeBeg;

        // Deallocations
        switch(freeOrder)
        {
        case FREE_ORDER::FORWARD:
            // Leave testAllocations unchanged.
            break;
        case FREE_ORDER::BACKWARD:
            std::reverse(testAllocations.begin(), testAllocations.end());
            break;
        case FREE_ORDER::RANDOM:
            std::shuffle(testAllocations.begin(), testAllocations.end(), MyUniformRandomNumberGenerator(rand));
            break;
        default: assert(0);
        }

        time_point freeTimeBeg = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
        for(size_t i = 0; i < allocCount; ++i)
            vmaFreeMemory(g_hAllocator, testAllocations[i]);
        freeTotalDuration += std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() - freeTimeBeg;

        testAllocations.clear();
    }

    // Delete baseAllocations
    while(!baseAllocations.empty())
    {
        vmaFreeMemory(g_hAllocator, baseAllocations.back());
        baseAllocations.pop_back();
    }

    vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);

    const float allocTotalSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(allocTotalDuration);
    const float freeTotalSeconds  = ToFloatSeconds(freeTotalDuration);

    printf("    Algorithm=%s %s Allocation=%s FreeOrder=%s: allocations %g s, free %g s\n",
        AlgorithmToStr(algorithm),
        empty ? "Empty" : "Not empty",
        GetAllocationStrategyName(allocStrategy),
        FREE_ORDER_NAMES[(size_t)freeOrder],
        allocTotalSeconds,
        freeTotalSeconds);

    if(file)
    {
        std::string currTime;
        CurrentTimeToStr(currTime);

        fprintf(file, "%s,%s,%s,%u,%s,%s,%g,%g\n",
            CODE_DESCRIPTION, currTime.c_str(),
            AlgorithmToStr(algorithm),
            empty ? 1 : 0,
            GetAllocationStrategyName(allocStrategy),
            FREE_ORDER_NAMES[(uint32_t)freeOrder],
            allocTotalSeconds,
            freeTotalSeconds);
    }
}

static void TestBufferDeviceAddress()
{
    wprintf(L"Test buffer device address\n");

    assert(VK_KHR_buffer_device_address_enabled);

    VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    bufCreateInfo.size = 0x10000;
    bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT |
        VK_BUFFER_USAGE_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT; // !!!

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
    allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_DEVICE;

    for(uint32_t testIndex = 0; testIndex < 2; ++testIndex)
    {
        // 1st is placed, 2nd is dedicated.
        if(testIndex == 1)
            allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT;

        BufferInfo bufInfo = {};
        VkResult res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
            &bufInfo.Buffer, &bufInfo.Allocation, nullptr);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

        VkBufferDeviceAddressInfoEXT bufferDeviceAddressInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_INFO_EXT };
        bufferDeviceAddressInfo.buffer = bufInfo.Buffer;
        TEST(g_vkGetBufferDeviceAddressKHR != nullptr);
        VkDeviceAddress addr = g_vkGetBufferDeviceAddressKHR(g_hDevice, &bufferDeviceAddressInfo);
        TEST(addr != 0);

        vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, bufInfo.Buffer, bufInfo.Allocation);
    }
}

static void TestMemoryPriority()
{
    wprintf(L"Test memory priority\n");

    assert(VK_EXT_memory_priority_enabled);

    VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    bufCreateInfo.size = 0x10000;
    bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
    allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_DEVICE;
    allocCreateInfo.priority = 1.f;

    for(uint32_t testIndex = 0; testIndex < 2; ++testIndex)
    {
        // 1st is placed, 2nd is dedicated.
        if(testIndex == 1)
            allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT;

        BufferInfo bufInfo = {};
        VkResult res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
            &bufInfo.Buffer, &bufInfo.Allocation, nullptr);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

        // There is nothing we can do to validate the priority.

        vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, bufInfo.Buffer, bufInfo.Allocation);
    }
}

static void BenchmarkAlgorithms(FILE* file)
{
    wprintf(L"Benchmark algorithms\n");

    if(file)
    {
        fprintf(file,
            "Code,Time,"
            "Algorithm,Empty,Allocation strategy,Free order,"
            "Allocation time (s),Deallocation time (s)\n");
    }

    uint32_t freeOrderCount = 1;
    if(ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE::CONFIG_TYPE_LARGE)
        freeOrderCount = 3;
    else if(ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE::CONFIG_TYPE_SMALL)
        freeOrderCount = 2;

    const uint32_t emptyCount = ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE::CONFIG_TYPE_SMALL ? 2 : 1;
    const uint32_t allocStrategyCount = GetAllocationStrategyCount();

    for(uint32_t freeOrderIndex = 0; freeOrderIndex < freeOrderCount; ++freeOrderIndex)
    {
        FREE_ORDER freeOrder = FREE_ORDER::COUNT;
        switch(freeOrderIndex)
        {
        case 0: freeOrder = FREE_ORDER::BACKWARD; break;
        case 1: freeOrder = FREE_ORDER::FORWARD; break;
        case 2: freeOrder = FREE_ORDER::RANDOM; break;
        default: assert(0);
        }

        for(uint32_t emptyIndex = 0; emptyIndex < emptyCount; ++emptyIndex)
        {
            for(uint32_t algorithmIndex = 0; algorithmIndex < 2; ++algorithmIndex)
            {
                uint32_t algorithm = 0;
                switch(algorithmIndex)
                {
                case 0:
                    break;
                case 1:
                    algorithm = VMA_POOL_CREATE_LINEAR_ALGORITHM_BIT;
                    break;
                default:
                    assert(0);
                }

                uint32_t currAllocStrategyCount = algorithm != 0 ? 1 : allocStrategyCount;
                for(uint32_t allocStrategyIndex = 0; allocStrategyIndex < currAllocStrategyCount; ++allocStrategyIndex)
                {
                    VmaAllocatorCreateFlags strategy = 0;
                    if(currAllocStrategyCount > 1)
                    {
                        switch(allocStrategyIndex)
                        {
                        case 0: strategy = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_MIN_MEMORY_BIT; break;
                        case 1: strategy = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_MIN_TIME_BIT; break;
                        default: assert(0);
                        }
                    }

                    BenchmarkAlgorithmsCase(
                        file,
                        algorithm,
                        (emptyIndex == 0), // empty
                        strategy,
                        freeOrder); // freeOrder
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

static void TestPool_SameSize()
{
    const VkDeviceSize BUF_SIZE = 1024 * 1024;
    const size_t BUF_COUNT = 100;
    VkResult res;

    RandomNumberGenerator rand{123};

    VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    bufferInfo.size = BUF_SIZE;
    bufferInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;

    uint32_t memoryTypeBits = UINT32_MAX;
    {
        VkBuffer dummyBuffer;
        res = vkCreateBuffer(g_hDevice, &bufferInfo, g_Allocs, &dummyBuffer);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

        VkMemoryRequirements memReq;
        vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(g_hDevice, dummyBuffer, &memReq);
        memoryTypeBits = memReq.memoryTypeBits;

        vkDestroyBuffer(g_hDevice, dummyBuffer, g_Allocs);
    }

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo poolAllocInfo = {};
    poolAllocInfo.requiredFlags = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_CACHED_BIT;
    uint32_t memTypeIndex;
    res = vmaFindMemoryTypeIndex(
        g_hAllocator,
        memoryTypeBits,
        &poolAllocInfo,
        &memTypeIndex);

    VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
    poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex = memTypeIndex;
    poolCreateInfo.blockSize = BUF_SIZE * BUF_COUNT / 4;
    poolCreateInfo.minBlockCount = 1;
    poolCreateInfo.maxBlockCount = 4;

    VmaPool pool;
    res = vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

    // Test pool name
    {
        static const char* const POOL_NAME = "Pool name";
        vmaSetPoolName(g_hAllocator, pool, POOL_NAME);

        const char* fetchedPoolName = nullptr;
        vmaGetPoolName(g_hAllocator, pool, &fetchedPoolName);
        TEST(strcmp(fetchedPoolName, POOL_NAME) == 0);

        // Generate JSON dump. There was a bug with this...
        char* json = nullptr;
        vmaBuildStatsString(g_hAllocator, &json, VK_TRUE);
        vmaFreeStatsString(g_hAllocator, json);

        vmaSetPoolName(g_hAllocator, pool, nullptr);
    }

    vmaSetCurrentFrameIndex(g_hAllocator, 1);

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocInfo = {};
    allocInfo.pool = pool;

    struct BufItem
    {
        VkBuffer Buf;
        VmaAllocation Alloc;
    };
    std::vector<BufItem> items;

    // Fill entire pool.
    for(size_t i = 0; i < BUF_COUNT; ++i)
    {
        BufItem item;
        res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufferInfo, &allocInfo, &item.Buf, &item.Alloc, nullptr);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
        items.push_back(item);
    }

    // Make sure that another allocation would fail.
    {
        BufItem item;
        res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufferInfo, &allocInfo, &item.Buf, &item.Alloc, nullptr);
        TEST(res == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY);
    }

    // Validate allocations.
    for(size_t i = 0; i < items.size(); ++i)
    {
        VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
        vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, items[i].Alloc, &allocInfo);
        TEST(allocInfo.deviceMemory != VK_NULL_HANDLE);
        TEST(allocInfo.pMappedData == nullptr);
    }

    // Free some percent of random items.
    {
        const size_t PERCENT_TO_FREE = 10;
        size_t itemsToFree = items.size() * PERCENT_TO_FREE / 100;
        for(size_t i = 0; i < itemsToFree; ++i)
        {
            size_t index = (size_t)rand.Generate() % items.size();
            vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, items[index].Buf, items[index].Alloc);
            items.erase(items.begin() + index);
        }
    }

    // Randomly allocate and free items.
    {
        const size_t OPERATION_COUNT = BUF_COUNT;
        for(size_t i = 0; i < OPERATION_COUNT; ++i)
        {
            bool allocate = rand.Generate() % 2 != 0;
            if(allocate)
            {
                if(items.size() < BUF_COUNT)
                {
                    BufItem item;
                    res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufferInfo, &allocInfo, &item.Buf, &item.Alloc, nullptr);
                    if(res == VK_SUCCESS)
                        items.push_back(item);
               }
            }
            else // Free
            {
                if(!items.empty())
                {
                    size_t index = (size_t)rand.Generate() % items.size();
                    vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, items[index].Buf, items[index].Alloc);
                    items.erase(items.begin() + index);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Allocate up to maximum.
    while(items.size() < BUF_COUNT)
    {
        BufItem item;
        res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufferInfo, &allocInfo, &item.Buf, &item.Alloc, nullptr);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
        items.push_back(item);
    }

    // Free one item.
    vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, items.back().Buf, items.back().Alloc);
    items.pop_back();

    // Validate statistics.
    {
        VmaDetailedStatistics poolStats = {};
        vmaCalculatePoolStatistics(g_hAllocator, pool, &poolStats);
        TEST(poolStats.statistics.allocationCount == items.size());
        TEST(poolStats.statistics.blockBytes == BUF_COUNT * BUF_SIZE);
        TEST(poolStats.unusedRangeCount == 1);
        TEST(poolStats.statistics.blockBytes - poolStats.statistics.allocationBytes == BUF_SIZE);
    }

    // Free all remaining items.
    for(size_t i = items.size(); i--; )
        vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, items[i].Buf, items[i].Alloc);
    items.clear();

    // Allocate maximum items again.
    for(size_t i = 0; i < BUF_COUNT; ++i)
    {
        BufItem item;
        res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufferInfo, &allocInfo, &item.Buf, &item.Alloc, nullptr);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
        items.push_back(item);
    }

    // Delete every other item.
    for(size_t i = 0; i < BUF_COUNT / 2; ++i)
    {
        vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, items[i].Buf, items[i].Alloc);
        items.erase(items.begin() + i);
    }

    // Defragment!
    {
        VmaDefragmentationInfo defragmentationInfo = {};
        defragmentationInfo.flags = VMA_DEFRAGMENTATION_FLAG_ALGORITHM_FULL_BIT;
        defragmentationInfo.pool = pool;

        VmaDefragmentationContext defragCtx = nullptr;
        VkResult res = vmaBeginDefragmentation(g_hAllocator, &defragmentationInfo, &defragCtx);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

        VmaDefragmentationPassMoveInfo pass = {};
        while ((res = vmaBeginDefragmentationPass(g_hAllocator, defragCtx, &pass)) == VK_INCOMPLETE)
        {
            if ((res = vmaEndDefragmentationPass(g_hAllocator, defragCtx, &pass)) == VK_SUCCESS)
                break;
            TEST(res == VK_INCOMPLETE);
        }
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

        VmaDefragmentationStats defragmentationStats;
        vmaEndDefragmentation(g_hAllocator, defragCtx, &defragmentationStats);
        TEST(defragmentationStats.allocationsMoved == 24);
    }

    // Free all remaining items.
    for(size_t i = items.size(); i--; )
        vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, items[i].Buf, items[i].Alloc);
    items.clear();

    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // Test for allocation too large for pool

    {
        VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
        allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;

        VkMemoryRequirements memReq;
        memReq.memoryTypeBits = UINT32_MAX;
        memReq.alignment = 1;
        memReq.size = poolCreateInfo.blockSize + 4;

        VmaAllocation alloc = nullptr;
        res = vmaAllocateMemory(g_hAllocator, &memReq, &allocCreateInfo, &alloc, nullptr);
        TEST(res == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY && alloc == nullptr);
    }

    vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
}

static bool ValidatePattern(const void* pMemory, size_t size, uint8_t pattern)
{
    const uint8_t* pBytes = (const uint8_t*)pMemory;
    for(size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
    {
        if(pBytes[i] != pattern)
        {
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}

static void TestAllocationsInitialization()
{
    VkResult res;

    const size_t BUF_SIZE = 1024;

    // Create pool.

    VkBufferCreateInfo bufInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    bufInfo.size = BUF_SIZE;
    bufInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo dummyBufAllocCreateInfo = {};
    dummyBufAllocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO;
    dummyBufAllocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_RANDOM_BIT;

    VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
    poolCreateInfo.blockSize = BUF_SIZE * 10;
    poolCreateInfo.minBlockCount = 1; // To keep memory alive while pool exists.
    poolCreateInfo.maxBlockCount = 1;
    res = vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(g_hAllocator, &bufInfo, &dummyBufAllocCreateInfo, &poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo bufAllocCreateInfo = {};
    res = vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &bufAllocCreateInfo.pool);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

    // Create one persistently mapped buffer to keep memory of this block mapped,
    // so that pointer to mapped data will remain (more or less...) valid even
    // after destruction of other allocations.

    bufAllocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;
    VkBuffer firstBuf;
    VmaAllocation firstAlloc;
    res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufInfo, &bufAllocCreateInfo, &firstBuf, &firstAlloc, nullptr);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

    // Test buffers.

    for(uint32_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
    {
        const bool persistentlyMapped = i == 0;
        bufAllocCreateInfo.flags = persistentlyMapped ? VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT : 0;
        VkBuffer buf;
        VmaAllocation alloc;
        VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
        res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufInfo, &bufAllocCreateInfo, &buf, &alloc, &allocInfo);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

        void* pMappedData;
        if(!persistentlyMapped)
        {
            res = vmaMapMemory(g_hAllocator, alloc, &pMappedData);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
        }
        else
        {
            pMappedData = allocInfo.pMappedData;
        }

        // Validate initialized content
        bool valid = ValidatePattern(pMappedData, BUF_SIZE, 0xDC);
        TEST(valid);

        if(!persistentlyMapped)
        {
            vmaUnmapMemory(g_hAllocator, alloc);
        }

        vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf, alloc);

        // Validate freed content
        valid = ValidatePattern(pMappedData, BUF_SIZE, 0xEF);
        TEST(valid);
    }

    vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, firstBuf, firstAlloc);
    vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, bufAllocCreateInfo.pool);
}

static void TestPool_Benchmark(
    PoolTestResult& outResult,
    const PoolTestConfig& config)
{
    TEST(config.ThreadCount > 0);

    RandomNumberGenerator mainRand{config.RandSeed};

    uint32_t allocationSizeProbabilitySum = std::accumulate(
        config.AllocationSizes.begin(),
        config.AllocationSizes.end(),
        0u,
        [](uint32_t sum, const AllocationSize& allocSize) {
            return sum + allocSize.Probability;
        });

    VkBufferCreateInfo bufferTemplateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    bufferTemplateInfo.size = 256; // Whatever.
    bufferTemplateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;

