diff --git a/internal/obsidian/exporter.go b/internal/obsidian/exporter.go
index e41a3389..bcb79376 100644
--- a/internal/obsidian/exporter.go
+++ b/internal/obsidian/exporter.go
@@ -38,6 +38,32 @@ func NewExporter(s StoreReader, cfg ExportConfig) *Exporter {
 	return &Exporter{store: s, config: cfg}
 }
 
+// sanitizePathComponent strips path separators and dot-dot sequences from a
+// single path component (project name or observation type), preventing path
+// traversal attacks when the value is used inside filepath.Join.
+// Any slash, backslash, or ".." element is replaced with "_".
+func sanitizePathComponent(s string) string {
+	// Replace OS separators with underscore.
+	s = strings.ReplaceAll(s, string(filepath.Separator), "_")
+	s = strings.ReplaceAll(s, "/", "_")
+	s = strings.ReplaceAll(s, "\\", "_")
+
+	// Replace ".." with "__" to neutralise traversal.
+	s = strings.ReplaceAll(s, "..", "__")
+
+	// filepath.Clean on a single component that contains no separators is a
+	// no-op, but run it anyway to normalise any remaining oddities (e.g. trailing
+	// dots on Windows). We re-apply the separator guard afterwards because Clean
+	// can introduce a leading "/" on absolute-looking inputs on Unix.
+	clean := filepath.Clean(s)
+	clean = strings.ReplaceAll(clean, string(filepath.Separator), "_")
+	clean = strings.ReplaceAll(clean, "/", "_")
+	if clean == "" || clean == "." {
+		clean = "_"
+	}
+	return clean
+}
+
 // SetGraphConfig sets the GraphConfig mode on this exporter's config.
 // This is used by Watcher to force GraphConfigSkip on subsequent cycles (REQ-WATCH-06).
 func (e *Exporter) SetGraphConfig(mode GraphConfigMode) {
@@ -189,16 +215,27 @@ func (e *Exporter) Export() (*ExportResult, error) {
 			}
 		}
 
-		// Determine target file path
+		// Determine target file path — sanitize project and type to prevent
+		// path traversal (issue #180): strip separators and dot-dot sequences,
+		// then verify the resolved absolute path stays inside engRoot.
 		project := "unknown"
 		if obs.Project != nil && *obs.Project != "" {
-			project = *obs.Project
+			project = sanitizePathComponent(*obs.Project)
 		}
+		obsType := sanitizePathComponent(obs.Type)
 		slug := Slugify(obs.Title, obs.ID)
-		relPath := filepath.Join(project, obs.Type, slug+".md")
-		absDir := filepath.Join(engRoot, project, obs.Type)
+		relPath := filepath.Join(project, obsType, slug+".md")
+		absDir := filepath.Join(engRoot, project, obsType)
 		absPath := filepath.Join(engRoot, relPath)
 
+		// Containment check: reject any path that escapes engRoot after cleaning.
+		cleanRoot := filepath.Clean(engRoot)
+		cleanPath := filepath.Clean(absPath)
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(cleanPath, cleanRoot+string(filepath.Separator)) {
+			result.Errors = append(result.Errors, fmt.Errorf("unsafe path rejected (would escape export root): %s", cleanPath))
+			continue
+		}
+
 		// Create directory
 		if err := os.MkdirAll(absDir, 0755); err != nil {
 			result.Errors = append(result.Errors, fmt.Errorf("mkdir %s: %w", absDir, err))
diff --git a/internal/obsidian/exporter_test.go b/internal/obsidian/exporter_test.go
index cbbd05a5..cb95b1e9 100644
--- a/internal/obsidian/exporter_test.go
+++ b/internal/obsidian/exporter_test.go
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 package obsidian
 
