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```{note}
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**Focus on architecture:** This document emphasizes computational complexity, architectural design, and qualitative comparisons. Quantitative performance benchmarks will be added when systematic experiments are completed.
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**Scope:** The tables below cover the 15 stable models. The 3 experimental models (ModernNCA, Tangos, Trompt) are documented separately under [Model Tiers](../core_concepts/model_tiers).
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```
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```{seealso}
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|| AutoInt |`d_model=128`, `n_layers=4`, `n_heads=8`| Feature self-attention $O(B \cdot L \cdot P^2 \cdot D)$; key-value compression reduces constants | $O(B \cdot L \cdot P^2)$ attention maps |[Song et al. 2019](https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.11921)|
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|**Residual Networks**| ResNet |`layer_sizes=[256,128,32]`, `num_blocks=3`| Dense layers: $O(B \cdot \sum_\ell d_{\ell-1} d_\ell)$ | Linear in batch and hidden width |[He et al. 2016](https://arxiv.org/abs/1512.03385), [Gorishniy et al. 2021](https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.11959)|
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|| TabR |`d_main=256`, `context_size=96`| Candidate encoding plus exact/FAISS nearest-neighbor search $O(B \cdot N_c \cdot D)$ and context mixing $O(B \cdot C \cdot D)$ | Candidate cache $O(N_c \cdot D)$ |[Gorishniy et al. 2023](https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.14338)|
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|**Tree-Based**| NODE |`num_layers=4`, `layer_dim=128`, `depth=6`| Soft oblivious trees evaluate all splits/leaves: $O(B \cdot L \cdot T \cdot (P \cdot D_t + D_t \cdot 2^{D_t}))$ | Path/leaf activations $O(B \cdot T \cdot 2^{D_t})$ |[Popov et al. 2019](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.06312)|
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|**Tree-Inspired**| NODE |`num_layers=4`, `layer_dim=128`, `depth=6`| Soft oblivious trees evaluate all splits/leaves: $O(B \cdot L \cdot T \cdot (P \cdot D_t + D_t \cdot 2^{D_t}))$ | Path/leaf activations $O(B \cdot T \cdot 2^{D_t})$ |[Popov et al. 2019](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.06312)|
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|| ENODE |`d_model=8`, `num_layers=4`, `layer_dim=64`, `depth=6`| NODE-style soft tree evaluation with learned embeddings | Path/leaf activations $O(B \cdot T \cdot 2^{D_t})$ |[Popov et al. 2019](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.06312)|
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|| NDTF |`n_ensembles=12`, random depths 4 to 16| Neural decision forest evaluates internal nodes and leaf probabilities for each tree | Leaf probabilities scale with $O(B \cdot E \cdot 2^{D_t})$ |[Kontschieder et al. 2015](https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_iccv_2015/html/Kontschieder_Deep_Neural_Decision_ICCV_2015_paper.html)|
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|| NDTF |`n_ensembles=12`, random depths 4 to 15| Neural decision forest evaluates internal nodes and leaf probabilities for each tree | Leaf probabilities scale with $O(B \cdot E \cdot 2^{D_t})$ |[Kontschieder et al. 2015](https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_iccv_2015/html/Kontschieder_Deep_Neural_Decision_ICCV_2015_paper.html)|
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|**Other**| MLP |`layer_sizes=[256,128,32]`| Dense layers: $O(B \cdot \sum_\ell d_{\ell-1} d_\ell)$ | Linear in batch and hidden width | Standard MLP baseline |
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|| TabM |`layer_sizes=[256,256,128]`, `ensemble_size=32`| MLP-style dense compute with parameter-efficient batch ensembling | Linear in batch, hidden width, and active ensemble outputs |[Gorishniy et al. 2024](https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.24210), [Wen et al. 2020](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.06715)|
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|| TabulaRNN |`d_model=128`, `n_layers=4`| Recurrent feature-sequence processing $O(B \cdot L \cdot P \cdot D^2)$ for standard RNN-style cells | $O(B \cdot P \cdot D)$ activations |[Thielmann & Samiee 2024](https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.17207)|
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- **State Space Models:** Selective SSM/Mamba-style sequence models adapted to tabular features.
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- **Transformers:** Self-attention mechanisms for feature and/or row interactions.
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- **Residual Networks:** Deep feedforward MLPs with skip connections.
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- **Tree-Based:** Differentiable decision trees with gradient optimization.
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- **Tree-Inspired:** Differentiable decision trees with gradient optimization.
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- **Other:** Standard architectures (MLP, parameter-efficient ensembles, RNNs).
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```
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**Attention mechanisms for feature and row interactions**
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| Model | Attention Scope | Default Hidden Dim | Key Feature | Best Use Case |
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