    VkImageCreateInfo imageTemplateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO };
    imageTemplateInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
    imageTemplateInfo.extent.width = 256; // Whatever.
    imageTemplateInfo.extent.height = 256; // Whatever.
    imageTemplateInfo.extent.depth = 1;
    imageTemplateInfo.mipLevels = 1;
    imageTemplateInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
    imageTemplateInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
    imageTemplateInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL; // LINEAR if CPU memory.
    imageTemplateInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED;
    imageTemplateInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT; // TRANSFER_SRC if CPU memory.
    imageTemplateInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

    uint32_t bufferMemoryTypeBits = UINT32_MAX;
    {
        VkBuffer dummyBuffer;
        VkResult res = vkCreateBuffer(g_hDevice, &bufferTemplateInfo, g_Allocs, &dummyBuffer);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

        VkMemoryRequirements memReq;
        vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(g_hDevice, dummyBuffer, &memReq);
        bufferMemoryTypeBits = memReq.memoryTypeBits;

        vkDestroyBuffer(g_hDevice, dummyBuffer, g_Allocs);
    }

    uint32_t imageMemoryTypeBits = UINT32_MAX;
    {
        VkImage dummyImage;
        VkResult res = vkCreateImage(g_hDevice, &imageTemplateInfo, g_Allocs, &dummyImage);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

        VkMemoryRequirements memReq;
        vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(g_hDevice, dummyImage, &memReq);
        imageMemoryTypeBits = memReq.memoryTypeBits;

        vkDestroyImage(g_hDevice, dummyImage, g_Allocs);
    }

    uint32_t memoryTypeBits = 0;
    if(config.UsesBuffers() && config.UsesImages())
    {
        memoryTypeBits = bufferMemoryTypeBits & imageMemoryTypeBits;
        if(memoryTypeBits == 0)
        {
            PrintWarning(L"Cannot test buffers + images in the same memory pool on this GPU.");
            return;
        }
    }
    else if(config.UsesBuffers())
        memoryTypeBits = bufferMemoryTypeBits;
    else if(config.UsesImages())
        memoryTypeBits = imageMemoryTypeBits;
    else
        TEST(0);

    VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
    poolCreateInfo.minBlockCount = 1;
    poolCreateInfo.maxBlockCount = 1;
    poolCreateInfo.blockSize = config.PoolSize;

    const VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties* memProps = nullptr;
    vmaGetMemoryProperties(g_hAllocator, &memProps);

    VmaPool pool = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    VkResult res;
    // Loop over memory types because we sometimes allocate a big block here,
    // while the most eligible DEVICE_LOCAL heap may be only 256 MB on some GPUs.
    while(memoryTypeBits)
    {
        VmaAllocationCreateInfo dummyAllocCreateInfo = {};
        dummyAllocCreateInfo.preferredFlags = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT;
        vmaFindMemoryTypeIndex(g_hAllocator, memoryTypeBits, &dummyAllocCreateInfo, &poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex);

        const uint32_t heapIndex = memProps->memoryTypes[poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex].heapIndex;
        // Protection against validation layer error when trying to allocate a block larger than entire heap size,
        // which may be only 256 MB on some platforms.
        if(poolCreateInfo.blockSize * poolCreateInfo.minBlockCount < memProps->memoryHeaps[heapIndex].size)
        {
            res = vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool);
            if(res == VK_SUCCESS)
                break;
        }
        memoryTypeBits &= ~(1u << poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex);
    }
    TEST(pool);

    // Start time measurement - after creating pool and initializing data structures.
    time_point timeBeg = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();

    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // ThreadProc
    auto ThreadProc = [&config, allocationSizeProbabilitySum, pool](
        PoolTestThreadResult* outThreadResult,
        uint32_t randSeed,
        HANDLE frameStartEvent,
        HANDLE frameEndEvent) -> void
    {
        RandomNumberGenerator threadRand{randSeed};
        VkResult res = VK_SUCCESS;

        VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
        bufferInfo.size = 256; // Whatever.
        bufferInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;

        VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO };
        imageInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
        imageInfo.extent.width = 256; // Whatever.
        imageInfo.extent.height = 256; // Whatever.
        imageInfo.extent.depth = 1;
        imageInfo.mipLevels = 1;
        imageInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
        imageInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
        imageInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL; // LINEAR if CPU memory.
        imageInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED;
        imageInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT; // TRANSFER_SRC if CPU memory.
        imageInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

        outThreadResult->AllocationTimeMin = duration::max();
        outThreadResult->AllocationTimeSum = duration::zero();
        outThreadResult->AllocationTimeMax = duration::min();
        outThreadResult->DeallocationTimeMin = duration::max();
        outThreadResult->DeallocationTimeSum = duration::zero();
        outThreadResult->DeallocationTimeMax = duration::min();
        outThreadResult->AllocationCount = 0;
        outThreadResult->DeallocationCount = 0;
        outThreadResult->FailedAllocationCount = 0;
        outThreadResult->FailedAllocationTotalSize = 0;

        struct Item
        {
            VkDeviceSize BufferSize = 0;
            VkExtent2D ImageSize = { 0, 0 };
            VkBuffer Buf = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
            VkImage Image = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
            VmaAllocation Alloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

            Item() { }
            Item(Item&& src) :
                BufferSize(src.BufferSize), ImageSize(src.ImageSize), Buf(src.Buf), Image(src.Image), Alloc(src.Alloc)
            {
                src.BufferSize = 0;
                src.ImageSize = {0, 0};
                src.Buf = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
                src.Image = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
                src.Alloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
            }
            Item(const Item& src) = delete;
            ~Item()
            {
                DestroyResources();
            }
            Item& operator=(Item&& src)
            {
                if(&src != this)
                {
                    DestroyResources();
                    BufferSize = src.BufferSize; ImageSize = src.ImageSize;
                    Buf = src.Buf; Image = src.Image; Alloc = src.Alloc;
                    src.BufferSize = 0;
                    src.ImageSize = {0, 0};
                    src.Buf = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
                    src.Image = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
                    src.Alloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
                }
                return *this;
            }
            Item& operator=(const Item& src) = delete;
            void DestroyResources()
            {
                if(Buf)
                {
                    assert(Image == VK_NULL_HANDLE);
                    vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, Buf, Alloc);
                    Buf = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
                }
                else
                {
                    vmaDestroyImage(g_hAllocator, Image, Alloc);
                    Image = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
                }
                Alloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
            }
            VkDeviceSize CalcSizeBytes() const
            {
                return BufferSize +
                    4ull * ImageSize.width * ImageSize.height;
            }
        };
        std::vector<Item> unusedItems, usedItems;

        const size_t threadTotalItemCount = config.TotalItemCount / config.ThreadCount;

        // Create all items - all unused, not yet allocated.
        for(size_t i = 0; i < threadTotalItemCount; ++i)
        {
            Item item = {};

            uint32_t allocSizeIndex = 0;
            uint32_t r = threadRand.Generate() % allocationSizeProbabilitySum;
            while(r >= config.AllocationSizes[allocSizeIndex].Probability)
                r -= config.AllocationSizes[allocSizeIndex++].Probability;

            const AllocationSize& allocSize = config.AllocationSizes[allocSizeIndex];
            if(allocSize.BufferSizeMax > 0)
            {
                TEST(allocSize.BufferSizeMin > 0);
                TEST(allocSize.ImageSizeMin == 0 && allocSize.ImageSizeMax == 0);
                if(allocSize.BufferSizeMax == allocSize.BufferSizeMin)
                    item.BufferSize = allocSize.BufferSizeMin;
                else
                {
                    item.BufferSize = allocSize.BufferSizeMin + threadRand.Generate() % (allocSize.BufferSizeMax - allocSize.BufferSizeMin);
                    item.BufferSize = item.BufferSize / 16 * 16;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                TEST(allocSize.ImageSizeMin > 0 && allocSize.ImageSizeMax > 0);
                if(allocSize.ImageSizeMax == allocSize.ImageSizeMin)
                    item.ImageSize.width = item.ImageSize.height = allocSize.ImageSizeMax;
                else
                {
                    item.ImageSize.width  = allocSize.ImageSizeMin + threadRand.Generate() % (allocSize.ImageSizeMax - allocSize.ImageSizeMin);
                    item.ImageSize.height = allocSize.ImageSizeMin + threadRand.Generate() % (allocSize.ImageSizeMax - allocSize.ImageSizeMin);
                }
            }

            unusedItems.push_back(std::move(item));
        }

        auto Allocate = [&](Item& item) -> VkResult
        {
            assert(item.Buf == VK_NULL_HANDLE && item.Image == VK_NULL_HANDLE && item.Alloc == VK_NULL_HANDLE);

            VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
            allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;

            if(item.BufferSize)
            {
                bufferInfo.size = item.BufferSize;
                VkResult res = VK_SUCCESS;
                {
                    PoolAllocationTimeRegisterObj timeRegisterObj(*outThreadResult);
                    res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufferInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &item.Buf, &item.Alloc, nullptr);
                }
                if(res == VK_SUCCESS)
                    SetDebugUtilsObjectName(VK_OBJECT_TYPE_BUFFER, (uint64_t)item.Buf, "TestPool_Benchmark_Buffer");
                return res;
            }
            else
            {
                TEST(item.ImageSize.width && item.ImageSize.height);

                imageInfo.extent.width = item.ImageSize.width;
                imageInfo.extent.height = item.ImageSize.height;
                VkResult res = VK_SUCCESS;
                {
                    PoolAllocationTimeRegisterObj timeRegisterObj(*outThreadResult);
                    res = vmaCreateImage(g_hAllocator, &imageInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &item.Image, &item.Alloc, nullptr);
                }
                if(res == VK_SUCCESS)
                    SetDebugUtilsObjectName(VK_OBJECT_TYPE_IMAGE, (uint64_t)item.Image, "TestPool_Benchmark_Image");
                return res;
            }
        };

        ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        // Frames
        for(uint32_t frameIndex = 0; frameIndex < config.FrameCount; ++frameIndex)
        {
            WaitForSingleObject(frameStartEvent, INFINITE);

            // Always make some percent of used bufs unused, to choose different used ones.
            const size_t bufsToMakeUnused = usedItems.size() * config.ItemsToMakeUnusedPercent / 100;
            for(size_t i = 0; i < bufsToMakeUnused; ++i)
            {
                size_t index = threadRand.Generate() % usedItems.size();
                auto it = usedItems.begin() + index;
                Item item = std::move(*it);
                usedItems.erase(it);
                unusedItems.push_back(std::move(item));
            }

            // Determine which bufs we want to use in this frame.
            const size_t usedBufCount = (threadRand.Generate() % (config.UsedItemCountMax - config.UsedItemCountMin) + config.UsedItemCountMin)
                / config.ThreadCount;
            TEST(usedBufCount < usedItems.size() + unusedItems.size());
            // Move some used to unused.
            while(usedBufCount < usedItems.size())
            {
                size_t index = threadRand.Generate() % usedItems.size();
                auto it = usedItems.begin() + index;
                Item item = std::move(*it);
                usedItems.erase(it);
                unusedItems.push_back(std::move(item));
            }
            // Move some unused to used.
            while(usedBufCount > usedItems.size())
            {
                size_t index = threadRand.Generate() % unusedItems.size();
                auto it = unusedItems.begin() + index;
                Item item = std::move(*it);
                unusedItems.erase(it);
                usedItems.push_back(std::move(item));
            }

            uint32_t touchExistingCount = 0;
            uint32_t touchLostCount = 0;
            uint32_t createSucceededCount = 0;
            uint32_t createFailedCount = 0;

            // Touch all used bufs. If not created or lost, allocate.
            for(size_t i = 0; i < usedItems.size(); ++i)
            {
                Item& item = usedItems[i];
                // Not yet created.
                if(item.Alloc == VK_NULL_HANDLE)
                {
                    res = Allocate(item);
                    ++outThreadResult->AllocationCount;
                    if(res != VK_SUCCESS)
                    {
                        assert(item.Alloc == VK_NULL_HANDLE && item.Buf == VK_NULL_HANDLE && item.Image == VK_NULL_HANDLE);
                        ++outThreadResult->FailedAllocationCount;
                        outThreadResult->FailedAllocationTotalSize += item.CalcSizeBytes();
                        ++createFailedCount;
                    }
                    else
                        ++createSucceededCount;
                }
                else
                {
                    // Touch. TODO remove, refactor, there is no allocation touching any more.
                    VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
                    vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, item.Alloc, &allocInfo);
                    ++touchExistingCount;
                }
            }

            /*
            printf("Thread %u frame %u: Touch existing %u, create succeeded %u failed %u\n",
                randSeed, frameIndex,
                touchExistingCount,
                createSucceededCount, createFailedCount);
            */

            SetEvent(frameEndEvent);
        }

        // Free all remaining items.
        for(size_t i = usedItems.size(); i--; )
        {
            PoolDeallocationTimeRegisterObj timeRegisterObj(*outThreadResult);
            usedItems[i].DestroyResources();
            ++outThreadResult->DeallocationCount;
        }
        for(size_t i = unusedItems.size(); i--; )
        {
            PoolDeallocationTimeRegisterObj timeRegisterOb(*outThreadResult);
            unusedItems[i].DestroyResources();
            ++outThreadResult->DeallocationCount;
        }
    };

    // Launch threads.
    uint32_t threadRandSeed = mainRand.Generate();
    std::vector<HANDLE> frameStartEvents{config.ThreadCount};
    std::vector<HANDLE> frameEndEvents{config.ThreadCount};
    std::vector<std::thread> bkgThreads;
    std::vector<PoolTestThreadResult> threadResults{config.ThreadCount};
    for(uint32_t threadIndex = 0; threadIndex < config.ThreadCount; ++threadIndex)
    {
        frameStartEvents[threadIndex] = CreateEvent(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL);
        frameEndEvents[threadIndex] = CreateEvent(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL);
        bkgThreads.emplace_back(std::bind(
            ThreadProc,
            &threadResults[threadIndex],
            threadRandSeed + threadIndex,
            frameStartEvents[threadIndex],
            frameEndEvents[threadIndex]));
    }

    // Execute frames.
    TEST(config.ThreadCount <= MAXIMUM_WAIT_OBJECTS);
    for(uint32_t frameIndex = 0; frameIndex < config.FrameCount; ++frameIndex)
    {
        vmaSetCurrentFrameIndex(g_hAllocator, frameIndex);
        for(size_t threadIndex = 0; threadIndex < config.ThreadCount; ++threadIndex)
            SetEvent(frameStartEvents[threadIndex]);
        WaitForMultipleObjects(config.ThreadCount, &frameEndEvents[0], TRUE, INFINITE);
    }

    // Wait for threads finished
    for(size_t i = 0; i < bkgThreads.size(); ++i)
    {
        bkgThreads[i].join();
        CloseHandle(frameEndEvents[i]);
        CloseHandle(frameStartEvents[i]);
    }
    bkgThreads.clear();

    // Finish time measurement - before destroying pool.
    outResult.TotalTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() - timeBeg;

    vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);

    outResult.AllocationTimeMin = duration::max();
    outResult.AllocationTimeAvg = duration::zero();
    outResult.AllocationTimeMax = duration::min();
    outResult.DeallocationTimeMin = duration::max();
    outResult.DeallocationTimeAvg = duration::zero();
    outResult.DeallocationTimeMax = duration::min();
    outResult.FailedAllocationCount = 0;
    outResult.FailedAllocationTotalSize = 0;
    size_t allocationCount = 0;
    size_t deallocationCount = 0;
    for(size_t threadIndex = 0; threadIndex < config.ThreadCount; ++threadIndex)
    {
        const PoolTestThreadResult& threadResult = threadResults[threadIndex];
        outResult.AllocationTimeMin = std::min(outResult.AllocationTimeMin, threadResult.AllocationTimeMin);
        outResult.AllocationTimeMax = std::max(outResult.AllocationTimeMax, threadResult.AllocationTimeMax);
        outResult.AllocationTimeAvg += threadResult.AllocationTimeSum;
        outResult.DeallocationTimeMin = std::min(outResult.DeallocationTimeMin, threadResult.DeallocationTimeMin);
        outResult.DeallocationTimeMax = std::max(outResult.DeallocationTimeMax, threadResult.DeallocationTimeMax);
        outResult.DeallocationTimeAvg += threadResult.DeallocationTimeSum;
        allocationCount += threadResult.AllocationCount;
        deallocationCount += threadResult.DeallocationCount;
        outResult.FailedAllocationCount += threadResult.FailedAllocationCount;
        outResult.FailedAllocationTotalSize += threadResult.FailedAllocationTotalSize;
    }
    if(allocationCount)
        outResult.AllocationTimeAvg /= allocationCount;
    if(deallocationCount)
        outResult.DeallocationTimeAvg /= deallocationCount;
}

static inline bool MemoryRegionsOverlap(char* ptr1, size_t size1, char* ptr2, size_t size2)
{
    if(ptr1 < ptr2)
        return ptr1 + size1 > ptr2;
    else if(ptr2 < ptr1)
        return ptr2 + size2 > ptr1;
    else
        return true;
}

static void TestMemoryUsage()
{
    wprintf(L"Testing memory usage:\n");

    static const VmaMemoryUsage lastUsage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_LAZILY_ALLOCATED;
    for(uint32_t usage = 0; usage <= lastUsage; ++usage)
    {
        switch(usage)
        {
        case VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_UNKNOWN: printf("  VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_UNKNOWN:\n"); break;
        case VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY: printf("  VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY:\n"); break;
        case VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY: printf("  VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY:\n"); break;
        case VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_TO_GPU: printf("  VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_TO_GPU:\n"); break;
        case VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_TO_CPU: printf("  VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_TO_CPU:\n"); break;
        case VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_COPY: printf("  VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_COPY:\n"); break;
        case VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_LAZILY_ALLOCATED: printf("  VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_LAZILY_ALLOCATED:\n"); break;
        default: assert(0);
        }

        auto printResult = [](const char* testName, VkResult res, uint32_t memoryTypeBits, uint32_t memoryTypeIndex)
        {
            if(res == VK_SUCCESS)
                printf("    %s: memoryTypeBits=0x%X, memoryTypeIndex=%u\n", testName, memoryTypeBits, memoryTypeIndex);
            else
                printf("    %s: memoryTypeBits=0x%X, FAILED with res=%d\n", testName, memoryTypeBits, (int32_t)res);
        };

