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84 changes: 47 additions & 37 deletions episodes/imaging-data-structure-and-formats.Rmd
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -370,13 +370,13 @@ This can result in complicated data that can be arranged in many different ways.
Despite the structure of a neuroimaging study is fairly standard, so far there
is no consensus on how to organize and share data obtained in neuroimaging
experiments. The
[Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS)](https://bids.neuroimaging.io/get_started.html)
[Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS)](https://bids.neuroimaging.io/index.html)
is a framework for organizing data in a standardized way.

The main specifications regard how to structure data/metadata within a
hierarchy of folders and how to name files. The data you will use in this
workshop will mostly be organized according to this standard. If you are
interested, you can find the details of these specifications in the [BIDS starter kit](https://bids-standard.github.io/bids-starter-kit/index.html).
interested, you can find the details of these specifications in the [BIDS starter kit](https://bids.neuroimaging.io/getting_started/index.html).

## Visualizing neuroimaging data - FSLeyes
FSLeyes (pronounced **fossilize**) is the FSL image viewer for 3D and 4D data.
Expand All @@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ be likely to use throughout the workshop, while other more specific features
will be introduced at a later point. If you are already familiar with FSLeyes,
feel free to skip this part and move on to another section of the workshop.

For a full overview of what FSLeyes can do, take a look at the [FSLeyes user guide](https://open.win.ox.ac.uk/pages/fsl/fsleyes/fsleyes/userdoc/index.html).
For a full overview of what FSLeyes can do, take a look at the [FSLeyes user guide](https://open.oxcin.ox.ac.uk/pages/fsl/fsleyes/fsleyes/userdoc/index.html).

### Getting started
Assuming you are still in the `~/data/ImageDataVisualization` directory,
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -576,6 +576,7 @@ Now load in a second image (`sub-OAS30015_T1w_brain_pve_0.nii.gz`) using
_File > Add from file_. This image is a tissue segmentation image of the
cerebrospinal fluid. In the bottom-left panel is a list of loaded images
- the _overlay list_.

![](fig/overlay_list_oasis.png){alt="Overlay list" height='150px'}

The overlay list shows the images which are currently loaded into FSLeyes.
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -711,10 +712,45 @@ Here are the screenshots you should see:
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

For more information about the atlases available please refer to the
[FSL Wiki](https://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/Atlases).
[FSL Documentation](https://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/docs/other/datasets.html).


Quit FSLeyes when you have finished looking at the atlases.

## Next steps
In the [next episode on structural MRI](structural-mri.Rmd), we will learn how
to align (register) the two images together to be able to look at the same
point in the brain in both images.

## Stretch exercises
If you have completed all of the above and want to keep working more on imaging structure and format, please try the [bonus exercises below](#bonus-exercises).

## Additional material
For a more extensive tutorial on FSLeyes features, please refer to the
[FSL course - FSLeyes practical](https://pages.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fslcourse/practicals/intro1/index.html)

FSLeyes manual: https://open.oxcin.ox.ac.uk/pages/fsl/fsleyes/fsleyes/userdoc/index.html

## References
* FSL course material: https://pages.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fslcourse/website/online_materials.html
* McCarthy, Paul. (2021). FSLeyes (1.2.0). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5504114
* Michael Joseph, Jerrold Jeyachandra, and Erin Dickie (eds): "Data Carpentry: Introduction to MRI Data Analysis." Version 2019.11, November 2019,
[https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/SDC-BIDS-IntroMRI](https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/SDC-BIDS-IntroMRI/open-mri-datasets/index.html)

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: keypoints

- Images are sheets or cubes of numbers.
- Medical image data is typically stored in DICOM or Nifti format. They include
a header that contains information on the patient and/or the image characteristics.
- An affine transformation maps the voxel location to real-world coordinates.
- Medical image viewers allow to navigate an image, adjust contrast, and
localise brain regions with respect to an atlas.

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

## Bonus exercises
If you have completed all of the above and want to keep working on this topic, please try the exercises below.

### BONUS EXERCISE: Viewing different imaging modalities
So far we have seen examples of MRI T1-weighted scans (T1w). In research as
well as in clinical setting, we acquire multiple imaging modalities from the
Expand All @@ -731,10 +767,10 @@ Let's take two imaging modalities from a different participant:
`sub-OAS30003_T1w.nii.gz` and `sub-OAS30003_FLAIR.nii.gz`

::::::::::::::::::::::challenge
*Do they have the same dimension?*
*Do they have the same **dimension**?*

:::::::::::::::::::::: hint
Use `fslhd` to get information on dimension and voxel size.
Use `fslhd` to get information on dimension.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::

:::::::::::::::::::::::: solution
Expand All @@ -747,18 +783,18 @@ image are 256 x 256 x 35.
::::::::::::::::::::::::

::::::::::::::::::::::challenge
*Do they have the same resolution?*
*Do they have the same **resolution**?*

:::::::::::::::::::::: hint
Use `fslhd` to get information on dimension and voxel size.
Use `fslhd` to get information on voxel size.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::

:::::::::::::::::::::::: solution
**No**

From the same `fslhd` commands, the resolution can be found in
the fields `pixdim1`, `pixdim2`, and `pixdim3`. For the T1 the resolution is
1.20 x 1.05 x 1.05 mm. For the FLAIR it is 0.859 x 0.859 x 5.00mm
1.20 x 1.05 x 1.05 mm. For the FLAIR it is 0.859 x 0.859 x 5.00 mm
::::::::::::::::::::::::
::::::::::::::::::::::::

Expand All @@ -776,7 +812,7 @@ or by double clicking on the image name in
the overlay list.

::::::::::::::::::::::challenge
*Do they have the same orientation?*
*Do they have the same **orientation**?*

:::::::::::::::::::::: hint
Look at the location panel to help with information about orientation
Expand All @@ -787,6 +823,7 @@ Look at the location panel to help with information about orientation

In the bottom right panel you should see the warning:
“Images have different orientations/fields of view”
Even if the images were acquired from the same person in the same session, the position of the field of view is slightly different, so the images are not perfectly aligned. FSLeyes tries to align them as best as it can, but image registration is the analysis step that is usually needed if we want to align images.

::::::::::::::::::::::::
::::::::::::::::::::::::
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -1104,31 +1141,4 @@ compliance with the BIDS standard:
::::::::::::::::::::::
::::::::::::::::::::::

## Next steps
In the [next episode on structural MRI](structural-mri.Rmd), we will learn how
to align (register) the two images together to be able to look at the same
point in the brain in both images.

## Additional material
For a more extensive tutorial on FSLeyes features, please refer to the
[FSL course - FSLeyes practical](https://open.win.ox.ac.uk/pages/fslcourse/practicals/intro1/index.html)

FSLeyes manual: https://open.win.ox.ac.uk/pages/fsl/fsleyes/fsleyes/userdoc/index.html

## References
* FSL course material: https://open.win.ox.ac.uk/pages/fslcourse/website/online_materials.html
* McCarthy, Paul. (2021). FSLeyes (1.2.0). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5504114
* Michael Joseph, Jerrold Jeyachandra, and Erin Dickie (eds): "Data Carpentry: Introduction to MRI Data Analysis." Version 2019.11, November 2019,
[https://github.com/carpentries-incubator/SDC-BIDS-IntroMRI](https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/SDC-BIDS-IntroMRI/open-mri-datasets/index.html)

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: keypoints

- Images are sheets or cubes of numbers.
- Medical image data is typically stored in DICOM or Nifti format. They include
a header that contains information on the patient and/or the image characteristics.
- An affine transformation maps the voxel location to real-world coordinates.
- Medical image viewers allow to navigate an image, adjust contrast, and
localise brain regions with respect to an atlas.

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

10 changes: 5 additions & 5 deletions index.md
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -50,17 +50,17 @@

| Webinar Title | Slides |
| --- | --- |
| [Data Structure and Formats](https://training.alz.org/products/4520/neuroimaging-pia-basics-of-neuroimaging-data-structure-and-formats) |[Slides](files/1_BasicsNeuroimaging_StructureFormat-Griffanti.pdf) |
| [The Basics of Neuroimaging: Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)](https://training.alz.org/products/4524/neuroimaging-pia-the-basics-of-neuroimaging-structural-magnetic-resonance-imaging-mri) | [Slides](files/2_BasicsNeuroimaging_StructuralMRI-Cash.pdf) |
| [Positron emission tomography (PET)](https://training.alz.org/products/4525/neuroimaging-pia-the-basics-of-neuroimaging-positron-emission-tomography-pet) | [Slides](files/3_BasicsNeuroimaging_PET-Betthauser.pdf) |
| [Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI)](https://training.alz.org/products/4526/neuroimaging-pia-the-basics-of-neuroimaging-diffusion-weighted-imaging-dwi) | [Slides](files/4_BasicsNeuroimaging_Diffusion_AlexaPB.pdf) |
| [Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)](https://training.alz.org/products/4528/neuroimaging-pia-the-basics-of-neuroimaging-functional-magnetic-resonance-imaging-fmri) | [Slides](files/5_BasicsNeuroimaging_Functional_Luigi.pdf) |
| [Data Structure and Formats](https://istaart.alz.org/video/70) |[Slides](files/1_BasicsNeuroimaging_StructureFormat-Griffanti.pdf) |

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| [The Basics of Neuroimaging: Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)](https://istaart.alz.org/video/67) | [Slides](files/2_BasicsNeuroimaging_StructuralMRI-Cash.pdf) |

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| [Positron emission tomography (PET)](https://istaart.alz.org/video/66) | [Slides](files/3_BasicsNeuroimaging_PET-Betthauser.pdf) |

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| [Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI)](https://istaart.alz.org/video/64) | [Slides](files/4_BasicsNeuroimaging_Diffusion_AlexaPB.pdf) |

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| [Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)](https://istaart.alz.org/video/61) | [Slides](files/5_BasicsNeuroimaging_Functional_Luigi.pdf) |

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At the workshop, we will all be using a standard environment, using a virtual machine (VM) hosted on the cloud. This ensures that everyone will be seeing the exact same screen for these lessons, regardless of if you are using a Mac or Windows operating system. You can find out more how to access this virtual machine below.

We will be using a Linux terminal to enter commands on the Unix shell. Before
attending the session, you may want to familiarize yourself with the shell
by running through the [Command line lesson](./command-line.md)

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::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

### Agenda
Expand Down
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