added release note

BertoGBG · BertoGBG · commit c6b1ad590ad2 · 2026-04-27T12:58:35.000+08:00
diff --git a/docs/release_notes.rst b/docs/release_notes.rst
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ Release Notes
 
 Upcoming Release
 ================
+* Added Afforestation costs. (https://github.com/PyPSA/technology-data/pull/254)
 
 .. .. warning:: 
   
@@ -18,7 +19,6 @@ Upcoming Release
 
 `v0.14.0 <https://github.com/PyPSA/technology-data/releases/tag/v0.14.0>`__ (13th February 2026)
 ================================================================================================
-
 * Changed currency year from 2020 to 2025 for all cost assumptions using updated Eurostat inflation rates. (https://github.com/PyPSA/technology-data/pull/263)
 
 * Updated electricity transmission and offshore wind connection costs based on latest DEA data (https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, July 2025).
diff --git a/inputs/manual_input.csv b/inputs/manual_input.csv
@@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ grey methanol synthesis,carbondioxide-output,2030,0.0567742,t_CO2/MWh_gas,2020,"
 grey methanol synthesis,investment,2030,1001188,EUR/MW_MeOH,2020,"Calculated from https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Jan/IRENA_Innovation_Renewable_Methanol_2021.pdf) Table 25 with an exchange rate of 0.8775 EUR/USD and energy content of 5.528 MWh_MeOH/t_MeOH",
 Afforestation,lifetime,2025,30,years,-,"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/rec.13515"," general assumption on duration of fast-growth phase for new forests"
 Afforestation,FOM,2025,5,%/year,2020,"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515","recalculated from the maintenance cost for the assumption on the investment"
-Afforestation,investment,2025,7749,EUR/ha,2020,"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515","assumed to be 1/3 of the upper bound for the range of active restoration costs"
+Afforestation,investment,2025,7749,EUR/ha,2020,"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515","assumed to be 1/3 of the upper bound for the range of active restoration costs, NOTE: the investment cost is per hectare of new forests"
 oil,fuel,2020,21.3,EUR/MWh,2020,"World Bank (2025) Commodity Markets, https://www.worldbank.org/en/research/commodity-markets","average monthly prices, 1 MWh = 0.564 BBL, 0.85 USD/EUR, +5% markup for heavy oil"
 oil,fuel,2025,34.2,EUR/MWh,2025,"World Bank (2025) Commodity Markets, https://www.worldbank.org/en/research/commodity-markets","average monthly prices, 1 MWh = 0.564 BBL, 0.836 USD/EUR, +5% markup for heavy oil"
 oil,fuel,2030,34.7,EUR/MWh,2021,"ENTSO-E & ENTSOG TYNDP 2024 Scenarios Inputs Commodity Prices, https://2024-data.entsos-tyndp-scenarios.eu/files/scenarios-inputs/Prices.zip, accessed: 2026-02-03.","Based on IEA 2022 (APS) data, 3.6 GJ/MWh, heavy oil, modelled from crude oil price (+5%)"
diff --git a/outputs/US/costs_2020.csv b/outputs/US/costs_2020.csv
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 technology,parameter,value,unit,source,further description,currency_year,financial_case,scenario
 Afforestation,FOM,5.0,%/year,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,recalculated from the maintenance cost for the assumption on the investment,2020.0,,
-Afforestation,investment,9743.0858,EUR/ha,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,assumed to be 1/3 of the upper bound for the range of active restoration costs,2020.0,,
+Afforestation,investment,9743.0858,EUR/ha,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,"assumed to be 1/3 of the upper bound for the range of active restoration costs, NOTE: the investment cost is per hectare of new forests",2020.0,,
 Afforestation,lifetime,30.0,years,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/rec.13515, general assumption on duration of fast-growth phase for new forests,,,
 Alkaline electrolyzer large size,FOM,4.0,%/year,ICCT IRA e-fuels assumptions ,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,R&D,Moderate
 Alkaline electrolyzer large size,FOM,4.0,%/year,ICCT IRA e-fuels assumptions ,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,Market,Moderate
diff --git a/outputs/US/costs_2025.csv b/outputs/US/costs_2025.csv
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 technology,parameter,value,unit,source,further description,currency_year,financial_case,scenario
 Afforestation,FOM,5.0,%/year,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,recalculated from the maintenance cost for the assumption on the investment,2020.0,,
-Afforestation,investment,9743.0858,EUR/ha,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,assumed to be 1/3 of the upper bound for the range of active restoration costs,2020.0,,