        // 1: Buffer for copy
        {
            VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
            bufCreateInfo.size = 65536;
            bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;

            VkBuffer buf = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
            VkResult res = vkCreateBuffer(g_hDevice, &bufCreateInfo, g_Allocs, &buf);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && buf != VK_NULL_HANDLE);

            VkMemoryRequirements memReq = {};
            vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(g_hDevice, buf, &memReq);

            VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
            allocCreateInfo.usage = (VmaMemoryUsage)usage;
            VmaAllocation alloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
            VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo = {};
            res = vmaAllocateMemoryForBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf, &allocCreateInfo, &alloc, &allocInfo);
            if(res == VK_SUCCESS)
            {
                TEST((memReq.memoryTypeBits & (1u << allocInfo.memoryType)) != 0);
                res = vkBindBufferMemory(g_hDevice, buf, allocInfo.deviceMemory, allocInfo.offset);
                TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            }
            printResult("Buffer TRANSFER_DST + TRANSFER_SRC", res, memReq.memoryTypeBits, allocInfo.memoryType);
            vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf, alloc);
        }

        // 2: Vertex buffer
        {
            VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
            bufCreateInfo.size = 65536;
            bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT;

            VkBuffer buf = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
            VkResult res = vkCreateBuffer(g_hDevice, &bufCreateInfo, g_Allocs, &buf);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && buf != VK_NULL_HANDLE);

            VkMemoryRequirements memReq = {};
            vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(g_hDevice, buf, &memReq);

            VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
            allocCreateInfo.usage = (VmaMemoryUsage)usage;
            VmaAllocation alloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
            VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo = {};
            res = vmaAllocateMemoryForBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf, &allocCreateInfo, &alloc, &allocInfo);
            if(res == VK_SUCCESS)
            {
                TEST((memReq.memoryTypeBits & (1u << allocInfo.memoryType)) != 0);
                res = vkBindBufferMemory(g_hDevice, buf, allocInfo.deviceMemory, allocInfo.offset);
                TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            }
            printResult("Buffer TRANSFER_DST + VERTEX_BUFFER", res, memReq.memoryTypeBits, allocInfo.memoryType);
            vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf, alloc);
        }

        // 3: Image for copy, OPTIMAL
        {
            VkImageCreateInfo imgCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO };
            imgCreateInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
            imgCreateInfo.extent.width = 256;
            imgCreateInfo.extent.height = 256;
            imgCreateInfo.extent.depth = 1;
            imgCreateInfo.mipLevels = 1;
            imgCreateInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
            imgCreateInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
            imgCreateInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
            imgCreateInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
            imgCreateInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
            imgCreateInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

            VkImage img = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
            VkResult res = vkCreateImage(g_hDevice, &imgCreateInfo, g_Allocs, &img);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && img != VK_NULL_HANDLE);

            VkMemoryRequirements memReq = {};
            vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(g_hDevice, img, &memReq);

            VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
            allocCreateInfo.usage = (VmaMemoryUsage)usage;
            VmaAllocation alloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
            VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo = {};
            res = vmaAllocateMemoryForImage(g_hAllocator, img, &allocCreateInfo, &alloc, &allocInfo);
            if(res == VK_SUCCESS)
            {
                TEST((memReq.memoryTypeBits & (1u << allocInfo.memoryType)) != 0);
                res = vkBindImageMemory(g_hDevice, img, allocInfo.deviceMemory, allocInfo.offset);
                TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            }
            printResult("Image OPTIMAL TRANSFER_DST + TRANSFER_SRC", res, memReq.memoryTypeBits, allocInfo.memoryType);

            vmaDestroyImage(g_hAllocator, img, alloc);
        }

        // 4: Image SAMPLED, OPTIMAL
        {
            VkImageCreateInfo imgCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO };
            imgCreateInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
            imgCreateInfo.extent.width = 256;
            imgCreateInfo.extent.height = 256;
            imgCreateInfo.extent.depth = 1;
            imgCreateInfo.mipLevels = 1;
            imgCreateInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
            imgCreateInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
            imgCreateInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
            imgCreateInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
            imgCreateInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
            imgCreateInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

            VkImage img = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
            VkResult res = vkCreateImage(g_hDevice, &imgCreateInfo, g_Allocs, &img);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && img != VK_NULL_HANDLE);

            VkMemoryRequirements memReq = {};
            vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(g_hDevice, img, &memReq);

            VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
            allocCreateInfo.usage = (VmaMemoryUsage)usage;
            VmaAllocation alloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
            VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo = {};
            res = vmaAllocateMemoryForImage(g_hAllocator, img, &allocCreateInfo, &alloc, &allocInfo);
            if(res == VK_SUCCESS)
            {
                TEST((memReq.memoryTypeBits & (1u << allocInfo.memoryType)) != 0);
                res = vkBindImageMemory(g_hDevice, img, allocInfo.deviceMemory, allocInfo.offset);
                TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            }
            printResult("Image OPTIMAL TRANSFER_DST + SAMPLED", res, memReq.memoryTypeBits, allocInfo.memoryType);
            vmaDestroyImage(g_hAllocator, img, alloc);
        }

        // 5: Image COLOR_ATTACHMENT, OPTIMAL
        {
            VkImageCreateInfo imgCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO };
            imgCreateInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
            imgCreateInfo.extent.width = 256;
            imgCreateInfo.extent.height = 256;
            imgCreateInfo.extent.depth = 1;
            imgCreateInfo.mipLevels = 1;
            imgCreateInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
            imgCreateInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
            imgCreateInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
            imgCreateInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
            imgCreateInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;
            imgCreateInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

            VkImage img = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
            VkResult res = vkCreateImage(g_hDevice, &imgCreateInfo, g_Allocs, &img);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && img != VK_NULL_HANDLE);

            VkMemoryRequirements memReq = {};
            vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(g_hDevice, img, &memReq);

            VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
            allocCreateInfo.usage = (VmaMemoryUsage)usage;
            VmaAllocation alloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
            VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo = {};
            res = vmaAllocateMemoryForImage(g_hAllocator, img, &allocCreateInfo, &alloc, &allocInfo);
            if(res == VK_SUCCESS)
            {
                TEST((memReq.memoryTypeBits & (1u << allocInfo.memoryType)) != 0);
                res = vkBindImageMemory(g_hDevice, img, allocInfo.deviceMemory, allocInfo.offset);
                TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            }
            printResult("Image OPTIMAL SAMPLED + COLOR_ATTACHMENT", res, memReq.memoryTypeBits, allocInfo.memoryType);
            vmaDestroyImage(g_hAllocator, img, alloc);
        }
    }
}

static void TestDataUploadingWithStagingBuffer()
{
    wprintf(L"Testing data uploading with staging buffer...\n");

    // Generate some random data to fill the uniform buffer with.
    const VkDeviceSize bufferSize = 65536;
    std::vector<std::uint8_t> bufferData(bufferSize);
    for (auto& bufferByte : bufferData) {
        bufferByte = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(rand());
    }

    VkBufferCreateInfo uniformBufferCI = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    uniformBufferCI.size = bufferSize;
    uniformBufferCI.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT; // Change this if you want to create another type of buffer.

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo uniformBufferAllocCI = {};
    uniformBufferAllocCI.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO;

    VkBuffer uniformBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    VmaAllocation uniformBufferAlloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    VmaAllocationInfo uniformBufferAllocInfo = {};

    VkResult result = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &uniformBufferCI, &uniformBufferAllocCI, &uniformBuffer, &uniformBufferAlloc, &uniformBufferAllocInfo);
    TEST(result == VK_SUCCESS);

    VkBufferCreateInfo stagingBufferCI = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    stagingBufferCI.size = bufferSize;
    stagingBufferCI.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo stagingBufferAllocCI = {};
    stagingBufferAllocCI.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO;
    stagingBufferAllocCI.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT | VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;

    VkBuffer stagingBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    VmaAllocation stagingBufferAlloc = {};
    VmaAllocationInfo stagingBufferAllocInfo = {};

    result = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &stagingBufferCI, &stagingBufferAllocCI, &stagingBuffer, &stagingBufferAlloc, &stagingBufferAllocInfo);
    TEST(result == VK_SUCCESS);

    TEST(stagingBufferAllocInfo.pMappedData != nullptr);
    vmaCopyMemoryToAllocation(g_hAllocator, bufferData.data(), stagingBufferAlloc, 0, bufferData.size());

    BeginSingleTimeCommands();

    VkBufferMemoryBarrier bufferMemBarrier = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_MEMORY_BARRIER };
    bufferMemBarrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_HOST_WRITE_BIT;
    bufferMemBarrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT;
    bufferMemBarrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
    bufferMemBarrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
    bufferMemBarrier.buffer = stagingBuffer;
    bufferMemBarrier.offset = 0;
    bufferMemBarrier.size = VK_WHOLE_SIZE;

    vkCmdPipelineBarrier(g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr, 1, &bufferMemBarrier, 0, nullptr);

    VkBufferCopy bufferCopy = {};
    bufferCopy.srcOffset = 0;
    bufferCopy.dstOffset = 0;
    bufferCopy.size = bufferSize;

    vkCmdCopyBuffer(g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer, stagingBuffer, uniformBuffer, 1, &bufferCopy);

    VkBufferMemoryBarrier bufferMemBarrier2 = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_MEMORY_BARRIER };
    bufferMemBarrier2.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
    bufferMemBarrier2.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_UNIFORM_READ_BIT; // Change this if you want to create another type of buffer.
    bufferMemBarrier2.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
    bufferMemBarrier2.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
    bufferMemBarrier2.buffer = uniformBuffer;
    bufferMemBarrier2.offset = 0;
    bufferMemBarrier2.size = VK_WHOLE_SIZE;

    vkCmdPipelineBarrier(g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr, 1, &bufferMemBarrier2, 0, nullptr);

    EndSingleTimeCommands();

    vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferAlloc);
    vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, uniformBuffer, uniformBufferAlloc);
}

static void TestDataUploadingWithMappedMemory() {
    wprintf(L"Testing data uploading with mapped memory...\n");

    // Generate some random data to fill the uniform buffer with.
    const VkDeviceSize bufferSize = 65536;
    std::vector<std::uint8_t> bufferData(bufferSize);
    for (auto& bufferByte : bufferData) {
        bufferByte = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(rand() % 256);
    }

    VkBufferCreateInfo uniformBufferCI = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    uniformBufferCI.size = bufferSize;
    uniformBufferCI.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT; // Change this if you want to create another type of buffer.

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo uniformBufferAllocCI = {};
    uniformBufferAllocCI.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO;
    uniformBufferAllocCI.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT | VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT; // We want memory to be mapped.

    VkBuffer uniformBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    VmaAllocation uniformBufferAlloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    VmaAllocationInfo uniformBufferAllocInfo = {};

    VkResult result = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &uniformBufferCI, &uniformBufferAllocCI, &uniformBuffer, &uniformBufferAlloc, &uniformBufferAllocInfo);
    TEST(result == VK_SUCCESS);

    // We need to check if the uniform buffer really ended up in mappable memory.
    VkMemoryPropertyFlags memPropFlags;
    vmaGetAllocationMemoryProperties(g_hAllocator, uniformBufferAlloc, &memPropFlags);
    TEST(memPropFlags & VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT);

    TEST(uniformBufferAllocInfo.pMappedData != nullptr);
    vmaCopyMemoryToAllocation(g_hAllocator, bufferData.data(), uniformBufferAlloc, 0, bufferData.size());

    BeginSingleTimeCommands();

    VkBufferMemoryBarrier bufferMemBarrier = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_MEMORY_BARRIER };
    bufferMemBarrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_HOST_WRITE_BIT;
    bufferMemBarrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_UNIFORM_READ_BIT; // Change this if you want to create another type of buffer.
    bufferMemBarrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
    bufferMemBarrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
    bufferMemBarrier.buffer = uniformBuffer;
    bufferMemBarrier.offset = 0;
    bufferMemBarrier.size = VK_WHOLE_SIZE;

    vkCmdPipelineBarrier(g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr, 1, &bufferMemBarrier, 0, nullptr);

    EndSingleTimeCommands();

    vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, uniformBuffer, uniformBufferAlloc);
}

static void TestAdvancedDataUploading() {
    wprintf(L"Testing advanced data uploading...\n");

    // Generate some random data to fill the uniform buffer with.
    const VkDeviceSize bufferSize = 65536;
    std::vector<std::uint8_t> bufferData(bufferSize);
    for (auto& bufferByte : bufferData) {
        bufferByte = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(rand() % 256);
    }

    VkBufferCreateInfo uniformBufferCI = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    uniformBufferCI.size = bufferSize;
    uniformBufferCI.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT; // Change this if you want to create another type of buffer.

