-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 18
Expand file tree
/
Copy pathcpp-checklist.html
More file actions
863 lines (787 loc) · 47 KB
/
cpp-checklist.html
File metadata and controls
863 lines (787 loc) · 47 KB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
<title>C++ Checklist:</title>
<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="True" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.png" type="image/png" />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://iq.opengenus.org/100-interview-problems/" />
<meta name="referrer" content="no-referrer-when-downgrade" />
<link rel="amphtml" href="https://iq.opengenus.org/100-interview-problems/amp/" />
<meta property="og:site_name" content="OpenGenus IQ: Computing Expertise & Legacy" />
<meta property="og:type" content="article, checklist" />
<meta property="og:title" content="C++ Checklist" />
<meta property="og:description" content="This is a short guide helping you to understand how to use our Checklists to keep track of your progress daily." />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://iq.opengenus.org/100-interview-problems/" />
<meta property="og:image" content="https://iq.opengenus.org/content/images/2022/05/checklist.jpg" />
<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2023-05-28T13:12:13.000Z" />
<meta property="article:tag" content="checklist" />
<meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/opengenus" />
<meta property="article:author" content="https://www.facebook.com/opengenus" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
<meta name="twitter:title" content="C++ Checklist" />
<meta name="twitter:description" content="C++ Checklist" />
<meta name="twitter:url" content="https://iq.opengenus.org/100-interview-problems/" />
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://iq.opengenus.org/content/images/2022/05/checklist.jpg" />
<meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" />
<meta name="twitter:data1" content="Aditya Chatterjee, OpenGenus" />
<meta name="twitter:label2" content="Filed under" />
<meta name="twitter:data2" content="checklist" />
<meta name="twitter:site" content="@OpenGenus" />
<meta name="twitter:creator" content="@opengenus" />
<meta property="og:image:width" content="918" />
<meta property="og:image:height" content="563" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="checklist-style.css">
<style type="text/css">
@media (min-width:851px){
.container {
max-height: 3000px;
max-width: 1000px;
}
}
@media (max-width:850px){
.container {
max-height: 9000px;
max-width: 500px;
}
}
</style>
</head>
<!--
GNU General Public License v3.0
OpenGenus IQ -- iq.opengenus.org
Data Science Checklist: iq.opengenus.org/100-interview-problems
team@opengenus.org
-->
<script type="text/javascript">
var code = "17";
</script>
<header>
<h1 class="title">C++ Checklist</h1>
<p class="text_small">Powered by OpenGenus IQ because we want you ❤️ to succeed. (<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/use-checklist/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to use this?</a>)<br>Bookmark this page now (press <code>CTRL</code> + <code>D</code>) to easily use this masterpiece tomorrow<br></p>
<p class="text_small">Only concepts that you need to practice to master C++.</p>
<div class="progress">
<span class="progress__count">0/X</span>
<input class="progress__reset" type="reset" value="Reset" title="Reset Checkboxes" tabindex="0">
<span class="progress__border"></span>
<span class="progress__bar"></span>
</div>
</header>
<div class="container">
<section class="checklist">
<h2 class="checklist__title">Getting Started</h2>
<span class="checklist__title-border"></span>
<span class="checklist__percentage-border"></span>
<ul class="checklist-container">
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Introduction</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
C++ is an extension of the C programming language that is often utilized in the development of system software, applications, and game development.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Variables</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
C++ supports a variety of data types including: int, char, float, double, bool, and user-defined types.
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="checklist">
<h2 class="checklist__title">Control Flow</h2>
<span class="checklist__title-border"></span>
<span class="checklist__percentage-border"></span>
<ul class="checklist-container">
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">If-Else Statements</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/if-else-statement-cpp/"> If-Else Statements in C++</a> are decision making statements executed based on whether a specified condition is met. Code written inside the <code>if</code> statement is executed if the condition is met. Otherwise, the <code>else</code> statement will be run.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">For Loops</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/for-loop-cpp/"> For Loops</a> are utilized for the repetition of a block of code for a specified number of iterations.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Switch Case</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/switch-case-cpp/"> Switch Cases</a> can be used in place of if statements. For each defined case, specified code will be run. If no case is met, the default code will be executed.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">While Loops</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/while-loop-cpp/"> While Loops</a> perform a specified body of code as long as the control condition remains true.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Do While</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/do-while-loop-cpp/"> Do While</a> differs from that of a <code>while</code> loop in that the loop is guaranteed to be executed at least once before the testing of the condition and will continue as long as the specified condition is met.