+Afforestation,investment,9743.0858,EUR/ha,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,"assumed to be 1/3 of the upper bound for the range of active restoration costs, NOTE: the investment cost is per hectare of new forests",2020.0,,
 Afforestation,lifetime,30.0,years,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/rec.13515, general assumption on duration of fast-growth phase for new forests,,,
 Alkaline electrolyzer large size,FOM,4.0,%/year,ICCT IRA e-fuels assumptions ,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,R&D,Moderate
 Alkaline electrolyzer large size,FOM,4.0,%/year,ICCT IRA e-fuels assumptions ,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,Market,Moderate
diff --git a/outputs/US/costs_2030.csv b/outputs/US/costs_2030.csv
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 technology,parameter,value,unit,source,further description,currency_year,financial_case,scenario
 Afforestation,FOM,5.0,%/year,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,recalculated from the maintenance cost for the assumption on the investment,2020.0,,
-Afforestation,investment,9743.0858,EUR/ha,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,assumed to be 1/3 of the upper bound for the range of active restoration costs,2020.0,,
+Afforestation,investment,9743.0858,EUR/ha,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,"assumed to be 1/3 of the upper bound for the range of active restoration costs, NOTE: the investment cost is per hectare of new forests",2020.0,,
 Afforestation,lifetime,30.0,years,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/rec.13515, general assumption on duration of fast-growth phase for new forests,,,
 Alkaline electrolyzer large size,FOM,4.0,%/year,ICCT IRA e-fuels assumptions ,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,R&D,Moderate
 Alkaline electrolyzer large size,FOM,4.0,%/year,ICCT IRA e-fuels assumptions ,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,Market,Moderate
diff --git a/outputs/US/costs_2035.csv b/outputs/US/costs_2035.csv
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 technology,parameter,value,unit,source,further description,currency_year,financial_case,scenario
 Afforestation,FOM,5.0,%/year,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,recalculated from the maintenance cost for the assumption on the investment,2020.0,,
-Afforestation,investment,9743.0858,EUR/ha,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,assumed to be 1/3 of the upper bound for the range of active restoration costs,2020.0,,
+Afforestation,investment,9743.0858,EUR/ha,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,"assumed to be 1/3 of the upper bound for the range of active restoration costs, NOTE: the investment cost is per hectare of new forests",2020.0,,
 Afforestation,lifetime,30.0,years,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/rec.13515, general assumption on duration of fast-growth phase for new forests,,,
 Alkaline electrolyzer large size,FOM,4.0,%/year,ICCT IRA e-fuels assumptions ,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,R&D,Moderate
 Alkaline electrolyzer large size,FOM,4.0,%/year,ICCT IRA e-fuels assumptions ,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,Market,Moderate
diff --git a/outputs/US/costs_2040.csv b/outputs/US/costs_2040.csv
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 technology,parameter,value,unit,source,further description,currency_year,financial_case,scenario
 Afforestation,FOM,5.0,%/year,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,recalculated from the maintenance cost for the assumption on the investment,2020.0,,
-Afforestation,investment,9743.0858,EUR/ha,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,assumed to be 1/3 of the upper bound for the range of active restoration costs,2020.0,,
+Afforestation,investment,9743.0858,EUR/ha,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,"assumed to be 1/3 of the upper bound for the range of active restoration costs, NOTE: the investment cost is per hectare of new forests",2020.0,,
 Afforestation,lifetime,30.0,years,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/rec.13515, general assumption on duration of fast-growth phase for new forests,,,
 Alkaline electrolyzer large size,FOM,4.0,%/year,ICCT IRA e-fuels assumptions ,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,R&D,Moderate
 Alkaline electrolyzer large size,FOM,4.0,%/year,ICCT IRA e-fuels assumptions ,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,Market,Moderate
diff --git a/outputs/US/costs_2045.csv b/outputs/US/costs_2045.csv
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 technology,parameter,value,unit,source,further description,currency_year,financial_case,scenario
 Afforestation,FOM,5.0,%/year,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,recalculated from the maintenance cost for the assumption on the investment,2020.0,,