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo uniformBufferAllocCI = {};
    uniformBufferAllocCI.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO;
    uniformBufferAllocCI.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT | VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_ALLOW_TRANSFER_INSTEAD_BIT
                                    | VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;

    VkBuffer uniformBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    VmaAllocation uniformBufferAlloc = {};
    VmaAllocationInfo uniformBufferAllocInfo = {};

    VkResult result = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &uniformBufferCI, &uniformBufferAllocCI, &uniformBuffer, &uniformBufferAlloc, &uniformBufferAllocInfo);
    TEST(result == VK_SUCCESS);

    VkMemoryPropertyFlags memPropFlags;
    vmaGetAllocationMemoryProperties(g_hAllocator, uniformBufferAlloc, &memPropFlags);

    if (memPropFlags & VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT) {
        // The allocation ended up as mapped memory.
        TEST(uniformBufferAllocInfo.pMappedData != nullptr);
        vmaCopyMemoryToAllocation(g_hAllocator, bufferData.data(), uniformBufferAlloc, 0, bufferData.size());

        BeginSingleTimeCommands();

        VkBufferMemoryBarrier bufferMemBarrier = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_MEMORY_BARRIER };
        bufferMemBarrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_HOST_WRITE_BIT;
        bufferMemBarrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_UNIFORM_READ_BIT; // Change this if you want to create another type of buffer.
        bufferMemBarrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
        bufferMemBarrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
        bufferMemBarrier.buffer = uniformBuffer;
        bufferMemBarrier.offset = 0;
        bufferMemBarrier.size = VK_WHOLE_SIZE;

        vkCmdPipelineBarrier(g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr, 1, &bufferMemBarrier, 0, nullptr);

        EndSingleTimeCommands();
    }
    else {
        // The allocation did not end up in mapped memory, so we need a staging buffer and a copy operation to update it.
        VkBufferCreateInfo stagingBufferCI = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
        stagingBufferCI.size = bufferSize;
        stagingBufferCI.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;

        VmaAllocationCreateInfo stagingBufferAllocCI = {};
        stagingBufferAllocCI.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO;
        stagingBufferAllocCI.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT | VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;

        VkBuffer stagingBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        VmaAllocation stagingBufferAlloc = {};
        VmaAllocationInfo stagingBufferAllocInfo = {};

        result = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &stagingBufferCI, &stagingBufferAllocCI, &stagingBuffer, &stagingBufferAlloc, &stagingBufferAllocInfo);
        TEST(result == VK_SUCCESS);

        TEST(stagingBufferAllocInfo.pMappedData != nullptr);
        vmaCopyMemoryToAllocation(g_hAllocator, bufferData.data(), stagingBufferAlloc, 0, bufferData.size());

        result = vmaFlushAllocation(g_hAllocator, uniformBufferAlloc, 0, VK_WHOLE_SIZE);
        TEST(result == VK_SUCCESS);

        BeginSingleTimeCommands();

        VkBufferMemoryBarrier bufferMemBarrier = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_MEMORY_BARRIER };
        bufferMemBarrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_HOST_WRITE_BIT;
        bufferMemBarrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT;
        bufferMemBarrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
        bufferMemBarrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
        bufferMemBarrier.buffer = stagingBuffer;
        bufferMemBarrier.offset = 0;
        bufferMemBarrier.size = VK_WHOLE_SIZE;

        vkCmdPipelineBarrier(g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr, 1, &bufferMemBarrier, 0, nullptr);

        VkBufferCopy bufferCopy = {};
        bufferCopy.srcOffset = 0;
        bufferCopy.dstOffset = 0;
        bufferCopy.size = bufferSize;

        vkCmdCopyBuffer(g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer, stagingBuffer, uniformBuffer, 1, &bufferCopy);

        VkBufferMemoryBarrier bufferMemBarrier2 = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_MEMORY_BARRIER };
        bufferMemBarrier2.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
        bufferMemBarrier2.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_UNIFORM_READ_BIT; // Change this if you want to create another type of buffer.
        bufferMemBarrier2.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
        bufferMemBarrier2.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
        bufferMemBarrier2.buffer = uniformBuffer;
        bufferMemBarrier2.offset = 0;
        bufferMemBarrier2.size = VK_WHOLE_SIZE;

        vkCmdPipelineBarrier(g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr, 1, &bufferMemBarrier2, 0, nullptr);

        EndSingleTimeCommands();

        vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferAlloc);
    }

    vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, uniformBuffer, uniformBufferAlloc);
}

static uint32_t FindDeviceCoherentMemoryTypeBits()
{
    VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memProps;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(g_hPhysicalDevice, &memProps);

    uint32_t memTypeBits = 0;
    for(uint32_t i = 0; i < memProps.memoryTypeCount; ++i)
    {
        if(memProps.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_COHERENT_BIT_AMD)
            memTypeBits |= 1u << i;
    }
    return memTypeBits;
}

static void TestDeviceCoherentMemory()
{
    if(!VK_AMD_device_coherent_memory_enabled)
        return;

    uint32_t deviceCoherentMemoryTypeBits = FindDeviceCoherentMemoryTypeBits();
    // Extension is enabled, feature is enabled, and the device still doesn't support any such memory type?
    // OK then, so it's just fake!
    if(deviceCoherentMemoryTypeBits == 0)
        return;

    wprintf(L"Testing device coherent memory...\n");

    // 1. Try to allocate buffer from a memory type that is DEVICE_COHERENT.

    VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    bufCreateInfo.size = 0x10000;
    bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
    allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT;
    allocCreateInfo.requiredFlags = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_COHERENT_BIT_AMD;

    AllocInfo alloc = {};
    VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo = {};
    VkResult res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &alloc.m_Buffer, &alloc.m_Allocation, &allocInfo);

    // Make sure it succeeded and was really created in such memory type.
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
    TEST((1u << allocInfo.memoryType) & deviceCoherentMemoryTypeBits);

    alloc.Destroy();

    // 2. Try to create a pool in such memory type.
    {
        VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};

        res = vmaFindMemoryTypeIndex(g_hAllocator, UINT32_MAX, &allocCreateInfo, &poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
        TEST((1u << poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex) & deviceCoherentMemoryTypeBits);

        VmaPool pool = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        res = vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

        vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
    }

    // 3. Try the same with a local allocator created without VMA_ALLOCATOR_CREATE_AMD_DEVICE_COHERENT_MEMORY_BIT.

    VmaAllocatorCreateInfo allocatorCreateInfo = {};
    SetAllocatorCreateInfo(allocatorCreateInfo);
    allocatorCreateInfo.flags &= ~VMA_ALLOCATOR_CREATE_AMD_DEVICE_COHERENT_MEMORY_BIT;

    VmaAllocator localAllocator = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    res = vmaCreateAllocator(&allocatorCreateInfo, &localAllocator);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && localAllocator);

    res = vmaCreateBuffer(localAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &alloc.m_Buffer, &alloc.m_Allocation, &allocInfo);

    // Make sure it failed.
    TEST(res != VK_SUCCESS && !alloc.m_Buffer && !alloc.m_Allocation);

    // 4. Try to find memory type.
    {
        uint32_t memTypeIndex = UINT_MAX;
        res = vmaFindMemoryTypeIndex(localAllocator, UINT32_MAX, &allocCreateInfo, &memTypeIndex);
        TEST(res != VK_SUCCESS);
    }

    vmaDestroyAllocator(localAllocator);
}

static void InitEmptyDetailedStatistics(VmaDetailedStatistics& outStats)
{
    outStats = {};
    outStats.allocationSizeMin = VK_WHOLE_SIZE;
    outStats.unusedRangeSizeMin = VK_WHOLE_SIZE;
}

static void AddDetailedStatistics(VmaDetailedStatistics& inoutSum, const VmaDetailedStatistics& stats)
{
    inoutSum.statistics.allocationBytes += stats.statistics.allocationBytes;
    inoutSum.statistics.allocationCount += stats.statistics.allocationCount;
    inoutSum.statistics.blockBytes += stats.statistics.blockBytes;
    inoutSum.statistics.blockCount += stats.statistics.blockCount;
    inoutSum.unusedRangeCount += stats.unusedRangeCount;
    inoutSum.allocationSizeMax = std::max(inoutSum.allocationSizeMax, stats.allocationSizeMax);
    inoutSum.allocationSizeMin = std::min(inoutSum.allocationSizeMin, stats.allocationSizeMin);
    inoutSum.unusedRangeSizeMax = std::max(inoutSum.unusedRangeSizeMax, stats.unusedRangeSizeMax);
    inoutSum.unusedRangeSizeMin = std::min(inoutSum.unusedRangeSizeMin, stats.unusedRangeSizeMin);
}

static void ValidateTotalStatistics(const VmaTotalStatistics& stats)
{
    const VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties* memProps = nullptr;
    vmaGetMemoryProperties(g_hAllocator, &memProps);

    VmaDetailedStatistics sum;
    InitEmptyDetailedStatistics(sum);
    for(uint32_t i = 0; i < memProps->memoryHeapCount; ++i)
        AddDetailedStatistics(sum, stats.memoryHeap[i]);
    TEST(sum == stats.total);

    InitEmptyDetailedStatistics(sum);
    for(uint32_t i = 0; i < memProps->memoryTypeCount; ++i)
        AddDetailedStatistics(sum, stats.memoryType[i]);
    TEST(sum == stats.total);
}

static void TestStatistics()
{
    wprintf(L"Testing statistics...\n");

    constexpr VkDeviceSize BUF_SIZE = 10ull * 1024 * 1024;
    constexpr uint32_t BUF_COUNT = 4;
    constexpr VkDeviceSize PREALLOCATED_BLOCK_SIZE = BUF_SIZE * (BUF_COUNT + 1);

    const VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties* memProps = {};
    vmaGetMemoryProperties(g_hAllocator, &memProps);

    /*
    Test 0: VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT.
    Test 1: normal allocations.
    Test 2: allocations in a custom pool.
    Test 3: allocations in a custom pool, DEDICATED_MEMORY.
    Test 4: allocations in a custom pool with preallocated memory.
    */
    uint32_t memTypeIndex = UINT32_MAX;
    for(uint32_t testIndex = 0; testIndex < 5; ++testIndex)
    {
        vmaSetCurrentFrameIndex(g_hAllocator, ++g_FrameIndex);

        VmaBudget budgetBeg[VK_MAX_MEMORY_HEAPS] = {};
        vmaGetHeapBudgets(g_hAllocator, budgetBeg);
        VmaTotalStatistics statsBeg = {};
        vmaCalculateStatistics(g_hAllocator, &statsBeg);

        for(uint32_t i = 0; i < memProps->memoryHeapCount; ++i)
        {
            TEST(budgetBeg[i].budget > 0);
            TEST(budgetBeg[i].budget <= memProps->memoryHeaps[i].size);
            TEST(budgetBeg[i].statistics.allocationBytes <= budgetBeg[i].statistics.blockBytes);
        }

        // Create pool.
        const bool usePool = testIndex >= 2;
        const bool useDedicated = testIndex == 0 || testIndex == 3;
        const bool usePreallocated = testIndex == 4;
        VmaPool pool = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        if(usePool)
        {
            assert(memTypeIndex != UINT32_MAX);
            VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
            poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex = memTypeIndex;
            if(usePreallocated)
            {
                poolCreateInfo.blockSize = PREALLOCATED_BLOCK_SIZE;
                poolCreateInfo.minBlockCount = poolCreateInfo.maxBlockCount = 1;
            }
            TEST(vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool) == VK_SUCCESS);
        }

        VmaStatistics poolStatsBeg = {};
        VmaDetailedStatistics detailedPoolStatsBeg = {};
        if(usePool)
        {
            vmaGetPoolStatistics(g_hAllocator, pool, &poolStatsBeg);
            vmaCalculatePoolStatistics(g_hAllocator, pool, &detailedPoolStatsBeg);
        }

        // CREATE BUFFERS
        VkBufferCreateInfo bufInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
        bufInfo.size = BUF_SIZE;
        bufInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;

        VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
        if(usePool)
            allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;
        else
            allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_DEVICE;
        if(useDedicated)
            allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT;

        uint32_t heapIndex = 0;
        BufferInfo bufInfos[BUF_COUNT] = {};
        for(uint32_t bufIndex = 0; bufIndex < BUF_COUNT; ++bufIndex)
        {
            VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
            VkResult res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                &bufInfos[bufIndex].Buffer, &bufInfos[bufIndex].Allocation, &allocInfo);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            if(bufIndex == 0)
            {
                if(testIndex == 1)
                    memTypeIndex = allocInfo.memoryType;
                heapIndex = MemoryTypeToHeap(allocInfo.memoryType);
            }
            else
            {
                // All buffers need to fall into the same heap.
                TEST(MemoryTypeToHeap(allocInfo.memoryType) == heapIndex);
            }
        }

        VmaBudget budgetWithBufs[VK_MAX_MEMORY_HEAPS] = {};
        vmaGetHeapBudgets(g_hAllocator, budgetWithBufs);
        VmaTotalStatistics statsWithBufs = {};
        vmaCalculateStatistics(g_hAllocator, &statsWithBufs);

        VmaStatistics poolStatsWithBufs = {};
        VmaDetailedStatistics detailedPoolStatsWithBufs = {};
        if(usePool)
        {
            vmaGetPoolStatistics(g_hAllocator, pool, &poolStatsWithBufs);
            vmaCalculatePoolStatistics(g_hAllocator, pool, &detailedPoolStatsWithBufs);
        }

        // DESTROY BUFFERS
        for(size_t bufIndex = BUF_COUNT; bufIndex--; )
        {
            vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, bufInfos[bufIndex].Buffer, bufInfos[bufIndex].Allocation);
        }

        VmaStatistics poolStatsEnd = {};
        VmaDetailedStatistics detailedPoolStatsEnd = {};
        if(usePool)
        {
            vmaGetPoolStatistics(g_hAllocator, pool, &poolStatsEnd);
            vmaCalculatePoolStatistics(g_hAllocator, pool, &detailedPoolStatsEnd);
        }

        // Destroy the pool.
        vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);

        VmaBudget budgetEnd[VK_MAX_MEMORY_HEAPS] = {};
        vmaGetHeapBudgets(g_hAllocator, budgetEnd);
        VmaTotalStatistics statsEnd = {};
        vmaCalculateStatistics(g_hAllocator, &statsEnd);

        // CHECK MEMORY HEAPS
        for(uint32_t i = 0; i < memProps->memoryHeapCount; ++i)
        {
            TEST(budgetEnd[i].statistics.allocationBytes <= budgetEnd[i].statistics.blockBytes);

            // The heap in which we allocated the testing buffers.
            if(i == heapIndex)
            {
                // VmaBudget::usage
                TEST(budgetWithBufs[i].usage >= budgetBeg[i].usage);
                TEST(budgetEnd[i].usage <= budgetWithBufs[i].usage);

                // VmaBudget - VmaStatistics::allocationBytes
                TEST(budgetEnd[i].statistics.allocationBytes == budgetBeg[i].statistics.allocationBytes);
                TEST(budgetWithBufs[i].statistics.allocationBytes == budgetBeg[i].statistics.allocationBytes + BUF_SIZE * BUF_COUNT);
                
                // VmaBudget - VmaStatistics::blockBytes
                if(usePool)
                {
                    TEST(budgetEnd[i].statistics.blockBytes == budgetBeg[i].statistics.blockBytes);
                    TEST(budgetWithBufs[i].statistics.blockBytes > budgetBeg[i].statistics.blockBytes);
                }
                else
                    TEST(budgetWithBufs[i].statistics.blockBytes >= budgetBeg[i].statistics.blockBytes);

                // VmaBudget - VmaStatistics::allocationCount
                TEST(budgetEnd[i].statistics.allocationCount == budgetBeg[i].statistics.allocationCount);
                TEST(budgetWithBufs[i].statistics.allocationCount == budgetBeg[i].statistics.allocationCount + BUF_COUNT);

                // VmaBudget - VmaStatistics::blockCount
                if(useDedicated)
                {
                    TEST(budgetEnd[i].statistics.blockCount == budgetBeg[i].statistics.blockCount);
                    TEST(budgetWithBufs[i].statistics.blockCount == budgetBeg[i].statistics.blockCount + BUF_COUNT);
                }
                else if(usePool)
                {
                    TEST(budgetEnd[i].statistics.blockCount == budgetBeg[i].statistics.blockCount);
                    if(usePreallocated)
                        TEST(budgetWithBufs[i].statistics.blockCount == budgetBeg[i].statistics.blockCount + 1);
                    else
                        TEST(budgetWithBufs[i].statistics.blockCount > budgetBeg[i].statistics.blockCount);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                TEST(budgetEnd[i].statistics.allocationBytes == budgetBeg[i].statistics.allocationBytes &&
                    budgetEnd[i].statistics.allocationBytes == budgetWithBufs[i].statistics.allocationBytes);
                TEST(budgetEnd[i].statistics.blockBytes == budgetBeg[i].statistics.blockBytes &&
                    budgetEnd[i].statistics.blockBytes == budgetWithBufs[i].statistics.blockBytes);
                TEST(budgetEnd[i].statistics.allocationCount == budgetBeg[i].statistics.allocationCount &&
                    budgetEnd[i].statistics.allocationCount == budgetWithBufs[i].statistics.allocationCount);
                TEST(budgetEnd[i].statistics.blockCount == budgetBeg[i].statistics.blockCount &&
                    budgetEnd[i].statistics.blockCount == budgetWithBufs[i].statistics.blockCount);
            }

            // Validate that statistics per heap and per type sum up to total correctly.
            ValidateTotalStatistics(statsBeg);
            ValidateTotalStatistics(statsWithBufs);
            ValidateTotalStatistics(statsEnd);

            // Compare vmaCalculateStatistics per heap with vmaGetBudget.
            TEST(statsBeg.memoryHeap[i].statistics == budgetBeg[i].statistics);
            TEST(statsWithBufs.memoryHeap[i].statistics == budgetWithBufs[i].statistics);
            TEST(statsEnd.memoryHeap[i].statistics == budgetEnd[i].statistics);

            if(usePool)
            {
                // Compare simple stats with calculated stats to make sure they are identical.
                TEST(poolStatsBeg == detailedPoolStatsBeg.statistics);
                TEST(poolStatsWithBufs == detailedPoolStatsWithBufs.statistics);
                TEST(poolStatsEnd == detailedPoolStatsEnd.statistics);

