`(= a b)` or `equals(a, b)` Allow for proofs of the form: From A, A = B conclude B 1. A 2. A = B 3. Not(B) 4. B (from 1 and 2) 5. ⊥ ✓
(= a b)orequals(a, b)Allow for proofs of the form:
From A, A = B conclude B
✓