NVIDIA-NeMo · johnnygreco · Apr 9, 2026 · Apr 8, 2026 · Apr 8, 2026 · Apr 8, 2026
@@ -44,8 +44,10 @@ class SamplerColumnConfig(SingleColumnConfig):
         conditional_params: Optional dictionary for conditional parameters. The dict keys
             are the conditions that must be met (e.g., "age > 21") for the conditional parameters
             to be used. The values of dict are the parameters to use when the condition is met.
-        convert_to: Optional type conversion to apply after sampling. Must be one of "float", "int", or "str".
-            Useful for converting numerical samples to strings or other types.
+        convert_to: Optional type conversion to apply after sampling. For numerical samplers,
+            must be one of "float", "int", or "str". For datetime and timedelta samplers, accepts
+            a strftime format string (e.g., ``"%Y-%m-%d"``, ``"%m/%d/%Y %H:%M"``). When omitted,
+            datetime/timedelta columns default to ISO-8601 format (e.g., ``2024-01-15T09:30:00``).
 
     Inherited Attributes:
         name (required): Unique name of the column to be generated.
@@ -70,7 +72,12 @@ class SamplerColumnConfig(SingleColumnConfig):
         description="Optional dictionary for conditional parameters; keys are conditions, values are params to use when met",
     )
     convert_to: str | None = Field(
-        default=None, description="Optional type conversion after sampling: 'float', 'int', or 'str'"
+        default=None,
+        description=(
+            "Optional type conversion after sampling: 'float', 'int', or 'str' for numerical samplers; "
+            "a strftime format string (e.g., '%Y-%m-%d') for datetime/timedelta samplers. "
+            "Datetime/timedelta columns default to ISO-8601 (e.g., 2024-01-15T09:30:00) when omitted."
+        ),
     )
     column_type: Literal["sampler"] = "sampler"
 

@@ -90,6 +90,13 @@ def validate_data_conversion(convert_to: str | None) -> None:
 
 
 class DatetimeFormatMixin:
+    """Pre/post-processing mixin for datetime and timedelta samplers.
+
+    Formatting behavior:
+        - With ``convert_to``: formats using the given strftime string.
+        - Without ``convert_to``: returns ISO-8601 strings (e.g., ``2024-01-15T09:30:00``).
+    """
+
     @staticmethod
     def preproc(series: pd.Series, convert_to: str | None) -> pd.Series:
         return series
@@ -98,15 +105,7 @@ def preproc(series: pd.Series, convert_to: str | None) -> pd.Series:
     def postproc(series: pd.Series, convert_to: str | None) -> pd.Series:
         if convert_to is not None:
             return series.dt.strftime(convert_to)
-        if series.dt.month.nunique() == 1:
-            return series.apply(lambda dt: dt.year).astype(str)
-        if series.dt.day.nunique() == 1:
-            return series.apply(lambda dt: dt.strftime("%Y-%m"))
-        if series.dt.hour.sum() > 0 or series.dt.minute.sum() > 0:
-            return series.apply(lambda dt: dt.isoformat()).astype(str)
-        if series.dt.second.sum() == 0:
-            return series.apply(lambda dt: dt.date()).astype(str)
-        return series.apply(lambda dt: dt.isoformat()).astype(str)
+        return series.dt.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S")
 
     @staticmethod
     def validate_data_conversion(convert_to: str | None) -> None:

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from datetime import datetime
 from unittest.mock import Mock
 
 import pytest
@@ -143,6 +144,43 @@ def test_datetime_format_mixin_validate_data_conversion_valid_format():
     DatetimeFormatMixin.validate_data_conversion(None)
 