-Afforestation,investment,9743.0858,EUR/ha,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,assumed to be 1/3 of the upper bound for the range of active restoration costs,2020.0,,
+Afforestation,investment,9743.0858,EUR/ha,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,"assumed to be 1/3 of the upper bound for the range of active restoration costs, NOTE: the investment cost is per hectare of new forests",2020.0,,
 Afforestation,lifetime,30.0,years,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/rec.13515, general assumption on duration of fast-growth phase for new forests,,,
 Alkaline electrolyzer large size,FOM,4.0,%/year,ICCT IRA e-fuels assumptions ,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,R&D,Moderate
 Alkaline electrolyzer large size,FOM,4.0,%/year,ICCT IRA e-fuels assumptions ,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,Market,Moderate
diff --git a/outputs/US/costs_2050.csv b/outputs/US/costs_2050.csv
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 technology,parameter,value,unit,source,further description,currency_year,financial_case,scenario
 Afforestation,FOM,5.0,%/year,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,recalculated from the maintenance cost for the assumption on the investment,2020.0,,
-Afforestation,investment,9743.0858,EUR/ha,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,assumed to be 1/3 of the upper bound for the range of active restoration costs,2020.0,,
+Afforestation,investment,9743.0858,EUR/ha,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,"assumed to be 1/3 of the upper bound for the range of active restoration costs, NOTE: the investment cost is per hectare of new forests",2020.0,,
 Afforestation,lifetime,30.0,years,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/rec.13515, general assumption on duration of fast-growth phase for new forests,,,
 Alkaline electrolyzer large size,FOM,4.0,%/year,ICCT IRA e-fuels assumptions ,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,R&D,Moderate
 Alkaline electrolyzer large size,FOM,4.0,%/year,ICCT IRA e-fuels assumptions ,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,Market,Moderate
diff --git a/outputs/costs_2020.csv b/outputs/costs_2020.csv
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 technology,parameter,value,unit,source,further description,currency_year
 Afforestation,FOM,5.0,%/year,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,recalculated from the maintenance cost for the assumption on the investment,2020.0
-Afforestation,investment,9743.0858,EUR/ha,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,assumed to be 1/3 of the upper bound for the range of active restoration costs,2020.0
+Afforestation,investment,9743.0858,EUR/ha,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,"assumed to be 1/3 of the upper bound for the range of active restoration costs, NOTE: the investment cost is per hectare of new forests",2020.0
 Afforestation,lifetime,30.0,years,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/rec.13515, general assumption on duration of fast-growth phase for new forests,
 Alkaline electrolyzer large size,FOM,6.4,%/year,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SELCH2EC01, H2 Production-Alkaline Electrolyser, large size, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",Reference capacity 72 MW,2010.0
 Alkaline electrolyzer large size,VOM,0.7799,EUR/MWh_H2,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SELCH2EC01, H2 Production-Alkaline Electrolyser, large size, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",Reference capacity 72 MW,2010.0
diff --git a/outputs/costs_2025.csv b/outputs/costs_2025.csv
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 technology,parameter,value,unit,source,further description,currency_year
 Afforestation,FOM,5.0,%/year,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,recalculated from the maintenance cost for the assumption on the investment,2020.0
-Afforestation,investment,9743.0858,EUR/ha,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,assumed to be 1/3 of the upper bound for the range of active restoration costs,2020.0
+Afforestation,investment,9743.0858,EUR/ha,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,"assumed to be 1/3 of the upper bound for the range of active restoration costs, NOTE: the investment cost is per hectare of new forests",2020.0
 Afforestation,lifetime,30.0,years,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/rec.13515, general assumption on duration of fast-growth phase for new forests,
 Alkaline electrolyzer large size,FOM,4.6,%/year,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SELCH2EC01, H2 Production-Alkaline Electrolyser, large size, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",Reference capacity 72 MW,2010.0