 import (
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/Gentleman-Programming/engram/internal/store"
@@ -546,6 +548,120 @@ func TestExporterCallsGraphConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+// ─── Security: TestPathTraversalPrevention (Issue #180) ──────────────────────
+
+// TestPathTraversalPrevention asserts that malicious Project or Type values
+// containing path traversal sequences (e.g. "../../etc") or absolute paths
+// cannot produce output files that escape the {vault}/engram/ export root.
+func TestPathTraversalPrevention(t *testing.T) {
+	traversalCases := []struct {
+		name    string
+		project string
+		obsType string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:    "dotdot in project",
+			project: "../../etc",
+			obsType: "bugfix",
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "dotdot in type",
+			project: "myproject",
+			obsType: "../../etc",
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "dotdot in both",
+			project: "../../tmp",
+			obsType: "../../../var",
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "absolute path in project",
+			project: "/etc",
+			obsType: "bugfix",
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "absolute path in type",
+			project: "myproject",
+			obsType: "/etc",
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "nested traversal",
+			project: "foo/../../../secret",
+			obsType: "bugfix",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range traversalCases {
+		tc := tc
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			dir := t.TempDir()
+
+			ms := &mockStore{
+				exportData: &store.ExportData{
+					Sessions: []store.Session{
+						{ID: "sess-1", Project: tc.project},
+					},
+					Observations: []store.Observation{
+						{
+							ID:        1,
+							SessionID: "sess-1",
+							Type:      tc.obsType,
+							Title:     "Traversal Test",
+							Content:   "malicious content",
+							Scope:     "project",
+							CreatedAt: "2026-01-01T10:00:00Z",
+							UpdatedAt: "2026-01-01T10:00:00Z",
+							Project:   strPtr(tc.project),
+						},
+					},
+					Prompts: []store.Prompt{},
+				},
+			}
+
+			cfg := ExportConfig{VaultPath: dir}
+			exp := NewExporter(ms, cfg)
+			result, err := exp.Export()
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Export() returned unexpected error: %v", err)
+			}
+
+			// The observation must either be sanitized (created inside engRoot)
+			// or skipped due to invalid path — it must NOT escape the export root.
+			engRoot := dir + "/engram"
+
+			// Walk everything that was written and assert containment.
+			err = walkDir(dir, func(path string) {
+				// engRoot itself and state/hub files are fine — only check obs files.
+				if !isContainedIn(path, engRoot) {
+					t.Errorf("file written OUTSIDE export root: %s (engRoot=%s)", path, engRoot)
+				}
+			})
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("walkDir: %v", err)
+			}
+
+			// If a file was created, verify its absolute clean path is under engRoot.
+			if result != nil && result.Created > 0 {
+				// Retrieve the state to find which relative path was recorded.
+				stateFile := engRoot + "/.engram-sync-state.json"
+				state, readErr := ReadState(stateFile)
+				if readErr != nil {
+					t.Fatalf("ReadState: %v", readErr)
+				}
+				for id, relPath := range state.Files {
+					absPath := filepath.Join(engRoot, relPath)
+					cleanAbs := filepath.Clean(absPath)
+					cleanRoot := filepath.Clean(engRoot)
+					if !strings.HasPrefix(cleanAbs, cleanRoot+string(filepath.Separator)) &&
+						cleanAbs != cleanRoot {
+						t.Errorf("obs %d: state path escapes export root: %s (engRoot=%s)", id, cleanAbs, cleanRoot)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 // ─── Helpers ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 // buildPipelineFixtures creates a fixture ExportData with 3 projects, 5 sessions,
diff --git a/internal/obsidian/testhelpers_test.go b/internal/obsidian/testhelpers_test.go
index d9076ad0..63e60ac1 100644
--- a/internal/obsidian/testhelpers_test.go
+++ b/internal/obsidian/testhelpers_test.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package obsidian
 import (
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
 )
 
 // mkdirAll creates the given directory path (all parents), used in tests.
@@ -48,3 +49,23 @@ func countFilesInDir(t interface {
 	}
 	return count
 }
+
+// walkDir walks all regular files under root and calls fn for each absolute path.
+func walkDir(root string, fn func(path string)) error {
+	return filepath.Walk(root, func(path string, info os.FileInfo, err error) error {
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if !info.IsDir() {
+			fn(path)
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+}
+
+// isContainedIn reports whether path is inside (or equal to) root after cleaning.
+func isContainedIn(path, root string) bool {
+	cleanPath := filepath.Clean(path)
+	cleanRoot := filepath.Clean(root)
+	return strings.HasPrefix(cleanPath, cleanRoot+string(filepath.Separator)) || cleanPath == cleanRoot
+}