 
+def test_datetime_format_mixin_postproc_no_convert_to_returns_isoformat():
+    series = lazy.pd.Series(lazy.pd.date_range("2023-01-01", periods=3))
+    result = DatetimeFormatMixin.postproc(series, None)
+    expected = lazy.pd.Series(["2023-01-01T00:00:00", "2023-01-02T00:00:00", "2023-01-03T00:00:00"], dtype="str")
+    lazy.pd.testing.assert_series_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_datetime_format_mixin_postproc_single_record():
+    series = lazy.pd.Series(lazy.pd.to_datetime(["2024-06-15 14:30:00"]))
+    result = DatetimeFormatMixin.postproc(series, None)
+    expected = lazy.pd.Series(["2024-06-15T14:30:00"], dtype="str")
+    lazy.pd.testing.assert_series_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_datetime_format_mixin_postproc_same_month_records():
+    series = lazy.pd.Series(lazy.pd.to_datetime(["2024-03-01", "2024-03-15", "2024-03-28"]))
+    result = DatetimeFormatMixin.postproc(series, None)
+    expected = lazy.pd.Series(["2024-03-01T00:00:00", "2024-03-15T00:00:00", "2024-03-28T00:00:00"], dtype="str")
+    lazy.pd.testing.assert_series_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_datetime_format_mixin_postproc_stdlib_fromisoformat():
+    """Output must be parseable by Python stdlib datetime.fromisoformat, not just pandas."""
+    series = lazy.pd.Series(lazy.pd.to_datetime(["2024-06-15 14:30:00", "2025-01-01 00:00:00"]))
+    result = DatetimeFormatMixin.postproc(series, None)
+    for val in result:
+        datetime.fromisoformat(val)
+
+
+def test_datetime_format_mixin_postproc_round_trip_preserves_values():
+    """Output can be parsed back to the original timestamps."""
+    series = lazy.pd.Series(lazy.pd.to_datetime(["2024-03-15 09:30:00", "2024-11-01 18:45:00"]))
+    result = DatetimeFormatMixin.postproc(series, None)
+    round_tripped = lazy.pd.to_datetime(result)
+    lazy.pd.testing.assert_series_equal(round_tripped, series, check_names=False, check_dtype=False)
+
+
 def test_datetime_format_mixin_validate_data_conversion_invalid_format():
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid datetime format"):
         DatetimeFormatMixin.validate_data_conversion("invalid_format")

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from datetime import datetime
 from decimal import Decimal
 from functools import partial
 
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ def test_datetime_formats(stub_schema_builder):
     generator = DatasetGenerator(sampler_columns=stub_schema_builder.to_sampler_columns())
     dataset = generator.generate(100)
 
-    assert dataset["year"].str.match(r"\d{4}").all()
+    assert dataset["year"].str.match(r"\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}T\d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}").all()
     assert dataset["datetime"].str.match(r"\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}T\d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}").all()
 
 
@@ -96,7 +97,7 @@ def test_timedelta(stub_schema_builder):
     generator = DatasetGenerator(sampler_columns=stub_schema_builder.to_sampler_columns())
     dataset = generator.generate(100)
 
-    assert dataset["new_date"].str.match(r"\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}").all()
+    assert dataset["new_date"].str.match(r"\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}T\d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}").all()
 
     dt = lazy.pd.to_datetime(dataset["new_date"]) - lazy.pd.to_datetime(dataset["reference_date"])
     assert (dt <= lazy.pd.Timedelta(days=10)).all()
@@ -142,6 +143,136 @@ def test_dataset_column_convert_datetime_format(stub_schema_builder):
     assert lazy.pd.to_datetime(dataset["col_1"], format="%m/%d/%Y").notna().all()
 
