diff --git a/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml b/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
index d49a42b..059da55 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/benchmark.yml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ permissions:
 env:
   UV_FROZEN: true
   UV_PYTHON: 3.14
-  RUST_VERSION: "1.90.0"
+  RUST_VERSION: "1.95.0"
 
 jobs:
   benchmark:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/codspeed.yml b/.github/workflows/codspeed.yml
index 2d902ec..d1262f1 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/codspeed.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/codspeed.yml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ permissions:
 env:
   UV_FROZEN: true
   UV_PYTHON: 3.14
-  RUST_VERSION: "1.90.0"
+  RUST_VERSION: "1.95.0"
 
 jobs:
   benchmarks:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/lint.yml b/.github/workflows/lint.yml
index 349fb27..041ef3e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/lint.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/lint.yml
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ permissions:
 
 env:
   RUSTFLAGS: "-Dwarnings"  # treat warnings as errors
+  RUST_VERSION: "1.95.0"
 
 jobs:
   lint:
@@ -16,6 +17,12 @@ jobs:
       - name: Checkout repository.
         uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
+      - name: Install rust.
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
+        with:
+          toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_VERSION }}
+          components: clippy, rustfmt
+
       - name: Run Clippy.
         run: cargo clippy --all-targets --all-features
 
diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index 059a864..0ee1ba3 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ permissions:
   contents: read
 
 env:
-  RUST_VERSION: "1.90.0"
+  RUST_VERSION: "1.95.0"
 
 jobs:
   build:
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 998a1d8..574a664 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ name = "libipld"
 crate-type = ["rlib", "cdylib"]
 
 [dependencies]
-pyo3 = { version = "0.27.1", features = ["generate-import-lib", "anyhow"] }
-python3-dll-a = "0.2.14"
-anyhow = "1.0.100"
-cid = "0.11.1"
-cbor4ii = { version = "1.2.1" }
+pyo3 = { version = "0.28.3", features = ["generate-import-lib", "anyhow"] }
+python3-dll-a = "0.2.15"
+anyhow = "1.0.102"
+cid = "0.11.3"
+cbor4ii = { version = "1.2.2" }
 
 [workspace]
 members = [ "profiling" ]
diff --git a/profiling/Cargo.toml b/profiling/Cargo.toml
index 112b828..680016c 100644
--- a/profiling/Cargo.toml
+++ b/profiling/Cargo.toml
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ structopt = "0.3.26"
 clap = "4.5.29"
 
 [dependencies.pyo3]
-version = "0.27.1"
+version = "0.28.3"
diff --git a/profiling/src/profiles/decode_car.rs b/profiling/src/profiles/decode_car.rs
index b43fe8f..1b881ad 100644
--- a/profiling/src/profiles/decode_car.rs
+++ b/profiling/src/profiles/decode_car.rs
@@ -6,12 +6,17 @@ pub fn exec(iterations: u64) {
     let bench_file_name = "benchmarks/repo.car";
 
     let car_bytes = fs::read(bench_file_name)
-        .expect(&format!("Could not open bench file '{}'", bench_file_name));
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("Could not open bench file '{}'", bench_file_name));
 
-    pyo3::prepare_freethreaded_python();
+    Python::initialize();
+
+    Python::attach(|gil| {
+        unsafe { pyo3::ffi::Py_SetRecursionLimit(10_000) };
+        let _ = gil;
+    });
 
     for _ in 0..iterations {
-        Python::with_gil(|gil| {
+        Python::attach(|gil| {
             println!("{}", libipld::decode_car(gil, &car_bytes).is_ok());
         });
     }
diff --git a/profiling/src/profiles/decode_dag_cbor.rs b/profiling/src/profiles/decode_dag_cbor.rs
index a9c37d3..ed5a524 100644
--- a/profiling/src/profiles/decode_dag_cbor.rs
+++ b/profiling/src/profiles/decode_dag_cbor.rs
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ pub fn exec(iterations: u64) {
     let bench_file_name = "benchmarks/decode.dagcbor";
 
     let dag_cbor_bytes = fs::read(bench_file_name)
-        .expect(&format!("Could not open bench file '{}'", bench_file_name));
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("Could not open bench file '{}'", bench_file_name));
 
-    pyo3::prepare_freethreaded_python();
+    Python::initialize();
 
     for _ in 0..iterations {
-        Python::with_gil(|gil| {
+        Python::attach(|gil| {
             println!("{}", libipld::decode_dag_cbor(gil, &dag_cbor_bytes).is_ok());
         });
     }
diff --git a/profiling/src/profiles/encode_dag_cbor.rs b/profiling/src/profiles/encode_dag_cbor.rs
index e310463..1d27c69 100644
--- a/profiling/src/profiles/encode_dag_cbor.rs
+++ b/profiling/src/profiles/encode_dag_cbor.rs
@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ pub fn exec(iterations: u64) {
     let bench_file_name = "benchmarks/encode.json";
 
     let json_data = fs::read_to_string(bench_file_name)
-        .expect(&format!("Could not open bench file '{}'", bench_file_name));
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("Could not open bench file '{}'", bench_file_name));
     let json_str = json_data.as_str();
 
-    pyo3::prepare_freethreaded_python();
+    Python::initialize();
 
     for _ in 0..iterations {
-        Python::with_gil(|gil| {
+        Python::attach(|gil| {
             println!(
                 "{}",
                 libipld::encode_dag_cbor(gil, &PyString::new(gil, json_str)).is_ok()
diff --git a/pytests/test_decode_car.py b/pytests/test_decode_car.py
index 15d40c5..ac5bd62 100644
--- a/pytests/test_decode_car.py
+++ b/pytests/test_decode_car.py
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ def test_decode_car_invalid_header_type() -> None:
         header_obj = libipld.encode_dag_cbor('strInsteadOfObj')
         libipld.decode_car(header_len + header_obj)
 
-    assert "cannot be cast as 'dict'" in str(exc_info.value)
+    assert "is not an instance of 'dict'" in str(exc_info.value)
 
 
 def test_decode_car_invalid_header_version_key() -> None:
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ def test_decode_car_invalid_header_roots_value_type() -> None:
         header_obj = libipld.encode_dag_cbor({'version': 1, 'roots': 123})
         libipld.decode_car(header_len + header_obj)
 
-    assert "cannot be cast as 'list'" in str(exc_info.value)
+    assert "is not an instance of 'list'" in str(exc_info.value)
 
 
 def test_decode_car_invalid_header_roots_value_empty_list() -> None: