Improve SEO metadata and translation discovery

carlospolop · carlospolop · commit 39db3878cf92 · 2026-05-09T17:34:28.000+02:00
diff --git a/scripts/seo_postprocess.py b/scripts/seo_postprocess.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 import html
 import json
 import re
+import subprocess
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from pathlib import Path
 import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
@@ -28,8 +29,45 @@
 ]
 
 SKIP_HTML = {"404.html", "print.html", "toc.html"}
+NOINDEX_HTML = {"404.html", "print.html", "toc.html"}
 SEO_START = "<!-- HT_SEO_START -->"
 SEO_END = "<!-- HT_SEO_END -->"
+SITE_DESCRIPTIONS = {
+    "HackTricks Cloud": (
+        "HackTricks Cloud is a practical cloud security knowledge base covering AWS, GCP, Azure, "
+        "Kubernetes, CI/CD, and workspace pentesting techniques."
+    ),
+}
+LANGUAGE_LOCALES = {
+    "af": "af_ZA",
+    "de": "de_DE",
+    "el": "el_GR",
+    "en": "en_US",
+    "es": "es_ES",
+    "fr": "fr_FR",
+    "hi": "hi_IN",
+    "it": "it_IT",
+    "ja": "ja_JP",
+    "ko": "ko_KR",
+    "pl": "pl_PL",
+    "pt": "pt_PT",
+    "sr": "sr_RS",
+    "sw": "sw_KE",
+    "tr": "tr_TR",
+    "uk": "uk_UA",
+    "zh": "zh_CN",
+}
+DESCRIPTION_SKIP_PATTERNS = (
+    "hacktricks logos",
+    "learn & practice",
+    "learn and practice",
+    "hacktricks training",
+    "full hacktricks training catalog",
+)
+LANGUAGE_MENU_LINK_RE = re.compile(
+    r'(?P<prefix><a\s+id="(?P<lang>[a-z]{2})"\s+href=")/[a-z]{2}/[^"]*(?P<suffix>"\s+hreflang="(?P=lang)")',
+    flags=re.I,
+)
 
 
 def parse_args():
@@ -46,17 +84,18 @@ def parse_args():
 
     index_cmd = subparsers.add_parser("index")
     index_cmd.add_argument("--site-url", required=True)
-    index_cmd.add_argument("--languages", required=True)
+    index_cmd.add_argument("--languages", default=",".join(DEFAULT_LANGUAGES))
     index_cmd.add_argument("--output", required=True)
 
     return parser.parse_args()
 
 
 def parse_languages(raw):
+    supported = set(DEFAULT_LANGUAGES)
     langs = []
     for item in raw.split(","):
         code = item.strip()
-        if re.fullmatch(r"[a-z]{2}", code):
+        if re.fullmatch(r"[a-z]{2}", code) and code in supported:
             langs.append(code)
     return sorted(set(langs))
 
@@ -100,19 +139,30 @@ def trim_description(text, fallback):
     return cut + "..."
 
 
+def is_low_value_description(text):
+    lowered = text.lower()
+    if any(pattern in lowered for pattern in DESCRIPTION_SKIP_PATTERNS):
+        return True
+    return len(re.sub(r"[\W_]+", "", text)) < 40
+
+
 def extract_description(document, fallback):
     main_match = re.search(r"<main\b[^>]*>(.*?)</main>", document, flags=re.I | re.S)
     scope = main_match.group(1) if main_match else document
 
     for pattern in (r"<p\b[^>]*>(.*?)</p>", r"<li\b[^>]*>(.*?)</li>", r"<h[12]\b[^>]*>(.*?)</h[12]>"):
         for match in re.finditer(pattern, scope, flags=re.I | re.S):
             text = clean_text(match.group(1))
-            if len(text) >= 40:
+            if len(text) >= 40 and not is_low_value_description(text):
                 return trim_description(text, fallback)
 
     return trim_description(clean_text(scope), fallback)
 
 
+def homepage_description(site_name):
+    return SITE_DESCRIPTIONS.get(site_name, f"{site_name}: practical cloud security guides and references.")
+
+
 def strip_index_suffix(path):
     return re.sub(r"(?:^|/)index\.html$", "", path.as_posix())
 
