@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ tags = ['Random', 'Recursion']
1010# ]
1111+++
1212
13-
1413For each index $m\in{0,\dots,20}$ define a discrete planar random walk $f_m:{0,1,\dots,1000}\to\mathbb{Z}^2$ by the recurrence
1514
1615$$
@@ -53,29 +52,27 @@ which looks like the following [graph](#fig-1).
5352
5453 \draw[thin,->] (-2.2,0) -- (2.2,0) node[right] {$x$};
5554 \draw[thin,->] (0,-2.2) -- (0,2.2) node[above] {$y$};
55+
5656\end{tikzpicture}
5757{{< /tikz >}}
5858Graphing all possible branches of $f_ {k-1} \to f_k \to f_ {k+1}$, we notice that exactly one of the four possible steps from $f_k$ leads back to $f_ {k-1}$, giving a probability of $\frac{1}{4}$ of returning, which explains the isolated spikes observed in the [ graph] ( #fig-2 ) .
5959{{< tikz >}}
6060\begin{tikzpicture}[ >=stealth,thick, transform shape, scale=2]
6161
6262\tikzset{
63- n0/.style={circle,fill=orange!80!red, inner sep=4pt},
64- n1/.style={circle,fill=blue!60!black, inner sep=3pt},
65- n2/.style={circle,fill=teal!60!black, inner sep=2pt},
66- a0/.style={->,orange!80!red, thick, shorten >=3pt, shorten <=3pt},
67- a1/.style={->,blue!60!black, thick, shorten >=3pt, shorten <=3pt},
68- ab/.style={->,teal!60!black, thick, shorten >=7pt, shorten <=3pt},
63+ n0/.style={circle,fill=orange!80!red, inner sep=4pt},
64+ n1/.style={circle,fill=blue!60!black, inner sep=3pt},
65+ n2/.style={circle,fill=teal!60!black, inner sep=2pt},
66+ a0/.style={->,orange!80!red, thick, shorten >=3pt, shorten <=3pt},
67+ a1/.style={->,blue!60!black, thick, shorten >=3pt, shorten <=3pt},
68+ ab/.style={->,teal!60!black, thick, shorten >=7pt, shorten <=3pt},
6969}
7070
71-
7271\draw[ teal!60!black, line width=1.6pt] (0,0) circle (9pt);
7372
74-
75- \node[ n0] (r) at (0,0) {};
73+ \node[ n0] (r) at (0,0) {};
7674\node[ font=\scriptsize, orange!70!black] at (0,0.75) {$f_ {k-1}$};
7775
78-
7976\node[ n1] (k1) at ( 2.2, 2.2) {};
8077\node[ n1] (k2) at ( 2.2,-2.2) {};
8178\node[ n1] (k3) at (-2.2, 2.2) {};
@@ -89,7 +86,6 @@ Graphing all possible branches of $f_{k-1} \to f_k \to f_{k+1}$, we notice that
8986\draw[ a0] ( r ) --(k1); \draw[ a0] ( r ) --(k2);
9087\draw[ a0] ( r ) --(k3); \draw[ a0] ( r ) --(k4);
9188
92-
9389\node[ n2] at ( 4.4, 4.4) {};
9490\node[ n2] at ( 4.4, 0.0) {};
9591\node[ n2] at ( 0.0, 4.4) {};
@@ -105,15 +101,13 @@ Graphing all possible branches of $f_{k-1} \to f_k \to f_{k+1}$, we notice that
105101\draw[ a1] ( k2 ) --( 0.0,-4.4);
106102\draw[ ab] ( k2 ) --(r);
107103
108-
109104\node[ n2] at (-4.4, 4.4) {};
110105\node[ n2] at (-4.4, 0.0) {};
111106\draw[ a1] ( k3 ) --( 0.0, 4.4);
112107\draw[ a1] ( k3 ) --(-4.4, 4.4);
113108\draw[ a1] ( k3 ) --(-4.4, 0.0);
114109\draw[ ab] ( k3 ) --(r);
115110
116-
117111\node[ n2] at (-4.4,-4.4) {};
118112\draw[ a1] ( k4 ) --( 0.0,-4.4);
119113\draw[ a1] ( k4 ) --(-4.4, 0.0);
@@ -122,14 +116,14 @@ Graphing all possible branches of $f_{k-1} \to f_k \to f_{k+1}$, we notice that
122116
123117% legend
124118\draw[ teal!60!black,line width=1.4pt] (5.8, 0.6) circle (5.5pt);
125- \fill[ orange!80!red] (5.8, 0.6) circle (3.5pt);
126- \fill[ blue!60!black] (5.8, 0.0) circle (2.8pt);
127- \fill[ teal!60!black] (5.8,-0.6) circle (2.0pt);
119+ \fill[ orange!80!red] (5.8, 0.6) circle (3.5pt);
120+ \fill[ blue!60!black] (5.8, 0.0) circle (2.8pt);
121+ \fill[ teal!60!black] (5.8,-0.6) circle (2.0pt);
