Add Heap Sort implementation in Python

[Karanjot786]

📝 Description

This PR adds a comprehensive Heap Sort algorithm implementation in Python with in-place sorting and helper functions.

📂 Files Added

• Python/algorithms/sorting/heap_sort.py

✨ Features

• Heapify function: Maintains max heap property for subtrees
• Heap Sort: In-place sorting using heap data structure
• Copy function: Returns sorted copy without modifying original array
• Comprehensive test cases: 6 different test scenarios including:
  • Random unsorted array
  • Already sorted array
  • Reverse sorted array
  • Array with duplicates
  • Large array
  • Single element array

📊 Complexity Analysis

• Time Complexity: O(n log n) in all cases (best, average, worst)
• Space Complexity: O(1) - sorts in place with constant extra space

🔑 Key Concepts

• Max heap construction from unsorted array
• Heapify operation to maintain heap property
• Extract-max and rebuild heap iteratively

✅ Testing

All test cases run successfully and demonstrate correct sorting behavior across different input scenarios including edge
cases.

🎃 Hacktoberfest 2025

This contribution is part of Hacktoberfest 2025. The code follows the repository's structure (Language/Topic/FileName) and
includes proper documentation.

📋 Checklist

• Code follows repository structure (Python/algorithms/sorting/)
• Proper documentation and comments added
• Test cases included
• Time and space complexity documented
• No user input required (tests run automatically)
• Code is well-formatted and readable

[github-actions]

🎉 Welcome to Hacktoberfest 2025, @Karanjot786! 🎃

Thank you for your first contribution to our DSA repository! Here's what happens next:

🔍 Automatic Checks

• ✅ Code Validation: Passed
• 🧪 Compilation Tests: Passed

📋 Next Steps

🎯 Great job! Your code compiled successfully. Maintainers @Karanjot786 and @Pradeepsingh61 will review your PR soon.

🎁 What You Get

• 🏆 Hacktoberfest Credit: This PR counts toward your 6 PR goal for exclusive T-shirt + Tree!
• 🌟 Hall of Fame: You'll be featured in our contributors list
• 📚 Learning: Code review feedback from experienced developers

💡 Tips for Success

• Follow our Contributing Guidelines
• Add comments explaining your algorithm
• Include time/space complexity analysis
• Test your code before submitting

Welcome to the community! 🚀

[github-actions]

🤖 Automated PR Status

🔍 Code Validation

✅ Passed - File naming and structure look good!

🧪 Compilation Tests

✅ Passed - All code compiles successfully!

📋 Overall Status

🎉 Ready for Review - Your PR has passed all automated checks!
👥 Maintainers have been notified for review.

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