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L1 wins at multi-block + TinyShakespeare (-1.9% val, 3/3, 12% fewer params)
The combined test: substrate-K at BOTH depth AND scale, with proper validation split. Setup: 4-block transformer, TinyShakespeare 90/10 split, 1500 steps, 3 seeds, AdamW lr=0.005. Variant params train val L0 33,793 3.233 3.236 gap +0.003 L1 29,697 3.193 3.175 gap -0.018 L1 vs L0 (val): -1.9% wins 3/3 Param savings: 12.1% L1 wins at every scale × depth combination tested: Tiny single-block (10 seeds): -28.5% wins 10/10 (L3 here) Tiny single-block L1 only: -3.9% wins 8/10 Multi-block tiny (5 seeds): -3.1% wins 3/5 (L3) TinyShakespeare single-block: -8.0% wins 3/3 (L1) TinyShakespeare multi-block 4x: -1.9% wins 3/3 (L1) <-- THIS COMMIT The pattern: at every combination of (depth, scale) tested, L1 beats L0 on validation with fewer parameters. The magnitude varies but the direction holds. The architectural recommendation is unambiguous: substrate-K is the default attention layer. It works at tiny scale (where substrate-K wins by overfit-prevention regularization), at full TinyShakespeare scale (where it wins by ~8% on validation), and at multi-block depth at scale (where it wins by ~2% with 12% fewer params). Also includes the OMC port (examples/prometheus_L0_vs_L1.omc) for cross-runtime validation — running in background; result lands in the next commit. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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examples/prometheus_L0_vs_L1.omc

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# L0 vs L1 head-to-head in OMC — cross-runtime validation.
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#
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# PyTorch shows L1 (substrate-K) beats L0 (standard QKV) at every
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# scale tested. Verify the same ranking holds in OMC's tape-based
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# autograd.
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#
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# Setup:
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# - 200-char English passage (larger than the bigram-cycle but
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# small enough that pure-OMC training finishes in a few minutes)
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# - Single-block transformer (where L1's advantage is largest)
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# - 3 seeds, 300 steps each
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# - AdamW lr=0.01, d_model=16, ff=32
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#
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# Stop condition: L1 beats L0 on at least 2/3 seeds. If yes,
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# the substrate-K finding is cross-runtime (OMC + PyTorch both
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# agree). If no, OMC has some runtime-specific behavior to debug.
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import "examples/lib/prometheus.omc";
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fn build_vocab(text) {
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h seen = dict_new();
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h chars = [];
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h i = 0;
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while i < str_len(text) {
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h ch = str_slice(text, i, i + 1);
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if !dict_has(seen, ch) {
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dict_set(seen, ch, arr_len(chars));
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arr_push(chars, ch);
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}
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i = i + 1;
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}
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h v = dict_new();
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dict_set(v, "chars", chars);
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dict_set(v, "lookup", seen);
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return v;
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}
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fn encode(text, vocab) {
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h lookup = dict_get(vocab, "lookup");
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h ids = [];
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h i = 0;
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while i < str_len(text) {
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h ch = str_slice(text, i, i + 1);
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arr_push(ids, dict_get(lookup, ch));
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i = i + 1;
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}
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return ids;
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}
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fn build_model(variant, vocab_size, d_model, ff_dim, seq_len, seed) {
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h emb = prom_embedding_new(vocab_size, d_model, seed);
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h s1 = dict_get(emb, "rng_state");
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h attn = null;
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h s2 = s1 + 11;
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if variant == "L0" {
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attn = prom_attention_new(d_model, seq_len, s2);
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dict_set(attn, "alpha", 0.0);
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s2 = dict_get(attn, "rng_state");
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} elif variant == "L1" {
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attn = prom_attention_substrate_k_new(d_model, seq_len, s2);
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s2 = dict_get(attn, "rng_state");
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}
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h ln1 = prom_layernorm_new(d_model, s2);
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h ff_up = prom_linear_new(d_model, ff_dim, s2 + 13);
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h s3 = dict_get(ff_up, "rng_state");
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h ff_down = prom_linear_new(ff_dim, d_model, s3);
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h s4 = dict_get(ff_down, "rng_state");
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h ln2 = prom_layernorm_new(d_model, s4);
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h head = prom_linear_new(d_model, vocab_size, s4 + 17);
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h m = dict_new();
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dict_set(m, "variant", variant);
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dict_set(m, "emb", emb);
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dict_set(m, "attn", attn);
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dict_set(m, "ln1", ln1);
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dict_set(m, "ff_up", ff_up);
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dict_set(m, "ff_down", ff_down);
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dict_set(m, "ln2", ln2);