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="checklist">
<h2 class="checklist__title">Functions</h2>
<span class="checklist__title-border"></span>
<span class="checklist__percentage-border"></span>
<ul class="checklist-container">
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">User-defined Functions</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/user-defined-functions-cpp/"> User-defined Functions </a> are declared by the user and include a set of statements that are executed given an input. Based on the computation, functions produce output. Function declaration follows the form: return type function name parameter(s)
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Function Overloading</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/function-overloading-cpp/"> Function Overloading </a> is a feature in C++ that allows functions to possess the same name but contain different parameters.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Default Arguments</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/default-arguments-cpp/"> Default Arguments</a> are values that can be assigned within the declaration of a function. Default arguments are automatically assigned if the user fails to provide a value for a specified input.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Storage Classes</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/storage-classes-cpp/"> Storage Classes in C++</a> specify the scope, lifetime, and visability of functions, which determine where and how functions can be accessed. The storage classes that can be used in C++ include: auto, extern, static, register, and mutable.
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="checklist">
<h2 class="checklist__title">Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)</h2>
<span class="checklist__title-border"></span>
<span class="checklist__percentage-border"></span>
<ul class="checklist-container">
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Classes and Objects</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/classes-objects-cpp/"> Classes and Objects </a> are features of C++ that allow for user-defined data types. Users can define classes, which contain a set of data members and member functions. Classes allow for the creation of objects.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Inheritance</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/inheritance-cpp/"> Inheritance </a> is a principle of OOP that allows a child class to automatically inherit all properties and behaviors of its parent class.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Encapsulation</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
Encapsulation restricts access to an object's components, protecting data integrity and privacy. Members can be declared as private, protected, or public. <code>Private</code> members are only accessible within the class itself. <code>Protected</code> members are accessible within the class and other derived classes. Lastly, <code>Public</code> members are accesible outside the class.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Polymorphism</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
Polymorphism is a key feature of OOP that allows a single function to behave differently based on the type of the input object, enhancing code flexility.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Templates</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
Templates allow a user to write a single function definition that works with multiple data types.
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="checklist">
<h2 class="checklist__title">Data Structures</h2>
<span class="checklist__title-border"></span>
<span class="checklist__percentage-border"></span>
<ul class="checklist-container">
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Vector</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
A <a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/vector-cpp/">Vector</a> is a dynamic array, meaning the size can change dynamically. Vectors are part of the C++ Standard Template Library (STL).
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Stack</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/stack-initialization-cpp-stl/">Stacks</a> are also a member of the STL library. It is a container that supports Last-in-First-Out (LIFO) ordering.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">List</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/list-cpp-stl/">Lists</a> in C++ are STL containers with randomized storage that contain pointers to the previous and next elements in the list. They are otherwise known as <code> Doubly Linked Lists</code>.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Queue</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/different-ways-to-initialize-queue-cpp/">Queues</a> are data containers that support First-in-First-out ordering in which the first element inserted will consequentially be the first removed.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Priority Queue</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/initialize-priority-queue-in-cpp/"> Priority Queues </a> differ from regular queues in that data is removed based on its priority instead of the order it was added.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Deque</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
A <a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/initialize-deque-in-cpp-stl/"> Deque </a> is a double-ended queue that allows for insertion and deletion at both ends.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Array</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/array-in-cpp-stl/""> Arrays in C++</a> utilize a fixed block of memory to store data of the same type.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Map</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/map-cpp-stl/">Maps</a> are containers that utilize key-value pairs and allows for quick and efficient data lookup.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Multimap</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
A <a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/multimap-cpp-stl/">Multimap</a> is a map that allows multiple elements to possess the same key.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Unordered Map</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
An <a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/different-ways-to-initialize-unordered-map-in-cpp/">Unordered Map</a> is a map that does not keep key-value pairs in a sorted order. Instead, they are implemented using a hash table.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Set</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/set-cpp-stl/">Sets</a> are containers in C++ that store unique elements usually in ascending order. They differ from a list in that no duplicate elements are allowed.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Unordered Set</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/initialize-unordered-set-in-cpp/">Unordered Sets</a> differ from sets in that they don't store elements in any specific order.
