- Prerequisites
- User-mode Debugging
- Kernel-mode Debugging
- Software Development Kit (SDK)
- Debugging Commands
- ? (evaluate and execute expressions and scripts in debuggee)
- ~ (display and change the current operating core)
- a (assemble virtual address)
- load (load the kernel modules)
- unload (unload the kernel modules)
- status (show the debuggee status)
- events (show and modify active/disabled events)
- p (step-over)
- t (step-in)
- i (instrumentation step-in)
- gu (step-out or go up)
- r (read or modify registers)
- bp (set breakpoint)
- bl (list breakpoints)
- be (enable breakpoints)
- bd (disable breakpoints)
- bc (clear and remove breakpoints)
- g (continue debuggee or processing kernel packets)
- x (examine symbols and find functions and variables address)
- db, dc, dd, dq (read virtual memory)
- eb, ed, eq (edit virtual memory)
- sb, sd, sq (search virtual memory)
- u, u64, u2, u32 (disassemble virtual address)
- k, kd, kq (display stack backtrace)
- dt (display and map virtual memory to structures)
- struct (make structures, enums, data types from symbols)
- sleep (wait for specific time in the .script command)
- pause (break to the debugger and pause processing kernel packets)
- print (evaluate and print expression in debuggee)
- lm (view loaded modules)
- cpu (check cpu supported technologies)
- rdmsr (read model-specific register)
- wrmsr (write model-specific register)
- flush (remove pending kernel buffers and messages)
- prealloc (reserve pre-allocated pools)
- preactivate (pre-activate special functionalities)
- output (create output source for event forwarding)
- test (test functionalities)
- settings (configures different options and preferences)
- exit (exit from the debugger)
- Meta Commands
- .help (show the help of commands)
- .debug (prepare and connect to debugger)
- .connect (connect to a session)
- .disconnect (disconnect from a session)
- .listen (listen on a port and wait for the debugger to connect)
- .status (show the debugger status)
- .start (start a new process)
- .restart (restart the process)
- .attach (attach to a process)
- .detach (detach from the process)
- .switch (show the list and switch between active debugging processes)
- .kill (terminate the process)
- .process, .process2 (show the current process and switch to another process)
- .thread, .thread2 (show the current thread and switch to another thread)
- .pagein (bring the page into the RAM)
- .dump (save the virtual memory into a file)
- .formats (show number formats)
- .script (run batch script commands)
- .sympath (set the symbol server)
- .sym (load pdb symbols)
- .pe (parse PE file)
- .logopen (open log file)
- .logclose (close log file)
- .cls (clear the screen)
- Extension Commands
- !a (assemble physical address)
- !pte (display page-level address and entries)
- !db, !dc, !dd, !dq (read physical memory)
- !eb, !ed, !eq (edit physical memory)
- !sb, !sd, !sq (search physical memory)
- !u, !u64, !u2, !u32 (disassemble physical address)
- !dt (display and map physical memory to structures)
- !track (track and map function calls and returns to the symbols)
- !epthook (hidden hook with EPT - stealth breakpoints)
- !epthook2 (hidden hook with EPT - detours)
- !monitor (monitor read/write/execute to a range of memory)
- !syscall, !syscall2 (hook system-calls)
- !sysret, !sysret2 (hook SYSRET instruction execution)
- !mode (detect kernel-to-user and user-to-kernel transitions)
- !cpuid (hook CPUID instruction execution)
- !msrread (hook RDMSR instruction execution)
- !msrwrite (hook WRMSR instruction execution)
- !tsc (hook RDTSC/RDTSCP instruction execution)
- !pmc (hook RDPMC instruction execution)
- !vmcall (hook hypercalls)
- !exception (hook first 32 entries of IDT)
- !interrupt (hook external device interrupts)
- !dr (hook access to debug registers)
- !ioin (hook IN instruction execution)
- !ioout (hook OUT instruction execution)
- !xsetbv (hook XSETBV instruction execution)
- !hide (enable transparent-mode)
- !unhide (disable transparent-mode)
- !measure (measuring and providing details for transparent-mode)
- !va2pa (convert a virtual address to physical address)
- !pa2va (convert physical address to virtual address)
- !dump (save the physical memory into a file)
- !pcitree (show PCI/PCIe device tree)
- !pcicam (dump the PCI/PCIe configuration space)
- !idt (show Interrupt Descriptor Table entries)
- !smi (trigger and show System Management Interrupt functionalities)
- !apic (dump local APIC entries in XAPIC and X2APIC modes)
- !ioapic (dump I/O APIC)
- !lbr (tracing branches using Last Branch Record)
- !lbrdump (dump Last Branch Record entries)
- Scripting Language
- Assumptions & Evaluations
- Variables & Assignments
- Casting & Inclusion
- Conditionals & Loops
- Constants & Functions
- Debugger Script (DS)
- Examples
- view system state (registers, memory, variables)
- change system state (registers, memory, variables)
- trace function calls
- pause the debugger conditionally
- conditional breakpoints and events
- patch the normal sequence of execution
- access to a shared variable from different cores
- count occurrences of events
- Functions
- Commands Map