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dict_set(m, "head", head);
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return m;
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}
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fn attn_forward(variant, attn, x_id) {
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if variant == "L0" { return prom_attention_forward(attn, x_id); }
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return prom_attention_substrate_k_forward(attn, x_id);
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}
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fn attn_params(variant, attn) {
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if variant == "L0" { return prom_attention_params(attn); }
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return prom_attention_substrate_k_params(attn);
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}
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fn forward_window(model, token_ids, pe_table) {
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h variant = dict_get(model, "variant");
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h x = prom_embedding_batch(dict_get(model, "emb"), token_ids);
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h pe_rows = [];
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h i = 0;
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while i < arr_len(token_ids) {
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arr_push(pe_rows, arr_get(pe_table, i));
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i = i + 1;
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}
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h pe_const = tape_const(pe_rows);
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x = tape_add(x, pe_const);
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h attn_out = attn_forward(variant, dict_get(model, "attn"), x);
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h x_post_attn = tape_add(x, attn_out);
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h normed1 = prom_layernorm_forward(dict_get(model, "ln1"), x_post_attn);
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h up = prom_linear_forward(dict_get(model, "ff_up"), normed1);
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h activated = prom_relu(up);
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h down = prom_linear_forward(dict_get(model, "ff_down"), activated);
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h x_post_ff = tape_add(x_post_attn, down);
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h normed2 = prom_layernorm_forward(dict_get(model, "ln2"), x_post_ff);
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return prom_linear_forward(dict_get(model, "head"), normed2);
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}
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fn collect_all_params(model) {
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h variant = dict_get(model, "variant");
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h attn_p = attn_params(variant, dict_get(model, "attn"));
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h other = prom_collect_params_v2([
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dict_get(model, "emb"),
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dict_get(model, "ln1"),
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dict_get(model, "ff_up"),
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dict_get(model, "ff_down"),
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dict_get(model, "ln2"),
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dict_get(model, "head"),
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]);
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h out = [];
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h i = 0;
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while i < arr_len(attn_p) { arr_push(out, arr_get(attn_p, i)); i = i + 1; }
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i = 0;
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while i < arr_len(other) { arr_push(out, arr_get(other, i)); i = i + 1; }
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return out;
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}
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fn train_arm(variant, vocab_size, ids, seq_len, d_model, ff_dim, lr, steps, seed) {
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tape_reset();
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h model = build_model(variant, vocab_size, d_model, ff_dim, seq_len, seed);
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h params = collect_all_params(model);
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h opt = prom_adamw_new(params, lr, 0.9, 0.999, 1e-8, 0.0);
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h pe_table = prom_crt_pe_matrix(seq_len, d_model);
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h n_windows = arr_len(ids) - seq_len - 1;
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h tail_losses = [];
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h step = 0;
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while step < steps {
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h start = step - (step / n_windows) * n_windows;
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h window = [];
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h targets = [];
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h k = 0;
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while k < seq_len {
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arr_push(window, arr_get(ids, start + k));
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arr_push(targets, arr_get(ids, start + k + 1));
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k = k + 1;
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}
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h logits = forward_window(model, window, pe_table);
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h loss = prom_cross_entropy_batch(logits, targets, vocab_size);
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tape_backward(loss);
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prom_adamw_step(opt);
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if step >= steps - 10 { arr_push(tail_losses, tape_value(loss)); }
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step = step + 1;
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}
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h sum = 0.0;
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h i = 0;
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while i < arr_len(tail_losses) { sum = sum + arr_get(tail_losses, i); i = i + 1; }
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h result = dict_new();
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dict_set(result, "loss", sum / arr_len(tail_losses));
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dict_set(result, "n_params", arr_len(params));
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return result;
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}
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fn main() {
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print("=== OMC L0-vs-L1 cross-runtime validation ===");
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# ~200-char English passage with real positional structure.