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="checklist">
<h2 class="checklist__title">Design Patterns in C++</h2>
<span class="checklist__title-border"></span>
<span class="checklist__percentage-border"></span>
<ul class="checklist-container">
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Observer Pattern</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
The <a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/observer-pattern-cpp/">Observer Pattern</a> in C++ is a behavioral design pattern that allows objects to be notified by other objects about a change in their state. Specifically, it outlines a dependency between objects.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Command Pattern</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
The <code>Command Pattern</code>'s primary focus is the conversion of a request to that of an object, allowing for the flexible queueing of commands as well as undo/redo functionality.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Singleton Pattern</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
The <a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/singleton-design-pattern-in-cpp/">Singleton Pattern</a> asserts that only one instance of a class can exist at a single time and is the simplest of all design patterns.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Builder Pattern</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/builder-pattern-cpp/">The Builder Pattern</a> separates the construction of an object class from its representation, allowing the same construction protocol to produce different types.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Factory Pattern</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/factory-pattern-cpp/">The Factory Pattern</a> involves the creation of an interface or "factory" for creating objects, which allows its subclasses to alter the type of objects created.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Abstract Factory Pattern</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
Similar to the factory design pattern, the <a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/abstract-factory-pattern-cpp/">Abstract Factory Pattern</a> involves the creation of a factory interface for creating groups of related objects.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Null Object Pattern</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
The <a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/null-object-design-pattern-cpp/">Null Object Pattern</a> works by defining default behavior for the absence of an object, or a "Null Object", only when necessary.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Strategy Pattern</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
The <code>Strategy Pattern</code> defines a set of algorithms or "strategies" that contain variations in behavior implemented as distinct classes.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Adapter Pattern</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
The <code>Adapter Pattern</code> is a design pattern that involves an adapter class, which converts an existing interface to that of another class, adapting it to the instance of a different object.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">State Pattern</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
The <code>State Pattern</code> is a behavioral design pattern that allows an object to change its behavior based on a change in internal state.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Design Pattern Classification</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
Design patterns can be classified into three main groups: <code>Creational</code>, <code>Structural</code>, and <code>Behavioral</code>.
<code>Creational Patterns</code> introduce object creation methods for modifying the instantiation process in a way suitable for the program.
<code>Structural Patterns</code> involve the establishment of relationships between classes.
<code>Behavioral Patterns</code> define how objects should behave and communicate with other objects.
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="checklist">
<h2 class="checklist__title">Memory Management</h2>
<span class="checklist__title-border"></span>
<span class="checklist__percentage-border"></span>
<ul class="checklist-container">
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">New</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/new-operator-cpp/">The New Operator</a> in C++ allows a user to request for memory allocation. If sufficient memory exists, the memory will be reserved and the address of the newly allocated memory is returned.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Malloc</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/malloc-in-cpp/">Malloc</a> is used to allocate a block of memory specified by a size of bytes, returning a pointer to the first byte of allocated memory.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Calloc</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/calloc-in-c/">Calloc</a> requests the allocation of a block of memory for an array of objects, each of a specified length size of bytes, and initializes all of the memory to zero.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Delete</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/delete-operator-cpp/">The Delete Operator</a> is used to deallocate memory previous allocated by the new operator, allowing the memory to be reused.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Malloc vs Calloc vs Realloc</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/malloc-calloc-realloc/"> Malloc vs Calloc vs Realloc</a> are all functions in C++ involving memory allocation, but they serve different purposes.
<code>Malloc</code> allocates a block of memory specified in bytes.
<code>Calloc</code> allocates memory for an array of elements.
<code>Realloc</code> changes the size of a previously allocated memory block.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Static Memory Management</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<code>Static Memory Allocation</code> involves automatic memory allocation at compile time of a program and deallocation by the runtime environment once the program finishes running.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Dynamic Memory Management</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/dynamic-memory-allocation-cpp/">Dynamic Memory Allocation</a> occurs when a user manually allocates using <code>new</code> or deallocates memory using <code>delete</code> or <code>free</code>.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Memory Leaks in C++: How to Prevent Them</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/memory-leak-in-cpp-and-how-to-avoid-it/">Memory Leaks</a> occur when a program fails to deallocate memory after it is no longer needed, leading to the gradual accumulation of used resources.
