Timing Post-Processor, a built-in feature of Aegisub that can help automate some timing work, but doesn't always yield desired results.
Karaoke effects, often in softsubs represented with {\k} tags.
An automation script package manager built by fansubbers. The open-source repository can be found at https://github.com/TypesettingTools/DependencyControl.
Constant Rate Factor (CRF) is the default quality and rate control setting for the x264 and x265 encoders. Allows the encoder to specify a certain quality level when the filesize and bitrate are not limiting factors. See the x264 page for more information.
A Blu-ray Disc Movie (BDMV) is a Blu-ray video format with menu capabilities that almost all modern anime shows are released in. The file structure can be seen on the Blu-ray Disc Association's White Papers (page 14). When encoding from a lossless source, this is most likely what you will be starting with.