 Alkaline electrolyzer large size,VOM,0.3033,EUR/MWh_H2,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SELCH2EC01, H2 Production-Alkaline Electrolyser, large size, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",Reference capacity 72 MW,2010.0
diff --git a/outputs/costs_2030.csv b/outputs/costs_2030.csv
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 technology,parameter,value,unit,source,further description,currency_year
 Afforestation,FOM,5.0,%/year,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,recalculated from the maintenance cost for the assumption on the investment,2020.0
-Afforestation,investment,9743.0858,EUR/ha,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,assumed to be 1/3 of the upper bound for the range of active restoration costs,2020.0
+Afforestation,investment,9743.0858,EUR/ha,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,"assumed to be 1/3 of the upper bound for the range of active restoration costs, NOTE: the investment cost is per hectare of new forests",2020.0
 Afforestation,lifetime,30.0,years,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/rec.13515, general assumption on duration of fast-growth phase for new forests,
 Alkaline electrolyzer large size,FOM,2.8,%/year,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SELCH2EC01, H2 Production-Alkaline Electrolyser, large size, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",Reference capacity 72 MW,2010.0
 Alkaline electrolyzer large size,VOM,0.3033,EUR/MWh_H2,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SELCH2EC01, H2 Production-Alkaline Electrolyser, large size, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",Reference capacity 72 MW,2010.0
diff --git a/outputs/costs_2035.csv b/outputs/costs_2035.csv
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 technology,parameter,value,unit,source,further description,currency_year
 Afforestation,FOM,5.0,%/year,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,recalculated from the maintenance cost for the assumption on the investment,2020.0
-Afforestation,investment,9743.0858,EUR/ha,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,assumed to be 1/3 of the upper bound for the range of active restoration costs,2020.0
+Afforestation,investment,9743.0858,EUR/ha,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,"assumed to be 1/3 of the upper bound for the range of active restoration costs, NOTE: the investment cost is per hectare of new forests",2020.0
 Afforestation,lifetime,30.0,years,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/rec.13515, general assumption on duration of fast-growth phase for new forests,
 Alkaline electrolyzer large size,FOM,2.8,%/year,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SELCH2EC01, H2 Production-Alkaline Electrolyser, large size, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",Reference capacity 72 MW,2010.0
 Alkaline electrolyzer large size,VOM,0.3033,EUR/MWh_H2,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SELCH2EC01, H2 Production-Alkaline Electrolyser, large size, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",Reference capacity 72 MW,2010.0
diff --git a/outputs/costs_2040.csv b/outputs/costs_2040.csv
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 technology,parameter,value,unit,source,further description,currency_year
 Afforestation,FOM,5.0,%/year,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,recalculated from the maintenance cost for the assumption on the investment,2020.0
-Afforestation,investment,9743.0858,EUR/ha,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,assumed to be 1/3 of the upper bound for the range of active restoration costs,2020.0
+Afforestation,investment,9743.0858,EUR/ha,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13515,"assumed to be 1/3 of the upper bound for the range of active restoration costs, NOTE: the investment cost is per hectare of new forests",2020.0
 Afforestation,lifetime,30.0,years,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/rec.13515, general assumption on duration of fast-growth phase for new forests,
 Alkaline electrolyzer large size,FOM,2.8,%/year,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SELCH2EC01, H2 Production-Alkaline Electrolyser, large size, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",Reference capacity 72 MW,2010.0
 Alkaline electrolyzer large size,VOM,0.3033,EUR/MWh_H2,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SELCH2EC01, H2 Production-Alkaline Electrolyser, large size, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",Reference capacity 72 MW,2010.0
diff --git a/outputs/costs_2045.csv b/outputs/costs_2045.csv
diff --git a/outputs/costs_2050.csv b/outputs/costs_2050.csv
