: A standardized system of numerical codes used to represent text characters—including letters, numbers, punctuation, and diacritics—within a MARC record. It functions as the "translation key" that allows a computer system to interpret binary data into human-readable text. The two common encoding schemes are 1. MARC-8: The legacy 8-bit encoding standard used to represent Latin, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, and East Asian characters via escape sequences. 2. UTF-8 (Unicode): The modern, universal standard that assigns a unique code point to every character in every language, facilitating global data exchange.
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