Moreover, the role of codes varies strongly between qualitative research traditions. In some traditions, codes are principally a background tool, used to _organize_ materials for later writing. That is the case, for example, for most ethnographic writing, as well as for many historically oriented approaches such as comparative historical analysis (as used in sociology and political science) or process tracing (as used in political science and administrative sciences). You will rarely find a mention of codes, coding schemas, or a codebook in published work using these methods, and not all of its practitioners may apply codes to data at all.
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