@@ -121,6 +171,38 @@ def is_homepage(rel_path):
     return rel_path.as_posix() == "index.html"
 
 
+def source_path_for_html(book_dir, rel_path):
+    repo_root = Path(book_dir).resolve().parent
+    if rel_path.name == "index.html":
+        source_rel = Path("src") / rel_path.parent / "README.md"
+    else:
+        source_rel = Path("src") / rel_path.with_suffix(".md")
+    source_path = repo_root / source_rel
+    return source_path if source_path.exists() else None
+
+
+def git_lastmod(source_path):
+    try:
+        output = subprocess.check_output(
+            ["git", "log", "-1", "--format=%cs", "--", str(source_path)],
+            cwd=source_path.parent,
+            stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+            text=True,
+        ).strip()
+    except (OSError, subprocess.CalledProcessError):
+        return None
+    return output or None
+
+
+def page_lastmod(book_dir, rel_path, html_file):
+    source_path = source_path_for_html(book_dir, rel_path)
+    if source_path:
+        lastmod = git_lastmod(source_path)
+        if lastmod:
+            return lastmod
+    return datetime.fromtimestamp(html_file.stat().st_mtime, tz=timezone.utc).date().isoformat()
+
+
 def humanize_slug(value):
     value = value.replace(".html", "").replace("-", " ").replace("_", " ").strip()
     value = re.sub(r"\s+", " ", value)
@@ -140,7 +222,7 @@ def breadcrumb_items(site_url, lang, rel_path):
     return items
 
 
-def build_structured_data(site_url, lang, rel_path, title, description, site_name, image_url):
+def build_structured_data(site_url, lang, rel_path, title, description, site_name, image_url, languages):
     current_url = canonical_url(site_url, lang, rel_path)
     site_root = site_url.rstrip("/")
     website_url = canonical_url(site_url, "en", Path("index.html"))
@@ -159,7 +241,7 @@ def build_structured_data(site_url, lang, rel_path, title, description, site_nam
             "@id": f"{site_root}/#website",
             "url": site_root,
             "name": site_name,
-            "inLanguage": "en",
+            "inLanguage": languages,
             "publisher": {"@id": f"{site_root}/#organization"},
         },
         {
@@ -203,7 +285,7 @@ def build_seo_block(site_url, lang, rel_path, languages, default_lang, title, de
     current_url = canonical_url(site_url, lang, rel_path)
     image_url = social_image_url(site_url)
     structured_data = json.dumps(
-        build_structured_data(site_url, lang, rel_path, title, description, site_name, image_url),
+        build_structured_data(site_url, lang, rel_path, title, description, site_name, image_url, languages),
         ensure_ascii=False,
         separators=(",", ":"),
     )
@@ -228,7 +310,7 @@ def build_seo_block(site_url, lang, rel_path, languages, default_lang, title, de
             f'<meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="{html.escape(image_url, quote=True)}">',
             f'<meta property="og:image:type" content="image/svg+xml">',
             f'<meta property="og:image:alt" content="{html.escape(site_name, quote=True)}">',
-            f'<meta property="og:locale" content="{html.escape(lang, quote=True)}">',
+            f'<meta property="og:locale" content="{html.escape(LANGUAGE_LOCALES.get(lang, lang), quote=True)}">',
             f'<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">',
             f'<meta name="twitter:title" content="{html.escape(title, quote=True)}">',
             f'<meta name="twitter:description" content="{html.escape(description, quote=True)}">',
@@ -240,11 +322,24 @@ def build_seo_block(site_url, lang, rel_path, languages, default_lang, title, de
     return "\n        ".join(lines)
 
 
+def update_language_menu_links(document, rel_path, languages):
+    allowed_languages = set(languages)
+    target_path = html.escape(rel_path.as_posix(), quote=True)
+
+    def replace(match):
+        lang = match.group("lang")
+        if lang not in allowed_languages:
+            return match.group(0)
+        return f'{match.group("prefix")}/{lang}/{target_path}{match.group("suffix")}'
+
+    return LANGUAGE_MENU_LINK_RE.sub(replace, document)
+
+
 def update_document(document, site_url, lang, rel_path, languages, default_lang, site_name):
     title_match = re.search(r"<title>(.*?)</title>", document, flags=re.I | re.S)
     page_title = clean_text(title_match.group(1)) if title_match else site_name
     fallback_description = f"{site_name}: {page_title}"
-    description = extract_description(document, fallback_description)
+    description = homepage_description(site_name) if is_homepage(rel_path) else extract_description(document, fallback_description)
     seo_block = build_seo_block(
         site_url, lang, rel_path, languages, default_lang, page_title, description, site_name
     )
@@ -259,7 +354,7 @@ def update_document(document, site_url, lang, rel_path, languages, default_lang,
     if re.search(r'<meta\s+name="description"\s+content="[^"]*"\s*/?>', document, flags=re.I):
         document = re.sub(
             r'(<meta\s+name="description"\s+content=")[^"]*("\s*/?>)',
-            r"\1" + html.escape(description, quote=True) + r"\2",
+            lambda match: match.group(1) + html.escape(description, quote=True) + match.group(2),
             document,
             count=1,
             flags=re.I,
@@ -271,10 +366,48 @@ def update_document(document, site_url, lang, rel_path, languages, default_lang,
             1,
         )
 
-    document = re.sub(r"</head>", f"        {seo_block}\n    </head>", document, count=1, flags=re.I)
+    document = re.sub(
+        r"</head>",
+        lambda match: f"        {seo_block}\n    {match.group(0)}",
+        document,
+        count=1,
+        flags=re.I,
+    )
+    document = update_language_menu_links(document, rel_path, languages)
     return document
 
 
+def update_noindex_document(document, rel_path, languages):
+    if re.search(r'<meta\s+name="robots"\s+content="[^"]*"\s*/?>', document, flags=re.I):
+        document = re.sub(
+            r'(<meta\s+name="robots"\s+content=")[^"]*("\s*/?>)',
+            lambda match: match.group(1) + "noindex, follow" + match.group(2),
+            document,
+            count=1,
+            flags=re.I,
+        )
+    else:
+        document = re.sub(
+            r"</title>",
+            '</title>\n        <meta name="robots" content="noindex, follow">',
+            document,
+            count=1,
+            flags=re.I,
+        )
+    return update_language_menu_links(document, rel_path, languages)
+
+
+def process_noindex_pages(book_dir, languages):
+    for html_file in Path(book_dir).rglob("*.html"):
+        if html_file.name not in NOINDEX_HTML:
+            continue
+        rel_path = html_file.relative_to(book_dir)
+        content = html_file.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+        updated = update_noindex_document(content, rel_path, languages)
+        if updated != content:
+            html_file.write_text(updated, encoding="utf-8")
+
+
 def generate_language_sitemap(book_dir, site_url, lang, languages, default_lang):
     ET.register_namespace("", "http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9")
     ET.register_namespace("xhtml", "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml")
@@ -287,8 +420,9 @@ def generate_language_sitemap(book_dir, site_url, lang, languages, default_lang)
         ET.SubElement(url, "{http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9}loc").text = canonical_url(
             site_url, lang, rel_path
         )
-        lastmod = datetime.fromtimestamp(html_file.stat().st_mtime, tz=timezone.utc).date().isoformat()
-        ET.SubElement(url, "{http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9}lastmod").text = lastmod
+        ET.SubElement(url, "{http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9}lastmod").text = page_lastmod(
+            book_dir, rel_path, html_file
+        )
 
         for alt_lang in languages:
             ET.SubElement(
@@ -334,6 +468,7 @@ def process_pages(args):
         )
         html_file.write_text(updated, encoding="utf-8")
 
+    process_noindex_pages(book_dir, languages)
     generate_language_sitemap(book_dir, args.site_url, args.lang, languages, args.default_lang)
 
 
diff --git a/theme/book.js b/theme/book.js
@@ -625,13 +625,14 @@ function playground_text(playground, hidden = true) {
 