They can be avoided by always releasing dynamically allocated memory once it is done being used.
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="checklist">
<h2 class="checklist__title">C++ Projects</h2>
<span class="checklist__title-border"></span>
<span class="checklist__percentage-border"></span>
<ul class="checklist-container">
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Spell Checker Console Application</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/spell-checker-cpp/">A Spell Checker</a> is used to check for the misspelling of any words in a provided text. Given a word dictonary, we can use C++ to write a spell checker program that checks for misspelled words and provides correct suggestions similar to the misspelt word.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Bank Management System</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/bank-management-system-in-cpp/">A Bank Management Program</a> can be used to keep track of bank funds as well as deposit and withdraw funds to and from the account. Using the C++ bank management system, a user can create, login, and manage their account. The program utilizes C++ OOP design principles.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Stop Watch Console Application</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/stopwatch-in-cpp/">A Stopwatch Console Application</a> utilizes threads to allow the stopwatch to remain constantly running in real time unless signaled by the main thread to stop.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Typing Speed Project</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/stopwatch-in-cpp/">Checking Typing Speed</a> involves counting the number of words a user types per minute. In this project, dynamic arrays are used for storing the words, allowing the program to produce accurate results. The user can type for as long as they like, but once they indicate to the program that they are finished, the program calculates the total number of words, letters, and the total typing time, as well as the words per minute.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Multi-threaded Program for Linear Search</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/multi-threaded-cpp-program-for-linear-search/">A Multi-threaded Program for Linear Search</a> involves the creation of a vector of M threads with N elements, each assigned to perform linear search on a separate chunk.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Trading Application</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/trading-application-in-cpp/">Trading Applications</a> or investment applications allow people to manage their financial assets such as stocks and bonds. Within the application, users can buy and sell their holdings.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Multi-threaded Program to Find All Prime Numbers</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/multi-thread-cpp-find-all-prime-numbers/">Finding All Prime Numbers</a> involves assuming all numbers are prime, then checking each one and eliminating those that aren't. Multi-threading speeds up this process by enabling concurrent checks on multiple numbers.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Login and Registration System</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/login-and-registration-system-in-cpp/">The Login and Registration System</a> utilizes a local file for storing users and passwords. The file is accessed as a binary file, protecting the integrity and security of the user data it contains.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Restaurant Management System</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/restaurant-management-system-in-cpp/">A Restaurant Management System</a> allows a restaurant to allocate tables to customers, take orders, bill tables, and get an overview of the entire restaurant. This implementation uses user-defined classes to facilitate interaction between the different components such as the tables, orders, and bills.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Calculator Console Application</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/calculator-console-application/">The Calculator Console Application</a> allows a user to input arithmetic operations between two numbers. The program processes the user input and returns the correct mathematical result.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Snake Game</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/snake-game-using-cpp-sfml/">The Snake Game in C++</a> uses a library called the Simple and Fast Multimedia Library (SFML) that is commonly used for 2D games such as this one. The user controls the snake and must eat more food without going out of bounds or hitting itself. As the snake grows, the game gets much more difficult.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="checklist-item">
<input id="" type="checkbox" /><label for="" class="checkbox"></label><span class="checklist-item__title">Keylogger</span>
<button class="checklist-item__expand" aria-label="Toggle Info" title="Toggle More Information">
<span class="line"></span>
</button>
<div class="info-container">
<div class="info">
<a href="https://iq.opengenus.org/keylogger-in-cpp/">A Keylogger</a> is used to record keystrokes, usually to try to steal sensitive information such as login passwords and credit card information. They are a form of malicious software that runs in the background while a user is on their computer. When a key is pressed while the program is running, that key is written in an output file.
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</div>
<script src="checklist-track.js"></script>
<h3 class="text_end">Best of Luck.</h3>
<p class="text_end">Powered by OpenGenus IQ because we love ❤️ you.</p>
<br><br>