                // Validate stats of an empty pool.
                TEST(detailedPoolStatsBeg.allocationSizeMax == 0);
                TEST(detailedPoolStatsEnd.allocationSizeMax == 0);
                TEST(detailedPoolStatsBeg.allocationSizeMin == VK_WHOLE_SIZE);
                TEST(detailedPoolStatsEnd.allocationSizeMin == VK_WHOLE_SIZE);
                TEST(poolStatsBeg.allocationCount == 0);
                TEST(poolStatsBeg.allocationBytes == 0);
                TEST(poolStatsEnd.allocationCount == 0);
                TEST(poolStatsEnd.allocationBytes == 0);
                if(usePreallocated)
                {
                    TEST(poolStatsBeg.blockCount      == 1);
                    TEST(poolStatsEnd.blockCount      == 1);
                    TEST(poolStatsBeg.blockBytes      == PREALLOCATED_BLOCK_SIZE);
                    TEST(poolStatsEnd.blockBytes      == PREALLOCATED_BLOCK_SIZE);
                }
                else
                {
                    TEST(poolStatsBeg.blockCount == 0);
                    TEST(poolStatsBeg.blockBytes == 0);
                    // Not checking poolStatsEnd.blockCount, blockBytes, because an empty block may stay allocated.
                }

                // Validate stats of a pool with buffers.
                TEST(detailedPoolStatsWithBufs.allocationSizeMin == BUF_SIZE);
                TEST(detailedPoolStatsWithBufs.allocationSizeMax == BUF_SIZE);
                TEST(poolStatsWithBufs.allocationCount == BUF_COUNT);
                TEST(poolStatsWithBufs.allocationBytes == BUF_COUNT * BUF_SIZE);
                if(usePreallocated)
                {
                    TEST(poolStatsWithBufs.blockCount == 1);
                    TEST(poolStatsWithBufs.blockBytes == PREALLOCATED_BLOCK_SIZE);
                }
                else
                {
                    TEST(poolStatsWithBufs.blockCount > 0);
                    TEST(poolStatsWithBufs.blockBytes >= poolStatsWithBufs.allocationBytes);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

static void TestAliasing()
{
    wprintf(L"Testing aliasing...\n");

    /*
    This is just a simple test, more like a code sample to demonstrate it's possible.
    */

    // A 512x512 texture to be sampled.
    VkImageCreateInfo img1CreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO };
    img1CreateInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
    img1CreateInfo.extent.width = 512;
    img1CreateInfo.extent.height = 512;
    img1CreateInfo.extent.depth = 1;
    img1CreateInfo.mipLevels = 10;
    img1CreateInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
    img1CreateInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB;
    img1CreateInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
    img1CreateInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
    img1CreateInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
    img1CreateInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

    // A full screen texture to be used as color attachment.
    VkImageCreateInfo img2CreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO };
    img2CreateInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
    img2CreateInfo.extent.width = 1920;
    img2CreateInfo.extent.height = 1080;
    img2CreateInfo.extent.depth = 1;
    img2CreateInfo.mipLevels = 1;
    img2CreateInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
    img2CreateInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
    img2CreateInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
    img2CreateInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
    img2CreateInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;
    img2CreateInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

    VkImage img1 = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN(vkCreateImage(g_hDevice, &img1CreateInfo, g_Allocs, &img1));
    VkImage img2 = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    ERR_GUARD_VULKAN(vkCreateImage(g_hDevice, &img2CreateInfo, g_Allocs, &img2));

    VkMemoryRequirements img1MemReq = {};
    vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(g_hDevice, img1, &img1MemReq);
    VkMemoryRequirements img2MemReq = {};
    vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(g_hDevice, img2, &img2MemReq);

    VkMemoryRequirements finalMemReq = {};
    finalMemReq.size = std::max(img1MemReq.size, img2MemReq.size);
    finalMemReq.alignment = std::max(img1MemReq.alignment, img2MemReq.alignment);
    finalMemReq.memoryTypeBits = img1MemReq.memoryTypeBits & img2MemReq.memoryTypeBits;
    if(finalMemReq.memoryTypeBits != 0)
    {
        wprintf(L"  size: max(%llu, %llu) = %llu\n",
            img1MemReq.size, img2MemReq.size, finalMemReq.size);
        wprintf(L"  alignment: max(%llu, %llu) = %llu\n",
            img1MemReq.alignment, img2MemReq.alignment, finalMemReq.alignment);
        wprintf(L"  memoryTypeBits: %u & %u = %u\n",
            img1MemReq.memoryTypeBits, img2MemReq.memoryTypeBits, finalMemReq.memoryTypeBits);

        VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
        allocCreateInfo.preferredFlags = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT;

        VmaAllocation alloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        ERR_GUARD_VULKAN(vmaAllocateMemory(g_hAllocator, &finalMemReq, &allocCreateInfo, &alloc, nullptr));

        ERR_GUARD_VULKAN(vmaBindImageMemory(g_hAllocator, alloc, img1));
        ERR_GUARD_VULKAN(vmaBindImageMemory(g_hAllocator, alloc, img2));

        // You can use img1, img2 here, but not at the same time!

        vmaFreeMemory(g_hAllocator, alloc);
    }
    else
    {
        wprintf(L"  Textures cannot alias!\n");
    }

    vkDestroyImage(g_hDevice, img2, g_Allocs);
    vkDestroyImage(g_hDevice, img1, g_Allocs);
}

static void TestAllocationAliasing()
{
    wprintf(L"Testing allocation aliasing...\n");

    /*
    * Test whether using VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_CAN_ALIAS_BIT suppress validation layer error
    * by don't supplying VkMemoryDedicatedAllocateInfoKHR to creation of dedicated memory
    * that will be used to alias with some other textures.
    */

    VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO };
    imageInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
    imageInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
    imageInfo.extent.depth = 1;
    imageInfo.mipLevels = 1;
    imageInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
    imageInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
    imageInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
    imageInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED;
    imageInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocationCreateInfo = {};
    allocationCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT;
    allocationCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO;

    // Bind 2 textures together into same memory without VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_CAN_ALIAS_BIT and then with flag set
    /*
    {
        VkImage originalImage;
        VmaAllocation allocation;
        imageInfo.extent.width = 640;
        imageInfo.extent.height = 480;
        VkResult res = vmaCreateImage(g_hAllocator, &imageInfo, &allocationCreateInfo, &originalImage, &allocation, nullptr);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

        VkImage aliasingImage;
        imageInfo.extent.width = 480;
        imageInfo.extent.height = 256;
        res = vkCreateImage(g_hDevice, &imageInfo, nullptr, &aliasingImage);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
        // After binding there should be inevitable validation layer error VUID-vkBindImageMemory-memory-01509
        res = vmaBindImageMemory(g_hAllocator, allocation, aliasingImage);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

        vkDestroyImage(g_hDevice, aliasingImage, nullptr);
        vmaDestroyImage(g_hAllocator, originalImage, allocation);
    }
    */
    allocationCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_CAN_ALIAS_BIT;
    {
        VkImage originalImage;
        VmaAllocation allocation;
        imageInfo.extent.width = 640;
        imageInfo.extent.height = 480;
        VkResult res = vmaCreateImage(g_hAllocator, &imageInfo, &allocationCreateInfo, &originalImage, &allocation, nullptr);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

        VkImage aliasingImage;
        imageInfo.extent.width = 480;
        imageInfo.extent.height = 256;
        res = vkCreateImage(g_hDevice, &imageInfo, g_Allocs, &aliasingImage);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
        // Now with VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_CAN_ALIAS_BIT flag validation error is no more
        res = vmaBindImageMemory(g_hAllocator, allocation, aliasingImage);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

        vkDestroyImage(g_hDevice, aliasingImage, g_Allocs);
        vmaDestroyImage(g_hAllocator, originalImage, allocation);
    }

    // Test creating buffer without DEDICATED flag, but large enought to end up as dedicated.
    allocationCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_CAN_ALIAS_BIT;

    VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = {VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO};
    bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_TEXEL_BUFFER_BIT;
    bufCreateInfo.size = 300 * MEGABYTE;

    {
        VkBuffer origBuf;
        VmaAllocation alloc;
        VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
        VkResult res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocationCreateInfo, &origBuf, &alloc, &allocInfo);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && origBuf && alloc);
        TEST(allocInfo.offset == 0); // Dedicated

        VkBuffer aliasingBuf;
        bufCreateInfo.size = 200 * MEGABYTE;
        res = vmaCreateAliasingBuffer(g_hAllocator, alloc, &bufCreateInfo, &aliasingBuf);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && aliasingBuf);

        vkDestroyBuffer(g_hDevice, aliasingBuf, g_Allocs);
        vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, origBuf, alloc);
    }
}

static void TestMapping()
{
    wprintf(L"Testing mapping...\n");

    VkResult res;
    uint32_t memTypeIndex = UINT32_MAX;

    enum TEST
    {
        TEST_NORMAL,
        TEST_POOL,
        TEST_DEDICATED,
        TEST_COUNT
    };
    for(uint32_t testIndex = 0; testIndex < TEST_COUNT; ++testIndex)
    {
        VmaPool pool = nullptr;
        if(testIndex == TEST_POOL)
        {
            TEST(memTypeIndex != UINT32_MAX);
            VmaPoolCreateInfo poolInfo = {};
            poolInfo.memoryTypeIndex = memTypeIndex;
            res = vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolInfo, &pool);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
        }

        VkBufferCreateInfo bufInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
        bufInfo.size = 0x10000;
        bufInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;

        VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
        allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO;
        allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_RANDOM_BIT;
        allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;
        if(testIndex == TEST_DEDICATED)
            allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT;

        VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;

        // Mapped manually

        // Create 2 buffers.
        BufferInfo bufferInfos[3];
        for(size_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
        {
            res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                &bufferInfos[i].Buffer, &bufferInfos[i].Allocation, &allocInfo);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            TEST(allocInfo.pMappedData == nullptr);
            memTypeIndex = allocInfo.memoryType;
        }

        // Map buffer 0.
        char* data00 = nullptr;
        res = vmaMapMemory(g_hAllocator, bufferInfos[0].Allocation, (void**)&data00);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && data00 != nullptr);
        data00[0xFFFF] = data00[0];

        // Map buffer 0 second time.
        char* data01 = nullptr;
        res = vmaMapMemory(g_hAllocator, bufferInfos[0].Allocation, (void**)&data01);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && data01 == data00);

        // Map buffer 1.
        char* data1 = nullptr;
        res = vmaMapMemory(g_hAllocator, bufferInfos[1].Allocation, (void**)&data1);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && data1 != nullptr);
        TEST(!MemoryRegionsOverlap(data00, (size_t)bufInfo.size, data1, (size_t)bufInfo.size));
        data1[0xFFFF] = data1[0];

        // Unmap buffer 0 two times.
        vmaUnmapMemory(g_hAllocator, bufferInfos[0].Allocation);
        vmaUnmapMemory(g_hAllocator, bufferInfos[0].Allocation);
        vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, bufferInfos[0].Allocation, &allocInfo);
        TEST(allocInfo.pMappedData == nullptr);

        // Unmap buffer 1.
        vmaUnmapMemory(g_hAllocator, bufferInfos[1].Allocation);
        vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, bufferInfos[1].Allocation, &allocInfo);
        TEST(allocInfo.pMappedData == nullptr);

        // Create 3rd buffer - persistently mapped.
        allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;
        res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
            &bufferInfos[2].Buffer, &bufferInfos[2].Allocation, &allocInfo);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && allocInfo.pMappedData != nullptr);

        // Map buffer 2.
        char* data2 = nullptr;
        res = vmaMapMemory(g_hAllocator, bufferInfos[2].Allocation, (void**)&data2);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && data2 == allocInfo.pMappedData);
        data2[0xFFFF] = data2[0];

        // Unmap buffer 2.
        vmaUnmapMemory(g_hAllocator, bufferInfos[2].Allocation);
        vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, bufferInfos[2].Allocation, &allocInfo);
        TEST(allocInfo.pMappedData == data2);

        // Destroy all buffers.
        for(size_t i = 3; i--; )
            vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, bufferInfos[i].Buffer, bufferInfos[i].Allocation);

        vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
    }
}

static void TestAllocationMemoryCopy()
{
    wprintf(L"Testing allocation-memory copy...\n");

    VkResult res;

    constexpr size_t bufSize = 128 * KILOBYTE;
    constexpr size_t bufFragmentSize = 1792;
    constexpr size_t bufFragmentOffset = 14080;
    std::vector<uint8_t> origBufVector = std::vector<uint8_t>(bufSize);
    std::vector<uint8_t> newBufVector = std::vector<uint8_t>(bufSize);
    uint8_t* const origBufData = origBufVector.data();
    uint8_t* const newBufData = newBufVector.data();
    for(size_t i = 0; i < bufSize; ++i)
    {
        origBufData[i] = (uint8_t)(i * 13 + 7);
    }

    VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    bufCreateInfo.size = bufSize;
    bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
    allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO;

    enum TEST
    {
        TEST_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE,
        TEST_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_PERSISTENTLY_MAPPED,
        TEST_HOST_ACCESS_RANDOM,
        TEST_HOST_ACCESS_RANDOM_PERSISTENTLY_MAPPED,
        TEST_COUNT
    };
    for(size_t test = 0; test < TEST_COUNT; ++test)
    {
        VkBuffer buf = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        VmaAllocation alloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

        switch(test)
        {
        case TEST_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE:
            allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT;
            break;
        case TEST_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_PERSISTENTLY_MAPPED:
            allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT |
                VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;
            break;
        case TEST_HOST_ACCESS_RANDOM:
            allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_RANDOM_BIT;
            break;
        case TEST_HOST_ACCESS_RANDOM_PERSISTENTLY_MAPPED:
            allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_RANDOM_BIT |
                VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;
            break;
        }

        res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf, &alloc, nullptr);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && buf && alloc);

        // Test entire allocation (allocationLocalOffset = 0).
        // First, try to write.
        res = vmaCopyMemoryToAllocation(g_hAllocator, origBufData, alloc, 0, bufSize);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

        // If HOST_ACCESS_RANDOM, read back and compare.
        if(test == TEST_HOST_ACCESS_RANDOM ||
            test == TEST_HOST_ACCESS_RANDOM_PERSISTENTLY_MAPPED)
        {
            ZeroMemory(newBufData, bufSize);
            res = vmaCopyAllocationToMemory(g_hAllocator, alloc, 0, newBufData, bufSize);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            TEST(memcmp(origBufData, newBufData, bufSize) == 0);
        }

        // Test fragment (allocationLocalOffset > 0).
        // Using host data from the beginning, but placing them in the allocation at bufFragmentOffset.
        // First, try to write.
        res = vmaCopyMemoryToAllocation(g_hAllocator, origBufData, alloc, bufFragmentOffset, bufFragmentSize);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

        // If HOST_ACCESS_RANDOM, read back and compare.
        if(test == TEST_HOST_ACCESS_RANDOM ||
            test == TEST_HOST_ACCESS_RANDOM_PERSISTENTLY_MAPPED)
        {
            ZeroMemory(newBufData, bufFragmentSize);
            res = vmaCopyAllocationToMemory(g_hAllocator, alloc, bufFragmentOffset, newBufData, bufFragmentSize);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            TEST(memcmp(origBufData, newBufData, bufFragmentSize) == 0);
        }

        vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf, alloc);
    }
}

// Test CREATE_MAPPED with required DEVICE_LOCAL. There was a bug with it.
static void TestDeviceLocalMapped()
{
    VkResult res;

    for(uint32_t testIndex = 0; testIndex < 2; ++testIndex)
    {
        VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
        bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;
        bufCreateInfo.size = 4096;

        VmaPool pool = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
        allocCreateInfo.requiredFlags = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT;
        allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;
        if(testIndex == 1)
        {
            VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
            res = vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            res = vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
            allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;
        }

        VkBuffer buf = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        VmaAllocation alloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo = {};
        res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf, &alloc, &allocInfo);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && alloc);

        VkMemoryPropertyFlags memTypeFlags = 0;
        vmaGetMemoryTypeProperties(g_hAllocator, allocInfo.memoryType, &memTypeFlags);
        const bool shouldBeMapped = (memTypeFlags & VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT) != 0;
        TEST((allocInfo.pMappedData != nullptr) == shouldBeMapped);

        vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf, alloc);
        vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
    }
}

static void TestMaintenance5()
{
#if !defined(VMA_KHR_MAINTENANCE5) || VMA_KHR_MAINTENANCE5
    if(!VK_KHR_maintenance5_enabled)
        return;
    
    wprintf(L"Test VK_KHR_maintenance5\n");

    VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = {VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO};
    bufCreateInfo.size = 64 * KILOBYTE;

    VkBufferUsageFlags2CreateInfoKHR bufUsageFlags2 = {VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_USAGE_FLAGS_2_CREATE_INFO_KHR};
    bufUsageFlags2.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT;
    bufCreateInfo.pNext = &bufUsageFlags2;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
    allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO;

    VkBuffer buf = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    VmaAllocation alloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    TEST(vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf, &alloc, nullptr) == VK_SUCCESS);

    vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf, alloc);
#endif
}

static void TestMappingMultithreaded()
{
    wprintf(L"Testing mapping multithreaded...\n");

    static const uint32_t threadCount = 16;
    static const uint32_t bufferCount = 1024;
    static const uint32_t threadBufferCount = bufferCount / threadCount;

    VkResult res;
    volatile uint32_t memTypeIndex = UINT32_MAX;

    enum TEST
    {
        TEST_NORMAL,
        TEST_POOL,
        TEST_DEDICATED,
        TEST_COUNT
    };
    for(uint32_t testIndex = 0; testIndex < TEST_COUNT; ++testIndex)
    {
        VmaPool pool = nullptr;
        if(testIndex == TEST_POOL)
        {
            TEST(memTypeIndex != UINT32_MAX);
            VmaPoolCreateInfo poolInfo = {};
            poolInfo.memoryTypeIndex = memTypeIndex;
            res = vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolInfo, &pool);
            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
        }

        VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
        bufCreateInfo.size = 0x10000;
        bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;

        VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
        allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO;
        allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_RANDOM_BIT;
        allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;
        if(testIndex == TEST_DEDICATED)
            allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT;

        std::thread threads[threadCount];
        for(uint32_t threadIndex = 0; threadIndex < threadCount; ++threadIndex)
        {
            threads[threadIndex] = std::thread([=, &memTypeIndex](){
                // ======== THREAD FUNCTION ========

                RandomNumberGenerator rand{threadIndex};

                enum class MODE
                {
                    // Don't map this buffer at all.
                    DONT_MAP,
                    // Map and quickly unmap.
                    MAP_FOR_MOMENT,
                    // Map and unmap before destruction.
                    MAP_FOR_LONGER,
                    // Map two times. Quickly unmap, second unmap before destruction.
                    MAP_TWO_TIMES,
                    // Create this buffer as persistently mapped.
                    PERSISTENTLY_MAPPED,
                    COUNT
                };
                std::vector<BufferInfo> bufInfos{threadBufferCount};
                std::vector<MODE> bufModes{threadBufferCount};

                for(uint32_t bufferIndex = 0; bufferIndex < threadBufferCount; ++bufferIndex)
                {
                    BufferInfo& bufInfo = bufInfos[bufferIndex];
                    const MODE mode = (MODE)(rand.Generate() % (uint32_t)MODE::COUNT);
                    bufModes[bufferIndex] = mode;

                    VmaAllocationCreateInfo localAllocCreateInfo = allocCreateInfo;
                    if(mode == MODE::PERSISTENTLY_MAPPED)
                        localAllocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;

                    VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
                    VkResult res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &localAllocCreateInfo,
                        &bufInfo.Buffer, &bufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
                    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

                    if(memTypeIndex == UINT32_MAX)
                        memTypeIndex = allocInfo.memoryType;

                    char* data = nullptr;

                    if(mode == MODE::PERSISTENTLY_MAPPED)
                    {
                        data = (char*)allocInfo.pMappedData;
                        TEST(data != nullptr);
                    }
                    else if(mode == MODE::MAP_FOR_MOMENT || mode == MODE::MAP_FOR_LONGER ||
                        mode == MODE::MAP_TWO_TIMES)
                    {
                        TEST(data == nullptr);
                        res = vmaMapMemory(g_hAllocator, bufInfo.Allocation, (void**)&data);
                        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && data != nullptr);

                        if(mode == MODE::MAP_TWO_TIMES)
                        {
                            char* data2 = nullptr;
                            res = vmaMapMemory(g_hAllocator, bufInfo.Allocation, (void**)&data2);
                            TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && data2 == data);
                        }
                    }
                    else if(mode == MODE::DONT_MAP)
                    {
                        TEST(allocInfo.pMappedData == nullptr);
                    }
                    else
                        TEST(0);

                    // Test if reading and writing from the beginning and end of mapped memory doesn't crash.
                    if(data)
                        data[0xFFFF] = data[0];

                    if(mode == MODE::MAP_FOR_MOMENT || mode == MODE::MAP_TWO_TIMES)
                    {
                        vmaUnmapMemory(g_hAllocator, bufInfo.Allocation);

                        VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
                        vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, bufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
                        if(mode == MODE::MAP_FOR_MOMENT)
                            TEST(allocInfo.pMappedData == nullptr);
                        else
                            TEST(allocInfo.pMappedData == data);
                    }

                    switch(rand.Generate() % 3)
                    {
                    case 0: Sleep(0); break; // Yield.
                    case 1: Sleep(10); break; // 10 ms
                    // default: No sleep.
                    }

                    // Test if reading and writing from the beginning and end of mapped memory doesn't crash.
                    if(data)
                        data[0xFFFF] = data[0];
                }

                for(size_t bufferIndex = threadBufferCount; bufferIndex--; )
                {
                    if(bufModes[bufferIndex] == MODE::MAP_FOR_LONGER ||
                        bufModes[bufferIndex] == MODE::MAP_TWO_TIMES)
                    {
                        vmaUnmapMemory(g_hAllocator, bufInfos[bufferIndex].Allocation);

                        VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
                        vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, bufInfos[bufferIndex].Allocation, &allocInfo);
                        TEST(allocInfo.pMappedData == nullptr);
                    }

                    vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, bufInfos[bufferIndex].Buffer, bufInfos[bufferIndex].Allocation);
                }
            });
        }

        for(uint32_t threadIndex = 0; threadIndex < threadCount; ++threadIndex)
            threads[threadIndex].join();

        vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
    }
}

static void WriteMainTestResultHeader(FILE* file)
{
    fprintf(file,
        "Code,Time,"
        "Threads,Buffers and images,Sizes,Operations,Allocation strategy,Free order,"
        "Total Time (us),"
        "Allocation Time Min (us),"
        "Allocation Time Avg (us),"
        "Allocation Time Max (us),"
        "Deallocation Time Min (us),"
        "Deallocation Time Avg (us),"
        "Deallocation Time Max (us),"
        "Total Memory Allocated (B),"
        "Free Range Size Avg (B),"
        "Free Range Size Max (B)\n");
}

static void WriteMainTestResult(
    FILE* file,
    const char* codeDescription,
    const char* testDescription,
    const Config& config, const Result& result)
{
    float totalTimeSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.TotalTime);
    float allocationTimeMinSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.AllocationTimeMin);
    float allocationTimeAvgSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.AllocationTimeAvg);
    float allocationTimeMaxSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.AllocationTimeMax);
    float deallocationTimeMinSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.DeallocationTimeMin);
    float deallocationTimeAvgSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.DeallocationTimeAvg);
    float deallocationTimeMaxSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.DeallocationTimeMax);

    std::string currTime;
    CurrentTimeToStr(currTime);

    fprintf(file,
        "%s,%s,%s,"
        "%.2f,%.2f,%.2f,%.2f,%.2f,%.2f,%.2f,%I64u,%I64u,%I64u\n",
        codeDescription,
        currTime.c_str(),
        testDescription,
        totalTimeSeconds * 1e6f,
        allocationTimeMinSeconds * 1e6f,
        allocationTimeAvgSeconds * 1e6f,
        allocationTimeMaxSeconds * 1e6f,
        deallocationTimeMinSeconds * 1e6f,
        deallocationTimeAvgSeconds * 1e6f,
        deallocationTimeMaxSeconds * 1e6f,
        result.TotalMemoryAllocated,
        result.FreeRangeSizeAvg,
        result.FreeRangeSizeMax);
}

static void WritePoolTestResultHeader(FILE* file)
{
    fprintf(file,
        "Code,Test,Time,"
        "Config,"
        "Total Time (us),"
        "Allocation Time Min (us),"
        "Allocation Time Avg (us),"
        "Allocation Time Max (us),"
        "Deallocation Time Min (us),"
        "Deallocation Time Avg (us),"
        "Deallocation Time Max (us),"
        "Failed Allocation Count,"
        "Failed Allocation Total Size (B)\n");
}

static void WritePoolTestResult(
    FILE* file,
    const char* codeDescription,
    const char* testDescription,
    const PoolTestConfig& config,
    const PoolTestResult& result)
{
    float totalTimeSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.TotalTime);
    float allocationTimeMinSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.AllocationTimeMin);
    float allocationTimeAvgSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.AllocationTimeAvg);
    float allocationTimeMaxSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.AllocationTimeMax);
    float deallocationTimeMinSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.DeallocationTimeMin);
    float deallocationTimeAvgSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.DeallocationTimeAvg);
    float deallocationTimeMaxSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.DeallocationTimeMax);

    std::string currTime;
    CurrentTimeToStr(currTime);

    fprintf(file,
        "%s,%s,%s,"
        "ThreadCount=%u PoolSize=%llu FrameCount=%u TotalItemCount=%u UsedItemCount=%u...%u ItemsToMakeUnusedPercent=%u,"
        "%.2f,%.2f,%.2f,%.2f,%.2f,%.2f,%.2f,%I64u,%I64u\n",
        // General
        codeDescription,
        testDescription,
        currTime.c_str(),
        // Config
        config.ThreadCount,
        (unsigned long long)config.PoolSize,
        config.FrameCount,
        config.TotalItemCount,
        config.UsedItemCountMin,
        config.UsedItemCountMax,
        config.ItemsToMakeUnusedPercent,
        // Results
        totalTimeSeconds * 1e6f,
        allocationTimeMinSeconds * 1e6f,
        allocationTimeAvgSeconds * 1e6f,
        allocationTimeMaxSeconds * 1e6f,
        deallocationTimeMinSeconds * 1e6f,
        deallocationTimeAvgSeconds * 1e6f,
        deallocationTimeMaxSeconds * 1e6f,
        result.FailedAllocationCount,
        result.FailedAllocationTotalSize);
}

static void PerformCustomMainTest(FILE* file)
{
    Config config{};
    config.RandSeed = 65735476;
    //config.MaxBytesToAllocate = 4ull * 1024 * 1024; // 4 MB
    config.MaxBytesToAllocate = 4ull * 1024 * 1024 * 1024; // 4 GB
    config.MemUsageProbability[0] = 1; // VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY
    config.FreeOrder = FREE_ORDER::FORWARD;
    config.ThreadCount = 16;
    config.ThreadsUsingCommonAllocationsProbabilityPercent = 50;
    config.AllocationStrategy = 0;

    // Buffers
    //config.AllocationSizes.push_back({4, 16, 1024});
    config.AllocationSizes.push_back({4, 0x10000, 0xA00000}); // 64 KB ... 10 MB

    // Images
    //config.AllocationSizes.push_back({4, 0, 0, 4, 32});
    //config.AllocationSizes.push_back({4, 0, 0, 256, 2048});

    config.BeginBytesToAllocate = config.MaxBytesToAllocate * 5 / 100;
    config.AdditionalOperationCount = 1024;

    Result result{};
    VkResult res = MainTest(result, config);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
    WriteMainTestResult(file, "Foo", "CustomTest", config, result);
}

static void PerformCustomPoolTest(FILE* file)
{
    PoolTestConfig config;
    config.PoolSize = 100 * 1024 * 1024;
    config.RandSeed = 2345764;
    config.ThreadCount = 1;
    config.FrameCount = 200;
    config.ItemsToMakeUnusedPercent = 2;

    AllocationSize allocSize = {};
    allocSize.BufferSizeMin = 1024;
    allocSize.BufferSizeMax = 1024 * 1024;
    allocSize.Probability = 1;
    config.AllocationSizes.push_back(allocSize);

    allocSize.BufferSizeMin = 0;
    allocSize.BufferSizeMax = 0;
    allocSize.ImageSizeMin = 128;
    allocSize.ImageSizeMax = 1024;
    allocSize.Probability = 1;
    config.AllocationSizes.push_back(allocSize);

    config.PoolSize = config.CalcAvgResourceSize() * 200;
    config.UsedItemCountMax = 160;
    config.TotalItemCount = config.UsedItemCountMax * 10;
    config.UsedItemCountMin = config.UsedItemCountMax * 80 / 100;

    PoolTestResult result = {};
    TestPool_Benchmark(result, config);

    WritePoolTestResult(file, "Code desc", "Test desc", config, result);
}

static void PerformMainTests(FILE* file)
{
    wprintf(L"MAIN TESTS:\n");

    uint32_t repeatCount = 1;
    if(ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE_MAXIMUM) repeatCount = 3;

    Config config{};
    config.RandSeed = 65735476;
    config.MemUsageProbability[0] = 1; // VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY
    config.FreeOrder = FREE_ORDER::FORWARD;

    size_t threadCountCount = 1;
    switch(ConfigType)
    {
    case CONFIG_TYPE_MINIMUM: threadCountCount = 1; break;
    case CONFIG_TYPE_SMALL:   threadCountCount = 2; break;
    case CONFIG_TYPE_AVERAGE: threadCountCount = 3; break;
    case CONFIG_TYPE_LARGE:   threadCountCount = 5; break;
    case CONFIG_TYPE_MAXIMUM: threadCountCount = 7; break;
    default: assert(0);
    }

    const size_t strategyCount = GetAllocationStrategyCount();

    for(size_t threadCountIndex = 0; threadCountIndex < threadCountCount; ++threadCountIndex)
    {
        std::string desc1;

        switch(threadCountIndex)
        {
        case 0:
            desc1 += "1_thread";
            config.ThreadCount = 1;
            config.ThreadsUsingCommonAllocationsProbabilityPercent = 0;
            break;
        case 1:
            desc1 += "16_threads+0%_common";
            config.ThreadCount = 16;
            config.ThreadsUsingCommonAllocationsProbabilityPercent = 0;
            break;
        case 2:
            desc1 += "16_threads+50%_common";
            config.ThreadCount = 16;
            config.ThreadsUsingCommonAllocationsProbabilityPercent = 50;
            break;
        case 3:
            desc1 += "16_threads+100%_common";
            config.ThreadCount = 16;
            config.ThreadsUsingCommonAllocationsProbabilityPercent = 100;
            break;
        case 4:
            desc1 += "2_threads+0%_common";
            config.ThreadCount = 2;
            config.ThreadsUsingCommonAllocationsProbabilityPercent = 0;
            break;
        case 5:
            desc1 += "2_threads+50%_common";
            config.ThreadCount = 2;
            config.ThreadsUsingCommonAllocationsProbabilityPercent = 50;
            break;
        case 6:
            desc1 += "2_threads+100%_common";
            config.ThreadCount = 2;
            config.ThreadsUsingCommonAllocationsProbabilityPercent = 100;
            break;
        default:
            assert(0);
        }

        // 0 = buffers, 1 = images, 2 = buffers and images
        size_t buffersVsImagesCount = 2;
        if(ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE_LARGE) ++buffersVsImagesCount;
        for(size_t buffersVsImagesIndex = 0; buffersVsImagesIndex < buffersVsImagesCount; ++buffersVsImagesIndex)
        {
            std::string desc2 = desc1;
            switch(buffersVsImagesIndex)
            {
            case 0: desc2 += ",Buffers"; break;
            case 1: desc2 += ",Images"; break;
            case 2: desc2 += ",Buffers+Images"; break;
            default: assert(0);
            }

            // 0 = small, 1 = large, 2 = small and large
            size_t smallVsLargeCount = 2;
            if(ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE_LARGE) ++smallVsLargeCount;
            for(size_t smallVsLargeIndex = 0; smallVsLargeIndex < smallVsLargeCount; ++smallVsLargeIndex)
            {
                std::string desc3 = desc2;
                switch(smallVsLargeIndex)
                {
                case 0: desc3 += ",Small"; break;
                case 1: desc3 += ",Large"; break;
                case 2: desc3 += ",Small+Large"; break;
                default: assert(0);
                }

                if(smallVsLargeIndex == 1 || smallVsLargeIndex == 2)
                    config.MaxBytesToAllocate = 4ull * 1024 * 1024 * 1024; // 4 GB
                else
                    config.MaxBytesToAllocate = 4ull * 1024 * 1024;