     // Should not be needed, but it works around an issue on macOS & iOS: https://github.com/rust-lang/mdBook/issues/628
     document.addEventListener('click', function(e) {
-        if (menubarLanguagePopup.style.display === 'block' && !menubarLanguageToggleButton.contains(e.target) && !menubarLanguagePopup.contains(e.target)) {
+        if (menubarLanguagePopup.style.display === 'flex' && !menubarLanguageToggleButton.contains(e.target) && !menubarLanguagePopup.contains(e.target)) {
             hideLanguage();
         }
     });
     
     languageButtons.forEach((btn) => {
         btn.addEventListener('click', function(e) {
+            e.preventDefault();
             const regex = /(?:(?:\/)+(?<lang>[a-z]{2}(?=\/|$)))?(?<path>(?:\/)*.*)?/g
             var match = regex.exec(window.location.pathname)
           
@@ -641,7 +642,7 @@ function playground_text(playground, hidden = true) {
             const lang = match.groups.lang
             console.log(`Lang: ${lang}`)
             
-            window.location = `/${e.target.id}${path}${window.location.hash}`
+            window.location = `/${e.currentTarget.id}${path}${window.location.hash}`
         });
     })
 })();
@@ -788,4 +789,3 @@ function playground_text(playground, hidden = true) {
         document.addEventListener('scroll', updateBorder, { passive: true });
     })();
 })();
-
diff --git a/theme/index.hbs b/theme/index.hbs
@@ -206,23 +206,23 @@
                                     <span class="translations-caret" aria-hidden="true">▾</span>
                                     
                                     <div id="menubar-languages-popup" class="menubar-languages-popup" aria-label="Language menu" role="language menu">
-                                        <button id="af" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Afrikaans</button>
-                                        <button id="zh" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Chinese</button>
-                                        <button id="en" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">English</button>
-                                        <button id="fr" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">French</button>
-                                        <button id="de" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">German</button>
-                                        <button id="el" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Greek</button>
-                                        <button id="hi" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Hindi</button>
-                                        <button id="it" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Italian</button>
-                                        <button id="ja" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Japanese</button>
-                                        <button id="ko" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Korean</button>
-                                        <button id="pl" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Polish</button>
-                                        <button id="pt" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Portuguese</button>
-                                        <button id="sr" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Serbian</button>
-                                        <button id="es" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Spanish</button>
-                                        <button id="sw" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Swahili</button>
-                                        <button id="tr" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Turkish</button>
-                                        <button id="uk" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Ukrainian</button>
+                                        <a id="af" href="/af/{{ path }}" hreflang="af" lang="af" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Afrikaans</a>
+                                        <a id="zh" href="/zh/{{ path }}" hreflang="zh" lang="zh" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Chinese</a>
+                                        <a id="en" href="/en/{{ path }}" hreflang="en" lang="en" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">English</a>
+                                        <a id="fr" href="/fr/{{ path }}" hreflang="fr" lang="fr" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">French</a>
+                                        <a id="de" href="/de/{{ path }}" hreflang="de" lang="de" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">German</a>
+                                        <a id="el" href="/el/{{ path }}" hreflang="el" lang="el" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Greek</a>
+                                        <a id="hi" href="/hi/{{ path }}" hreflang="hi" lang="hi" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Hindi</a>
+                                        <a id="it" href="/it/{{ path }}" hreflang="it" lang="it" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Italian</a>
+                                        <a id="ja" href="/ja/{{ path }}" hreflang="ja" lang="ja" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Japanese</a>
+                                        <a id="ko" href="/ko/{{ path }}" hreflang="ko" lang="ko" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Korean</a>
+                                        <a id="pl" href="/pl/{{ path }}" hreflang="pl" lang="pl" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Polish</a>
+                                        <a id="pt" href="/pt/{{ path }}" hreflang="pt" lang="pt" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Portuguese</a>
+                                        <a id="sr" href="/sr/{{ path }}" hreflang="sr" lang="sr" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Serbian</a>
+                                        <a id="es" href="/es/{{ path }}" hreflang="es" lang="es" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Spanish</a>
+                                        <a id="sw" href="/sw/{{ path }}" hreflang="sw" lang="sw" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Swahili</a>
+                                        <a id="tr" href="/tr/{{ path }}" hreflang="tr" lang="tr" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Turkish</a>
+                                        <a id="uk" href="/uk/{{ path }}" hreflang="uk" lang="uk" role="menuitem" class="menu-bar-link">Ukrainian</a>
                                     </div>
                                 </div>
 