 
+def test_datetime_single_record_returns_isoformat(stub_schema_builder):
+    """Reproducer for issue #484: single-record preview must return full ISO-8601."""
+    stub_schema_builder.add_column(
+        name="ts",
+        sampler_type=SamplerType.DATETIME,
+        params={"start": "2024-01-01", "end": "2026-06-30", "unit": "h"},
+    )
+    generator = DatasetGenerator(sampler_columns=stub_schema_builder.to_sampler_columns())
+    dataset = generator.generate(1)
+    value = dataset["ts"].iloc[0]
+    assert "T" in value, f"Expected ISO-8601 format but got: {value}"
+    datetime.fromisoformat(value)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("unit", ["Y", "M", "D", "h", "m", "s"])
+def test_datetime_all_units_preview_size(stub_schema_builder, unit):
+    """Every unit granularity must return valid ISO-8601 even at preview sizes (1-5 records)."""
+    stub_schema_builder.add_column(
+        name="ts",
+        sampler_type=SamplerType.DATETIME,
+        params={"start": "2020-01-01", "end": "2025-12-31", "unit": unit},
+    )
+    generator = DatasetGenerator(sampler_columns=stub_schema_builder.to_sampler_columns())
+    dataset = generator.generate(3)
+    for value in dataset["ts"]:
+        assert "T" in value, f"unit={unit!r}: expected ISO-8601, got: {value}"
+        datetime.fromisoformat(value)
+
+
+def test_datetime_output_round_trips_through_pd_to_datetime(stub_schema_builder):
+    """Output strings must survive pd.to_datetime() for downstream DataFrame joins/filters."""
+    stub_schema_builder.add_column(
+        name="ts",
+        sampler_type=SamplerType.DATETIME,
+        params={"start": "2020-01-01", "end": "2025-01-01", "unit": "s"},
+    )
+    generator = DatasetGenerator(sampler_columns=stub_schema_builder.to_sampler_columns())
+    dataset = generator.generate(50)
+    parsed = lazy.pd.to_datetime(dataset["ts"])
+    assert parsed.notna().all()
+    assert parsed.dtype == "datetime64[ns]"
+
+
+def test_timedelta_single_record(stub_schema_builder):
+    """TimeDelta columns must also produce valid ISO-8601 for single-record previews."""
+    stub_schema_builder.add_column(
+        name="order_date",
+        sampler_type=SamplerType.DATETIME,
+        params={"start": "2024-01-01", "end": "2024-12-31", "unit": "D"},
+    )
+    stub_schema_builder.add_column(
+        name="delivery_date",
+        sampler_type=SamplerType.TIMEDELTA,
+        params={"dt_min": 1, "dt_max": 5, "reference_column_name": "order_date", "unit": "D"},
+    )
+    generator = DatasetGenerator(sampler_columns=stub_schema_builder.to_sampler_columns())
+    dataset = generator.generate(1)
+    for col in ["order_date", "delivery_date"]:
+        value = dataset[col].iloc[0]
+        assert "T" in value, f"{col}: expected ISO-8601, got: {value}"
+        datetime.fromisoformat(value)
+
+
+def test_timedelta_hourly_units(stub_schema_builder):
+    """TimeDelta with sub-day units must produce valid ISO-8601."""
+    stub_schema_builder.add_column(
+        name="event_start",
+        sampler_type=SamplerType.DATETIME,
+        params={"start": "2024-06-01", "end": "2024-06-30", "unit": "h"},
+    )
+    stub_schema_builder.add_column(
+        name="event_end",
+        sampler_type=SamplerType.TIMEDELTA,
+        params={"dt_min": 1, "dt_max": 4, "reference_column_name": "event_start", "unit": "h"},
+    )
+    generator = DatasetGenerator(sampler_columns=stub_schema_builder.to_sampler_columns())
+    dataset = generator.generate(20)
+    for col in ["event_start", "event_end"]:
+        for value in dataset[col]:
+            datetime.fromisoformat(value)
+    # Verify the timedelta relationship holds.
+    starts = lazy.pd.to_datetime(dataset["event_start"])
+    ends = lazy.pd.to_datetime(dataset["event_end"])
+    deltas = ends - starts
+    assert (deltas >= lazy.pd.Timedelta(hours=1)).all()
+    assert (deltas < lazy.pd.Timedelta(hours=4)).all()
+
+
+def test_multiple_datetime_columns_independent(stub_schema_builder):
+    """Multiple datetime columns with different configs don't contaminate each other."""
+    stub_schema_builder.add_column(
+        name="created_at",
+        sampler_type=SamplerType.DATETIME,
+        params={"start": "2020-01-01", "end": "2020-12-31", "unit": "D"},
+    )
+    stub_schema_builder.add_column(
+        name="logged_at",
+        sampler_type=SamplerType.DATETIME,
+        params={"start": "2024-06-01", "end": "2024-06-30", "unit": "s"},
+        convert_to="%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
+    )
+    generator = DatasetGenerator(sampler_columns=stub_schema_builder.to_sampler_columns())
+    dataset = generator.generate(10)
+    # created_at: no convert_to → ISO-8601 with T separator.
+    for value in dataset["created_at"]:
+        assert "T" in value
+        datetime.fromisoformat(value)
+    # logged_at: explicit convert_to → space separator, no T.
+    for value in dataset["logged_at"]:
+        assert "T" not in value
+        lazy.pd.to_datetime(value, format="%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
+
+
+def test_datetime_narrow_range_single_day(stub_schema_builder):
+    """Sampling within a single day must still return full ISO-8601 timestamps."""
+    stub_schema_builder.add_column(
+        name="ts",
+        sampler_type=SamplerType.DATETIME,
+        params={"start": "2024-07-04 00:00:00", "end": "2024-07-04 23:59:59", "unit": "s"},
+    )
+    generator = DatasetGenerator(sampler_columns=stub_schema_builder.to_sampler_columns())
+    dataset = generator.generate(5)
+    for value in dataset["ts"]:
+        assert "T" in value, f"Expected ISO-8601 format but got: {value}"
+        parsed = datetime.fromisoformat(value)
+        assert parsed.year == 2024
+        assert parsed.month == 7
+        assert parsed.day == 4
+
+
 def test_dataset_with_conditionals(stub_schema_builder):
     stub_schema_builder.add_column(
         name="col_1",