                // 0 = varying sizes min...max, 1 = set of constant sizes
                size_t constantSizesCount = 1;
                if(ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE_SMALL) ++constantSizesCount;
                for(size_t constantSizesIndex = 0; constantSizesIndex < constantSizesCount; ++constantSizesIndex)
                {
                    std::string desc4 = desc3;
                    switch(constantSizesIndex)
                    {
                    case 0: desc4 += " Varying_sizes"; break;
                    case 1: desc4 += " Constant_sizes"; break;
                    default: assert(0);
                    }

                    config.AllocationSizes.clear();
                    // Buffers present
                    if(buffersVsImagesIndex == 0 || buffersVsImagesIndex == 2)
                    {
                        // Small
                        if(smallVsLargeIndex == 0 || smallVsLargeIndex == 2)
                        {
                            // Varying size
                            if(constantSizesIndex == 0)
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({4, 16, 1024});
                            // Constant sizes
                            else
                            {
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 16, 16});
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 64, 64});
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 256, 256});
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 1024, 1024});
                            }
                        }
                        // Large
                        if(smallVsLargeIndex == 1 || smallVsLargeIndex == 2)
                        {
                            // Varying size
                            if(constantSizesIndex == 0)
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({4, 0x10000, 0xA00000}); // 64 KB ... 10 MB
                            // Constant sizes
                            else
                            {
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0x10000, 0x10000});
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0x80000, 0x80000});
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0x200000, 0x200000});
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0xA00000, 0xA00000});
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    // Images present
                    if(buffersVsImagesIndex == 1 || buffersVsImagesIndex == 2)
                    {
                        // Small
                        if(smallVsLargeIndex == 0 || smallVsLargeIndex == 2)
                        {
                            // Varying size
                            if(constantSizesIndex == 0)
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({4, 0, 0, 4, 32});
                            // Constant sizes
                            else
                            {
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0,  4,  4});
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0,  8,  8});
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0, 16, 16});
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0, 32, 32});
                            }
                        }
                        // Large
                        if(smallVsLargeIndex == 1 || smallVsLargeIndex == 2)
                        {
                            // Varying size
                            if(constantSizesIndex == 0)
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({4, 0, 0, 256, 2048});
                            // Constant sizes
                            else
                            {
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0,  256,  256});
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0,  512,  512});
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0, 1024, 1024});
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0, 2048, 2048});
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    // 0 = 100%, additional_operations = 0, 1 = 50%, 2 = 5%, 3 = 95% additional_operations = a lot
                    size_t beginBytesToAllocateCount = 1;
                    if(ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE_SMALL) ++beginBytesToAllocateCount;
                    if(ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE_AVERAGE) ++beginBytesToAllocateCount;
                    if(ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE_LARGE) ++beginBytesToAllocateCount;
                    for(size_t beginBytesToAllocateIndex = 0; beginBytesToAllocateIndex < beginBytesToAllocateCount; ++beginBytesToAllocateIndex)
                    {
                        std::string desc5 = desc4;

                        switch(beginBytesToAllocateIndex)
                        {
                        case 0:
                            desc5 += ",Allocate_100%";
                            config.BeginBytesToAllocate = config.MaxBytesToAllocate;
                            config.AdditionalOperationCount = 0;
                            break;
                        case 1:
                            desc5 += ",Allocate_50%+Operations";
                            config.BeginBytesToAllocate = config.MaxBytesToAllocate * 50 / 100;
                            config.AdditionalOperationCount = 1024;
                            break;
                        case 2:
                            desc5 += ",Allocate_5%+Operations";
                            config.BeginBytesToAllocate = config.MaxBytesToAllocate *  5 / 100;
                            config.AdditionalOperationCount = 1024;
                            break;
                        case 3:
                            desc5 += ",Allocate_95%+Operations";
                            config.BeginBytesToAllocate = config.MaxBytesToAllocate * 95 / 100;
                            config.AdditionalOperationCount = 1024;
                            break;
                        default:
                            assert(0);
                        }

                        for(size_t strategyIndex = 0; strategyIndex < strategyCount; ++strategyIndex)
                        {
                            std::string desc6 = desc5;
                            switch(strategyIndex)
                            {
                            case 0:
                                desc6 += ",MinMemory";
                                config.AllocationStrategy = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_MIN_MEMORY_BIT;
                                break;
                            case 1:
                                desc6 += ",MinTime";
                                config.AllocationStrategy = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_MIN_TIME_BIT;
                                break;
                            default:
                                assert(0);
                            }

                            desc6 += ',';
                            desc6 += FREE_ORDER_NAMES[(uint32_t)config.FreeOrder];

                            const char* testDescription = desc6.c_str();

                            for(size_t repeat = 0; repeat < repeatCount; ++repeat)
                            {
                                printf("%s #%u\n", testDescription, (uint32_t)repeat);

                                Result result{};
                                VkResult res = MainTest(result, config);
                                TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
                                if(file)
                                {
                                    WriteMainTestResult(file, CODE_DESCRIPTION, testDescription, config, result);
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

static void PerformPoolTests(FILE* file)
{
    wprintf(L"POOL TESTS:\n");

    const size_t AVG_RESOURCES_PER_POOL = 300;

    uint32_t repeatCount = 1;
    if(ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE_MAXIMUM) repeatCount = 3;

    PoolTestConfig config{};
    config.RandSeed = 2346343;
    config.FrameCount = 200;
    config.ItemsToMakeUnusedPercent = 2;

    size_t threadCountCount = 1;
    switch(ConfigType)
    {
    case CONFIG_TYPE_MINIMUM: threadCountCount = 1; break;
    case CONFIG_TYPE_SMALL:   threadCountCount = 2; break;
    case CONFIG_TYPE_AVERAGE: threadCountCount = 2; break;
    case CONFIG_TYPE_LARGE:   threadCountCount = 3; break;
    case CONFIG_TYPE_MAXIMUM: threadCountCount = 3; break;
    default: assert(0);
    }
    for(size_t threadCountIndex = 0; threadCountIndex < threadCountCount; ++threadCountIndex)
    {
        std::string desc1;

        switch(threadCountIndex)
        {
        case 0:
            desc1 += "1_thread";
            config.ThreadCount = 1;
            break;
        case 1:
            desc1 += "16_threads";
            config.ThreadCount = 16;
            break;
        case 2:
            desc1 += "2_threads";
            config.ThreadCount = 2;
            break;
        default:
            assert(0);
        }

        // 0 = buffers, 1 = images, 2 = buffers and images
        size_t buffersVsImagesCount = 2;
        if(ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE_LARGE) ++buffersVsImagesCount;
        for(size_t buffersVsImagesIndex = 0; buffersVsImagesIndex < buffersVsImagesCount; ++buffersVsImagesIndex)
        {
            std::string desc2 = desc1;
            switch(buffersVsImagesIndex)
            {
            case 0: desc2 += " Buffers"; break;
            case 1: desc2 += " Images"; break;
            case 2: desc2 += " Buffers+Images"; break;
            default: assert(0);
            }

            // 0 = small, 1 = large, 2 = small and large
            size_t smallVsLargeCount = 2;
            if(ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE_LARGE) ++smallVsLargeCount;
            for(size_t smallVsLargeIndex = 0; smallVsLargeIndex < smallVsLargeCount; ++smallVsLargeIndex)
            {
                std::string desc3 = desc2;
                switch(smallVsLargeIndex)
                {
                case 0: desc3 += " Small"; break;
                case 1: desc3 += " Large"; break;
                case 2: desc3 += " Small+Large"; break;
                default: assert(0);
                }

                if(smallVsLargeIndex == 1 || smallVsLargeIndex == 2)
                    config.PoolSize = 6ull * 1024 * 1024 * 1024; // 6 GB
                else
                    config.PoolSize = 4ull * 1024 * 1024;

                // 0 = varying sizes min...max, 1 = set of constant sizes
                size_t constantSizesCount = 1;
                if(ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE_SMALL) ++constantSizesCount;
                for(size_t constantSizesIndex = 0; constantSizesIndex < constantSizesCount; ++constantSizesIndex)
                {
                    std::string desc4 = desc3;
                    switch(constantSizesIndex)
                    {
                    case 0: desc4 += " Varying_sizes"; break;
                    case 1: desc4 += " Constant_sizes"; break;
                    default: assert(0);
                    }

                    config.AllocationSizes.clear();
                    // Buffers present
                    if(buffersVsImagesIndex == 0 || buffersVsImagesIndex == 2)
                    {
                        // Small
                        if(smallVsLargeIndex == 0 || smallVsLargeIndex == 2)
                        {
                            // Varying size
                            if(constantSizesIndex == 0)
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({4, 16, 1024});
                            // Constant sizes
                            else
                            {
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 16, 16});
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 64, 64});
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 256, 256});
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 1024, 1024});
                            }
                        }
                        // Large
                        if(smallVsLargeIndex == 1 || smallVsLargeIndex == 2)
                        {
                            // Varying size
                            if(constantSizesIndex == 0)
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({4, 0x10000, 0xA00000}); // 64 KB ... 10 MB
                            // Constant sizes
                            else
                            {
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0x10000, 0x10000});
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0x80000, 0x80000});
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0x200000, 0x200000});
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0xA00000, 0xA00000});
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    // Images present
                    if(buffersVsImagesIndex == 1 || buffersVsImagesIndex == 2)
                    {
                        // Small
                        if(smallVsLargeIndex == 0 || smallVsLargeIndex == 2)
                        {
                            // Varying size
                            if(constantSizesIndex == 0)
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({4, 0, 0, 4, 32});
                            // Constant sizes
                            else
                            {
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0,  4,  4});
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0,  8,  8});
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0, 16, 16});
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0, 32, 32});
                            }
                        }
                        // Large
                        if(smallVsLargeIndex == 1 || smallVsLargeIndex == 2)
                        {
                            // Varying size
                            if(constantSizesIndex == 0)
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({4, 0, 0, 256, 2048});
                            // Constant sizes
                            else
                            {
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0,  256,  256});
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0,  512,  512});
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0, 1024, 1024});
                                config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0, 2048, 2048});
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    const VkDeviceSize avgResourceSize = config.CalcAvgResourceSize();
                    config.PoolSize = avgResourceSize * AVG_RESOURCES_PER_POOL;

                    // 0 = 66%, 1 = 133%, 2 = 100%, 3 = 33%, 4 = 166%
                    size_t subscriptionModeCount;
                    switch(ConfigType)
                    {
                    case CONFIG_TYPE_MINIMUM: subscriptionModeCount = 2; break;
                    case CONFIG_TYPE_SMALL:   subscriptionModeCount = 2; break;
                    case CONFIG_TYPE_AVERAGE: subscriptionModeCount = 3; break;
                    case CONFIG_TYPE_LARGE:   subscriptionModeCount = 5; break;
                    case CONFIG_TYPE_MAXIMUM: subscriptionModeCount = 5; break;
                    default: assert(0);
                    }
                    for(size_t subscriptionModeIndex = 0; subscriptionModeIndex < subscriptionModeCount; ++subscriptionModeIndex)
                    {
                        std::string desc5 = desc4;

                        switch(subscriptionModeIndex)
                        {
                        case 0:
                            desc5 += " Subscription_66%";
                            config.UsedItemCountMax = AVG_RESOURCES_PER_POOL * 66 / 100;
                            break;
                        case 1:
                            desc5 += " Subscription_133%";
                            config.UsedItemCountMax = AVG_RESOURCES_PER_POOL * 133 / 100;
                            break;
                        case 2:
                            desc5 += " Subscription_100%";
                            config.UsedItemCountMax = AVG_RESOURCES_PER_POOL;
                            break;
                        case 3:
                            desc5 += " Subscription_33%";
                            config.UsedItemCountMax = AVG_RESOURCES_PER_POOL * 33 / 100;
                            break;
                        case 4:
                            desc5 += " Subscription_166%";
                            config.UsedItemCountMax = AVG_RESOURCES_PER_POOL * 166 / 100;
                            break;
                        default:
                            assert(0);
                        }

                        config.TotalItemCount = config.UsedItemCountMax * 5;
                        config.UsedItemCountMin = config.UsedItemCountMax * 80 / 100;

                        const char* testDescription = desc5.c_str();

                        for(size_t repeat = 0; repeat < repeatCount; ++repeat)
                        {
                            printf("%s #%u\n", testDescription, (uint32_t)repeat);

                            PoolTestResult result{};
                            TestPool_Benchmark(result, config);
                            WritePoolTestResult(file, CODE_DESCRIPTION, testDescription, config, result);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

static void BasicTestTLSF()
{
    wprintf(L"Basic test TLSF\n");

    VmaVirtualBlock block;

    VmaVirtualBlockCreateInfo blockInfo = {};
    blockInfo.flags = 0;
    blockInfo.size = 50331648;
    vmaCreateVirtualBlock(&blockInfo, &block);

    VmaVirtualAllocationCreateInfo info = {};
    info.alignment = 2;

    VmaVirtualAllocation allocation[3] = {};

    info.size = 576;
    vmaVirtualAllocate(block, &info, allocation + 0, nullptr);

    info.size = 648;
    vmaVirtualAllocate(block, &info, allocation + 1, nullptr);

    vmaVirtualFree(block, allocation[0]);

    info.size = 720;
    vmaVirtualAllocate(block, &info, allocation + 2, nullptr);

    vmaVirtualFree(block, allocation[1]);
    vmaVirtualFree(block, allocation[2]);
    vmaDestroyVirtualBlock(block);
}

static void BasicTestAllocatePages()
{
    wprintf(L"Basic test allocate pages\n");

    RandomNumberGenerator rand{765461};

    VkBufferCreateInfo sampleBufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    sampleBufCreateInfo.size = 1024; // Whatever.
    sampleBufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo sampleAllocCreateInfo = {};
    sampleAllocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO;
    sampleAllocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT;

    VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
    VkResult res = vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(g_hAllocator, &sampleBufCreateInfo, &sampleAllocCreateInfo, &poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

    // 1 block of 1 MB.
    poolCreateInfo.blockSize = 1024 * 1024;
    poolCreateInfo.minBlockCount = poolCreateInfo.maxBlockCount = 1;

    // Create pool.
    VmaPool pool = nullptr;
    res = vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool);
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

    // Make 100 allocations of 4 KB - they should fit into the pool.
    VkMemoryRequirements memReq;
    memReq.memoryTypeBits = UINT32_MAX;
    memReq.alignment = 4 * 1024;
    memReq.size = 4 * 1024;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
    allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;
    allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;

    constexpr uint32_t allocCount = 100;

    std::vector<VmaAllocation> alloc{allocCount};
    std::vector<VmaAllocationInfo> allocInfo{allocCount};
    res = vmaAllocateMemoryPages(g_hAllocator, &memReq, &allocCreateInfo, allocCount, alloc.data(), allocInfo.data());
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
    for(uint32_t i = 0; i < allocCount; ++i)
    {
        TEST(alloc[i] != VK_NULL_HANDLE &&
            allocInfo[i].pMappedData != nullptr &&
            allocInfo[i].deviceMemory == allocInfo[0].deviceMemory &&
            allocInfo[i].memoryType == allocInfo[0].memoryType);
    }

    // Free the allocations.
    vmaFreeMemoryPages(g_hAllocator, allocCount, alloc.data());
    std::fill(alloc.begin(), alloc.end(), nullptr);
    std::fill(allocInfo.begin(), allocInfo.end(), VmaAllocationInfo{});

    // Try to make 100 allocations of 100 KB. This call should fail due to not enough memory.
    // Also test optional allocationInfo = null.
    memReq.size = 100 * 1024;
    res = vmaAllocateMemoryPages(g_hAllocator, &memReq, &allocCreateInfo, allocCount, alloc.data(), nullptr);
    TEST(res != VK_SUCCESS);
    TEST(std::find_if(alloc.begin(), alloc.end(), [](VmaAllocation alloc){ return alloc != VK_NULL_HANDLE; }) == alloc.end());

    // Make 100 allocations of 4 KB, but with required alignment of 128 KB. This should also fail.
    memReq.size = 4 * 1024;
    memReq.alignment = 128 * 1024;
    res = vmaAllocateMemoryPages(g_hAllocator, &memReq, &allocCreateInfo, allocCount, alloc.data(), allocInfo.data());
    TEST(res != VK_SUCCESS);

    // Make 100 dedicated allocations of 4 KB.
    memReq.alignment = 4 * 1024;
    memReq.size = 4 * 1024;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo dedicatedAllocCreateInfo = {};
    dedicatedAllocCreateInfo.requiredFlags = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT;
    dedicatedAllocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT | VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT;
    res = vmaAllocateMemoryPages(g_hAllocator, &memReq, &dedicatedAllocCreateInfo, allocCount, alloc.data(), allocInfo.data());
    TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
    for(uint32_t i = 0; i < allocCount; ++i)
    {
        TEST(alloc[i] != VK_NULL_HANDLE &&
            allocInfo[i].pMappedData != nullptr &&
            allocInfo[i].memoryType == allocInfo[0].memoryType &&
            allocInfo[i].offset == 0);
        if(i > 0)
        {
            TEST(allocInfo[i].deviceMemory != allocInfo[0].deviceMemory);
        }
    }