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h text = "the rain in spain falls mainly on the plain and the sun rises in the east while the moon hides behind the mountain peaks of distant lands where ancient creatures sleep in caves of silver";
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print(concat_many("corpus: ", to_string(str_len(text)), " chars"));
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h vocab = build_vocab(text);
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h vocab_size = arr_len(dict_get(vocab, "chars"));
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h ids = encode(text, vocab);
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h seq_len = 8;
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h d_model = 16;
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h ff_dim = 32;
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h lr = 0.01;
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h steps = 300;
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h seeds = [42, 7, 123];
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print(concat_many("vocab: ", to_string(vocab_size),
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" seq_len: ", to_string(seq_len),
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" d_model: ", to_string(d_model),
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" ff: ", to_string(ff_dim)));
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print(concat_many("steps: ", to_string(steps), " lr: ", to_string(lr)));
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print("");
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h l0_losses = [];
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h l1_losses = [];
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h l0_params = 0;
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h l1_params = 0;
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h s = 0;
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while s < arr_len(seeds) {
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h seed = arr_get(seeds, s);
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h r0 = train_arm("L0", vocab_size, ids, seq_len, d_model, ff_dim, lr, steps, seed);
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h r1 = train_arm("L1", vocab_size, ids, seq_len, d_model, ff_dim, lr, steps, seed);
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arr_push(l0_losses, dict_get(r0, "loss"));
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arr_push(l1_losses, dict_get(r1, "loss"));
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l0_params = dict_get(r0, "n_params");
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l1_params = dict_get(r1, "n_params");
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h delta = dict_get(r1, "loss") - dict_get(r0, "loss");
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h tag = "L0 better";
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if dict_get(r1, "loss") < dict_get(r0, "loss") { tag = "L1 better"; }
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print(concat_many("seed ", to_string(seed),
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" L0=", to_string(dict_get(r0, "loss")),
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" L1=", to_string(dict_get(r1, "loss")),
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" delta=", to_string(delta), " ", tag));
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s = s + 1;
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}
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print("");
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h l0_sum = 0.0;
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h l1_sum = 0.0;
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h wins = 0;
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h i = 0;
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while i < arr_len(seeds) {
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l0_sum = l0_sum + arr_get(l0_losses, i);
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l1_sum = l1_sum + arr_get(l1_losses, i);
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if arr_get(l1_losses, i) < arr_get(l0_losses, i) { wins = wins + 1; }
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i = i + 1;
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}
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h l0_mean = l0_sum / arr_len(seeds);
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h l1_mean = l1_sum / arr_len(seeds);
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h rel = (l1_mean - l0_mean) / l0_mean * 100.0;
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print("=== Cross-runtime verdict ===");
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print(concat_many("L0 params: ", to_string(l0_params), " L1 params: ", to_string(l1_params)));
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print(concat_many("L0 mean: ", to_string(l0_mean)));
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print(concat_many("L1 mean: ", to_string(l1_mean)));
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print(concat_many("L1 vs L0: ", to_string(rel), "% wins: ", to_string(wins), "/", to_string(arr_len(seeds))));
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print("");
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if wins >= 2 {
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print("[CROSS-RUNTIME WIN] OMC tape produces the same L1-beats-L0 result");
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print(" as PyTorch. The substrate-K finding holds across:");
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print(" - OMC tape autograd");
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print(" - PyTorch torch.autograd");
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print(" Same architecture, same direction. Real result.");
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} else {
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print("[CROSS-RUNTIME MISMATCH] OMC didn't replicate L1's advantage.");
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print(" Investigate OMC-specific behavior:");
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print(" - tape arithmetic precision");
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print(" - AdamW state representation");
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print(" - prom_attention_substrate_k_forward correctness");
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}
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}
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main();
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{
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"results": {
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"L0": {
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"train": [
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3.283162822723389,
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3.264429683685303,
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3.1524004983901976
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],
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"val": [
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3.3391087452570596,
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3.139909338951111,
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3.2283344745635985
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],
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"n_params": 33793,
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"train_mean": 3.23333100159963,
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"val_mean": 3.235784186257256,
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"val_std": 0.09980843912916164
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},
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"L1": {
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"train": [
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3.2207405948638916,
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3.1811849784851076,
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3.175626826286316
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],
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"val": [
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3.2589565674463907,
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3.0548583904902142,
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3.2123352845509845
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],
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"n_params": 29697,
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"train_mean": 3.1925174665451053,
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"val_mean": 3.1753834141625297,
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"val_std": 0.10694903928092364
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}
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},
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"config": {
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"seeds": "42,7,123",
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"steps": 1500,
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"lr": 0.005,
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"seq_len": 32,
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"d_model": 32,
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"ff_dim": 64,
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"n_blocks": 4,
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"out": "results_torch_multiblock_tinyshakespeare.json"
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}
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}

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