128122\node[ font=\scriptsize,orange!70!black] at (7.2, 0.6) {$f_ {k-1}$};
129- \node[ font=\scriptsize,blue!60!black] at (7.2, 0.0) {$f_ {k}$};
130- \node[ font=\scriptsize,teal!60!black] at (7.2,-0.6) {$f_ {k+1}$};
123+ \node[ font=\scriptsize,blue!60!black] at (7.2, 0.0) {$f_ {k}$};
124+ \node[ font=\scriptsize,teal!60!black] at (7.2,-0.6) {$f_ {k+1}$};
131125\draw[ ab,shorten >=0pt,shorten <=0pt]
132- (6.6,-1.2)--(5.6,-1.2);
126+ (6.6,-1.2)--(5.6,-1.2);
133127\node[ font=\scriptsize,teal!60!black] at (6.5,-1.5) {returns to $f_ {k-1}$};
134128
135129\end{tikzpicture}
@@ -141,29 +135,29 @@ where $f_{k+4} = f_k$, yet $f_k \neq f_{k+2}$ and $f_{k+1} \neq f_{k+3}$, tracin
141135\begin{tikzpicture}[ >=stealth,thick, transform shape, scale=2]
142136
143137\tikzset{
144- pt/.style={circle, fill, inner sep=3.5pt},
145- arr/.style={->, thick, shorten >=4pt, shorten <=4pt},
138+ pt/.style={circle, fill, inner sep=3.5pt},
139+ arr/.style={->, thick, shorten >=4pt, shorten <=4pt},
146140}
147141
148142% dashed diamond outline
149143\draw[ dashed, gray!45, thin]
150- (0,0) -- (2,2) -- (4,0) -- (2,-2) -- cycle;
144+ (0,0) -- (2,2) -- (4,0) -- (2,-2) -- cycle;
151145
152146% step labels along each edge
153- \node[ font=\tiny, gray] at (0.6, 1.4) {$(+1,+1)$};
154- \node[ font=\tiny, gray] at (3.4, 1.4) {$(+1,-1)$};
147+ \node[ font=\tiny, gray] at (0.6, 1.4) {$(+1,+1)$};
148+ \node[ font=\tiny, gray] at (3.4, 1.4) {$(+1,-1)$};
155149\node[ font=\tiny, gray] at (3.4, -1.4) {$(-1,-1)$};
156150\node[ font=\tiny, gray] at (0.6, -1.4) {$(-1,+1)$};
157151
158152% arrows
159153\draw[ ->, thick, blue!70!black, shorten >=4pt, shorten <=4pt]
160- (0,0) -- (2,2);
154+ (0,0) -- (2,2);
161155\draw[ ->, thick, blue!70!black, shorten >=4pt, shorten <=4pt]
162- (2,2) -- (4,0);
156+ (2,2) -- (4,0);
163157\draw[ ->, thick, blue!70!black, shorten >=4pt, shorten <=4pt]
164- (4,0) -- (2,-2);
158+ (4,0) -- (2,-2);
165159\draw[ ->, line width=1.8pt, teal!60!black, shorten >=7pt, shorten <=4pt]
166- (2,-2) -- (0,0);
160+ (2,-2) -- (0,0);
167161
168162% teal ring on f_k to show loop closure
169163\draw[ teal!60!black, line width=1.8pt] (0,0) circle (7pt);
@@ -175,15 +169,15 @@ where $f_{k+4} = f_k$, yet $f_k \neq f_{k+2}$ and $f_{k+1} \neq f_{k+3}$, tracin
175169\fill[ blue!60!black] (2,-2) circle (3.0pt);
176170
177171% labels
178- \node[ font=\scriptsize, orange!70!black] at (-0.75, 0.25) {$f_k$};
179- \node[ font=\scriptsize, teal!60!black] at (-0.75, -0.35) {$=f_ {k+4}$};
180- \node[ font=\scriptsize, blue!60!black] at ( 2.0, 2.6) {$f_ {k+1}$};
181- \node[ font=\scriptsize, blue!60!black] at ( 4.75, 0.0) {$f_ {k+2}$};
182- \node[ font=\scriptsize, blue!60!black] at ( 2.0, -2.6) {$f_ {k+3}$};
172+ \node[ font=\scriptsize, orange!70!black] at (-0.75, 0.25) {$f_k$};
173+ \node[ font=\scriptsize, teal!60!black] at (-0.75, -0.35) {$=f_ {k+4}$};
174+ \node[ font=\scriptsize, blue!60!black] at ( 2.0, 2.6) {$f_ {k+1}$};
175+ \node[ font=\scriptsize, blue!60!black] at ( 4.75, 0.0) {$f_ {k+2}$};
176+ \node[ font=\scriptsize, blue!60!black] at ( 2.0, -2.6) {$f_ {k+3}$};
183177
184178% caption
185179\node[ font=\scriptsize] at (2.0, -3.6)
186- {4 diagonal steps close a square: $f_ {k+4}=f_k$};
180+ {4 diagonal steps close a square: $f_ {k+4}=f_k$};
187181
188182\end{tikzpicture}
189183{{< /tikz >}}
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