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#Notes

Notes and formulas from:

  • Yin, Peng-Yeng & En-Ping Su. 2011. Cyber Swarm optimization for general keyboard arrangement problem. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 41.1: 43-52.
  • Peng-Yeng, Yin, Glover Fred, Laguna Manuel & Zhu Jia-Xian. 2011. A Complementary Cyber Swarm Algorithm. International Journal of Swarm Intelligence Research (IJSIR) 2.2: 22-41.
  • Eggers, Jan, Dominique Feillet, Steffen Kehl, Marc Oliver Wagner & Bernard Yannou. 2003. Optimization of the keyboard arrangement problem using an Ant Colony algorithm. European Journal of Operational Research 148.3: 672-86.
  • Eggers, Jan, Dominique Feillet, Steffen Kehl, Marc Oliver Wagner & Bernard Yannou. 2003. An Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm for the Optimization of the Keyboard Arrangement Problem. European Journal of Operational Research 148.3: 672-86.
  • Wagner, Marc Oliver, Bernard Yannou, Steffen Kehl, Dominique Feillet & Jan Eggers. 2003. Ergonomic Modelling and Optimization of the Keyboard Arrangement with an Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm. Journal of Engineering Design 14.2: 187-208.

Formulas dynamically created by: http://www.sciweavers.org/free-online-latex-equation-editor

  1. Min O_1 (k) = | l{kp} (\pi) - l^*|_
  2. Min O_{2}(k) = \sum_{(u,v)\in D(\pi)} \tau_kp (u,v)

##Typology of Keyboard layouts

Single Multi
Keyboards with single finger keys (SFK) Keyboards with Multi-finger keys (MFK)
Keyboards with single-character key (SCK) Keyboards with Multi-character keys (MCK)

While the above table is arranged by Multiple and Single dynamics, the similarity is more often the following:

Mobile Computer
Keyboards with Multi-character keys (MCK) Keyboards with single-character key (SCK)
Keyboards with single finger keys (SFK) Keyboards with Multi-finger keys (MFK)

Looking at the problem like this previous authors have described the problem space as button arrangements which prevent there from being as many buttons as needed characters. _ As is the case with mobile phones (MCK)_ and then some of those users choose to use a single finger to do text input (SFK).

The second class of keyboard layouts is assumed to be that every character receives a unique key (SCK). And then that users use an ISO, JIS, or ANSI keyboard layout to do text input in a (MFK) environment.

However, this typology is a bit problematic for two use cases:

  1. People who use the hunt and peck method on (SCK) layouts. This is common by some learners.
  2. Where the the non-English keyboard requires the use of deadkeys or modifier keys.

The Non-english stated keyboard layout (like those with deadkeys) sometimes assumes a MCK = M < N arrangement typology. But the operation of the keyboard is much closer to (MFK).

  • M = Characters

  • N = Keys

  • SCK == M = N

  • MCK == M > N

  • MCK == M < N

##Ergonomics

Six ergonomic criteria:

  1. tapping load distribution
  2. number of keystrokes
  3. hand alternation
  4. finger alternation
  5. finger posture
  6. hit direction

##Variables used

###Section 2.1.1 Key Accessibility

  • k = Keyboard Arrangement
  • π = a text
  • p = prediction algorithm
  • l* = load distribution represented as an N-dimensional vector whose i-th component indicates the ideal taping load on the i-th key
  • lkp(π) = is load distribution

Min O1(k) = || lkp(π) - l* ||

equation

###Section 2.1.2 posture comfort In the following table 'd' is the distance between two keys

  • d = distance between two keys

Penalty for matrix for consecutive hitting fingers considering four ergonomic criteria from Eggers et al. 2003.

| 2nd finger ||||| ----|------|------|------|------|------ 1st finger | Thumb | Forefinger | Middle finger | Ring finger | Little Finger Thumb | d +1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 Forefinger | 1 | d +1 | 7 | 10 | 8 Middle finger | 1 | 6 | d +1 | 11 | 9 Ring finger | 1 | 9 | 10 | d +1 | 12 Little finger | 1 | 7 | 8 | 11 | d +1

Assumptions:

  1. No penalty for two consecutive keys during the typing if they are hit with different hands.
  2. The table only applies to the same hand.
  3. This table is suitable for MFK but not SFK

Situations not covered:

  1. Press and hold situations
  2. Chorded keystrokes eg. Shift+K
  3. Deadkey useage
  • N x N =??
  • τkp(u,v) = N x N key-pair penalty coefficient matrix
  • D(π) = the set containing any two consecutive keys that are hit to produce π [the text].

Min O2(k) =

equation

##Assertions

  1. ideal load distribution occurs when 43.5% of the key strokes of done on the home row.
  2. A prediction algorithm is more better, the more distance it saves a typists; the greater the distance saved in typing the better the prediction algorithm is.