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 import json
 import logging
+from datetime import datetime
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any
 from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@
 from data_designer.config.models import ModelProvider
 from data_designer.config.processors import DropColumnsProcessorConfig
 from data_designer.config.run_config import RunConfig
-from data_designer.config.sampler_params import CategorySamplerParams, SamplerType
+from data_designer.config.sampler_params import CategorySamplerParams, DatetimeSamplerParams, SamplerType
 from data_designer.config.seed import IndexRange, PartitionBlock, SamplingStrategy
 from data_designer.config.seed_source import (
     AgentRolloutFormat,
@@ -702,6 +703,36 @@ def test_preview_raises_generation_error_when_dataset_is_empty(
             data_designer.preview(stub_sampler_only_config_builder, num_records=1)
 
 
+def test_preview_datetime_single_record_returns_iso8601(
+    stub_artifact_path, stub_model_providers, stub_model_configs, stub_managed_assets_path
+):
+    """Regression test for #484: single-record datetime preview must return ISO-8601, not a bare year."""
+    config_builder = DataDesignerConfigBuilder(model_configs=stub_model_configs)
+    config_builder.add_column(
+        SamplerColumnConfig(
+            name="ts",
+            sampler_type=SamplerType.DATETIME,
+            params=DatetimeSamplerParams(start="2024-01-01", end="2026-06-30", unit="h"),
+        ),
+    )
+
+    data_designer = DataDesigner(
+        artifact_path=stub_artifact_path,
+        model_providers=stub_model_providers,
+        secret_resolver=PlaintextResolver(),
+        managed_assets_path=stub_managed_assets_path,
+    )
+
+    result = data_designer.preview(config_builder, num_records=1)
+    ts_value = result.dataset["ts"].iloc[0]
+
+    # Must be a full ISO-8601 timestamp, not a bare year like "2025".
+    assert "T" in ts_value, f"Expected ISO-8601 timestamp, got: {ts_value!r}"
+    parsed = datetime.fromisoformat(ts_value)
+    assert parsed.year >= 2024
+    assert parsed.year <= 2026
+
+
 def test_preview_with_dropped_columns(
     stub_artifact_path, stub_model_providers, stub_model_configs, stub_managed_assets_path
 ):