    // Free the allocations.
    vmaFreeMemoryPages(g_hAllocator, allocCount, alloc.data());
    std::fill(alloc.begin(), alloc.end(), nullptr);
    std::fill(allocInfo.begin(), allocInfo.end(), VmaAllocationInfo{});

    vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
}

// Test the testing environment.
static void TestGpuData()
{
    RandomNumberGenerator rand = { 53434 };

    std::vector<AllocInfo> allocInfo;

    for(size_t i = 0; i < 100; ++i)
    {
        AllocInfo info = {};

        info.m_BufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
        info.m_BufferInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT |
            VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT |
            VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT;
        info.m_BufferInfo.size = 1024 * 1024 * (rand.Generate() % 9 + 1);

        VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
        allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO;

        VkResult res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &info.m_BufferInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &info.m_Buffer, &info.m_Allocation, nullptr);
        TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

        info.m_StartValue = rand.Generate();

        allocInfo.push_back(std::move(info));
    }

    UploadGpuData(allocInfo.data(), allocInfo.size());

    ValidateGpuData(allocInfo.data(), allocInfo.size());

    DestroyAllAllocations(allocInfo);
}

static void TestVirtualBlocksAlgorithmsBenchmark()
{
    wprintf(L"Benchmark virtual blocks algorithms\n");
    wprintf(L"Alignment,Algorithm,Strategy,Alloc time ms,Random operation time ms,Free time ms\n");

    const size_t ALLOCATION_COUNT = 7200;
    const uint32_t MAX_ALLOC_SIZE = 2056;
    const size_t RANDOM_OPERATION_COUNT = ALLOCATION_COUNT * 2;

    VmaVirtualBlockCreateInfo blockCreateInfo = {};
    blockCreateInfo.pAllocationCallbacks = g_Allocs;
    blockCreateInfo.size = 0;

    RandomNumberGenerator rand{ 20092010 };

    uint32_t allocSizes[ALLOCATION_COUNT];
    for (size_t i = 0; i < ALLOCATION_COUNT; ++i)
    {
        allocSizes[i] = rand.Generate() % MAX_ALLOC_SIZE + 1;
        blockCreateInfo.size += allocSizes[i];
    }
    blockCreateInfo.size = static_cast<VkDeviceSize>(blockCreateInfo.size * 2.5); // 150% size margin in case of buddy fragmentation

    for (uint8_t alignmentIndex = 0; alignmentIndex < 4; ++alignmentIndex)
    {
        VkDeviceSize alignment;
        switch (alignmentIndex)
        {
        case 0: alignment = 1; break;
        case 1: alignment = 16; break;
        case 2: alignment = 64; break;
        case 3: alignment = 256; break;
        default: assert(0); break;
        }

        for (uint8_t allocStrategyIndex = 0; allocStrategyIndex < 3; ++allocStrategyIndex)
        {
            VmaVirtualAllocationCreateFlags allocFlags;
            switch (allocStrategyIndex)
            {
            case 0: allocFlags = 0; break;
            case 1: allocFlags = VMA_VIRTUAL_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_MIN_MEMORY_BIT; break;
            case 2: allocFlags = VMA_VIRTUAL_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_MIN_TIME_BIT; break;
            default: assert(0);
            }

            for (uint8_t algorithmIndex = 0; algorithmIndex < 2; ++algorithmIndex)
            {
                switch (algorithmIndex)
                {
                case 0:
                    blockCreateInfo.flags = (VmaVirtualBlockCreateFlagBits)0;
                    break;
                case 1:
                    blockCreateInfo.flags = VMA_VIRTUAL_BLOCK_CREATE_LINEAR_ALGORITHM_BIT;
                    break;
                default:
                    assert(0);
                }

                std::vector<VmaVirtualAllocation> allocs;
                allocs.reserve(ALLOCATION_COUNT + RANDOM_OPERATION_COUNT);
                allocs.resize(ALLOCATION_COUNT);
                VmaVirtualBlock block;
                TEST(vmaCreateVirtualBlock(&blockCreateInfo, &block) == VK_SUCCESS && block);

                // Alloc
                time_point timeBegin = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
                for (size_t i = 0; i < ALLOCATION_COUNT; ++i)
                {
                    VmaVirtualAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
                    allocCreateInfo.size = allocSizes[i];
                    allocCreateInfo.alignment = alignment;
                    allocCreateInfo.flags = allocFlags;

                    TEST(vmaVirtualAllocate(block, &allocCreateInfo, &allocs[i], nullptr) == VK_SUCCESS);
                    TEST(allocs[i] != VK_NULL_HANDLE);
                }
                duration allocDuration = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() - timeBegin;

                // Random operations
                timeBegin = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
                for (size_t opIndex = 0; opIndex < RANDOM_OPERATION_COUNT; ++opIndex)
                {
                    if(rand.Generate() % 2)
                    {
                        VmaVirtualAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
                        allocCreateInfo.size = rand.Generate() % MAX_ALLOC_SIZE + 1;
                        allocCreateInfo.alignment = alignment;
                        allocCreateInfo.flags = allocFlags;

                        VmaVirtualAllocation alloc;
                        TEST(vmaVirtualAllocate(block, &allocCreateInfo, &alloc, nullptr) == VK_SUCCESS);
                        TEST(alloc != VK_NULL_HANDLE);
                        allocs.push_back(alloc);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        size_t index = rand.Generate() % allocs.size();
                        vmaVirtualFree(block, allocs[index]);
                        if(index < allocs.size())
                            allocs[index] = allocs.back();
                        allocs.pop_back();
                    }
                }
                duration randomDuration = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() - timeBegin;

                // Free
                timeBegin = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
                for (size_t i = ALLOCATION_COUNT; i;)
                    vmaVirtualFree(block, allocs[--i]);
                duration freeDuration = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() - timeBegin;

                vmaDestroyVirtualBlock(block);

                printf("%llu,%s,%s,%g,%g,%g\n",
                    alignment,
                    VirtualAlgorithmToStr(blockCreateInfo.flags),
                    GetVirtualAllocationStrategyName(allocFlags),
                    ToFloatSeconds(allocDuration) * 1000.f,
                    ToFloatSeconds(randomDuration) * 1000.f,
                    ToFloatSeconds(freeDuration) * 1000.f);
            }
        }
    }
}

static void TestMappingHysteresis()
{
    /*
    We have no way to check here if hysteresis worked as expected,
    but at least we provoke some cases and make sure it doesn't crash or assert.
    You can always check details with the debugger.
    */

    wprintf(L"Test mapping hysteresis\n");

    VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = {VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO};
    bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
    bufCreateInfo.size = 0x10000;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo templateAllocCreateInfo = {};
    templateAllocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO;
    templateAllocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT;

    VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
    poolCreateInfo.blockSize = 10 * MEGABYTE;
    poolCreateInfo.minBlockCount = poolCreateInfo.maxBlockCount = 1;
    TEST(vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(g_hAllocator,
        &bufCreateInfo, &templateAllocCreateInfo, &poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex) == VK_SUCCESS);

    constexpr uint32_t BUF_COUNT = 30;
    bool endOfScenarios = false;
    for(uint32_t scenarioIndex = 0; !endOfScenarios; ++scenarioIndex)
    {
        VmaPool pool;
        TEST(vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool) == VK_SUCCESS);

        BufferInfo buf;
        VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;

        std::vector<BufferInfo> bufs;

        // Scenario: Create + destroy buffers without mapping. Hysteresis should not launch.
        if(scenarioIndex == 0)
        {
            VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
            allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;

            for(uint32_t bufIndex = 0; bufIndex < BUF_COUNT; ++bufIndex)
            {
                TEST(vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf.Buffer, &buf.Allocation, &allocInfo) == VK_SUCCESS);
                TEST(allocInfo.pMappedData == nullptr);
                vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf.Buffer, buf.Allocation);
            }
        }
        // Scenario:
        // - Create one buffer mapped that stays there.
        // - Create + destroy mapped buffers back and forth. Hysteresis should launch.
        else if(scenarioIndex == 1)
        {
            VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
            allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;
            allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;

            TEST(vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf.Buffer, &buf.Allocation, &allocInfo) == VK_SUCCESS);
            TEST(allocInfo.pMappedData != nullptr);
            bufs.push_back(buf);

            for(uint32_t bufIndex = 0; bufIndex < BUF_COUNT; ++bufIndex)
            {
                TEST(vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf.Buffer, &buf.Allocation, &allocInfo) == VK_SUCCESS);
                TEST(allocInfo.pMappedData != nullptr);
                vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf.Buffer, buf.Allocation);
            }
        }
        // Scenario: Create + destroy mapped buffers.
        // Hysteresis should launch as it maps and unmaps back and forth.
        else if(scenarioIndex == 2)
        {
            VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
            allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;
            allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;

            for(uint32_t bufIndex = 0; bufIndex < BUF_COUNT; ++bufIndex)
            {
                TEST(vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf.Buffer, &buf.Allocation, &allocInfo) == VK_SUCCESS);
                TEST(allocInfo.pMappedData != nullptr);
                vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf.Buffer, buf.Allocation);
            }
        }
        // Scenario: Create one buffer and map it back and forth. Hysteresis should launch.
        else if(scenarioIndex == 3)
        {
            VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
            allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;

            TEST(vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf.Buffer, &buf.Allocation, &allocInfo) == VK_SUCCESS);

            for(uint32_t i = 0; i < BUF_COUNT; ++i)
            {
                void* mappedData = nullptr;
                TEST(vmaMapMemory(g_hAllocator, buf.Allocation, &mappedData) == VK_SUCCESS);
                TEST(mappedData != nullptr);
                vmaUnmapMemory(g_hAllocator, buf.Allocation);
            }

            vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf.Buffer, buf.Allocation);
        }
        // Scenario:
        // - Create many buffers
        // - Map + unmap one of them many times. Hysteresis should launch.
        // - Hysteresis should unmap during freeing the buffers.
        else if(scenarioIndex == 4)
        {
            VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
            allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;

            for(uint32_t bufIndex = 0; bufIndex < BUF_COUNT; ++bufIndex)
            {
                TEST(vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf.Buffer, &buf.Allocation, &allocInfo) == VK_SUCCESS);
                TEST(allocInfo.pMappedData == nullptr);
                bufs.push_back(buf);
            }

            for(uint32_t i = 0; i < BUF_COUNT; ++i)
            {
                void* mappedData = nullptr;
                TEST(vmaMapMemory(g_hAllocator, buf.Allocation, &mappedData) == VK_SUCCESS);
                TEST(mappedData != nullptr);
                vmaUnmapMemory(g_hAllocator, buf.Allocation);
            }
        }
        else
            endOfScenarios = true;

        for(size_t i = bufs.size(); i--; )
            vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, bufs[i].Buffer, bufs[i].Allocation);

        vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
    }

    // Test hysteresis working currectly in case the mapping fails. See issue #407.
    {
        VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = {VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO};
        bufCreateInfo.size = 1 * MEGABYTE;
        bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT;

        VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
        allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO;

        VkBuffer buf;
        VmaAllocation alloc;
        TEST(vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
            &buf, &alloc, nullptr) == VK_SUCCESS);

        VkMemoryPropertyFlags memProps = 0;
        vmaGetAllocationMemoryProperties(g_hAllocator, alloc, &memProps);

        // It makes sense to test only if this buffer ended up in a non-HOST_VISIBLE memory,
        // which may not be the case on some integrated graphics.
        if((memProps & VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT) != 0)
        {
            void* ptr;
            for (size_t i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
            {
                TEST(vmaMapMemory(g_hAllocator, alloc, &ptr) == VK_ERROR_MEMORY_MAP_FAILED);
            }
        }

        vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf, alloc);
    }
}


static void TestWin32Handles()
{
#if VMA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_WIN32
    if (!VK_KHR_external_memory_win32_enabled)
        return;

    wprintf(L"Test Win32 handles\n");
    constexpr static VkExportMemoryAllocateInfoKHR exportMemAllocInfo{
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXPORT_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO_KHR,
        nullptr,
        VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_WIN32_BIT
    };
    constexpr static VkExternalMemoryBufferCreateInfoKHR externalMemBufCreateInfo{
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO_KHR,
        nullptr,
        VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_WIN32_BIT
    };

    VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
    bufCreateInfo.size = 0x10000;
    bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;
    bufCreateInfo.pNext = &externalMemBufCreateInfo;

    VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
    allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO;

    uint32_t memTypeIndex = UINT32_MAX;
    TEST(vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(g_hAllocator,
        &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &memTypeIndex) == VK_SUCCESS);

    VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
    poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex = memTypeIndex;
    poolCreateInfo.pMemoryAllocateNext = (void*)&exportMemAllocInfo;

    VmaPool pool = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    TEST(vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool) == VK_SUCCESS);

    allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;

    for (size_t test = 0; test < 2; ++test)
    {
        if (test == 1)
            allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT;

        VkBuffer buf = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        VmaAllocation alloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        TEST(vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf, &alloc, nullptr) == VK_SUCCESS);
        HANDLE handle = NULL;
        HANDLE handle2 = NULL;
        TEST(vmaGetMemoryWin32Handle(g_hAllocator, alloc, nullptr, &handle) == VK_SUCCESS);
        TEST(handle != nullptr);
        TEST(vmaGetMemoryWin32Handle(g_hAllocator, alloc, nullptr, &handle2) == VK_SUCCESS);
        TEST(handle2 != nullptr);
        TEST(handle2 != handle);

        vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf, alloc);
        TEST(CloseHandle(handle));
        TEST(CloseHandle(handle2));
    }

    vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
#endif
}

void Test()
{
    wprintf(L"TESTING:\n");

    if(false)
    {
        ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        // Temporarily insert custom tests here:
        return;
    }

    // # Simple tests

#if VMA_DEBUG_MARGIN
    TestDebugMargin();
    TestDebugMarginNotInVirtualAllocator();
#else
    TestJson();
    TestBasics();
    TestVirtualBlocks();
    TestVirtualBlocksAlgorithms();
    TestVirtualBlocksAlgorithmsBenchmark();
    TestAllocationVersusResourceSize();
    //TestGpuData(); // Not calling this because it's just testing the testing environment.
    TestPool_SameSize();
    TestPool_MinBlockCount();
    TestPool_MinAllocationAlignment();
    TestPoolsAndAllocationParameters();
    TestHeapSizeLimit();
#if VMA_DEBUG_INITIALIZE_ALLOCATIONS
    TestAllocationsInitialization();
#endif
    TestMemoryUsage();
    TestDataUploadingWithStagingBuffer();
    TestDataUploadingWithMappedMemory();
    TestAdvancedDataUploading();
    TestDeviceCoherentMemory();
    TestStatistics();
    TestAliasing();
    TestAllocationAliasing();
    TestMapping();
    TestAllocationMemoryCopy();
    TestMappingHysteresis();
    TestDeviceLocalMapped();
    TestMaintenance5();
    TestWin32Handles();
    TestMappingMultithreaded();
    TestLinearAllocator();
    ManuallyTestLinearAllocator();
    TestLinearAllocatorMultiBlock();
    TestAllocationAlgorithmsCorrectness();

    BasicTestTLSF();
    BasicTestAllocatePages();

    if (VK_KHR_buffer_device_address_enabled)
        TestBufferDeviceAddress();
    if (VK_EXT_memory_priority_enabled)
        TestMemoryPriority();

    {
        FILE* file;
        fopen_s(&file, "Algorithms.csv", "w");
        assert(file != NULL);
        BenchmarkAlgorithms(file);
        fclose(file);
    }

    TestDefragmentationSimple();
    TestDefragmentationVsMapping();
    if (ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE_AVERAGE)
    {
        TestDefragmentationAlgorithms();
        TestDefragmentationFull();
        TestDefragmentationGpu();
        TestDefragmentationIncrementalBasic();
        TestDefragmentationIncrementalComplex();
    }

    // # Detailed tests
    FILE* file;
    fopen_s(&file, "Results.csv", "w");
    assert(file != NULL);

    WriteMainTestResultHeader(file);
    PerformMainTests(file);
    PerformCustomMainTest(file);

    WritePoolTestResultHeader(file);
    PerformPoolTests(file);
    PerformCustomPoolTest(file);

    fclose(file);
#endif // #if defined(VMA_DEBUG_MARGIN) && VMA_DEBUG_MARGIN > 0

    wprintf(L"Done, all PASSED.\n");
}

#endif // #ifdef _WIN32