chore(infra): optimize Android E2E build for lg runner (16 vCPUs, 48GB) (MetaMask#23869)

## **Description**

This PR optimizes Android E2E builds to prevent "Gradle Daemon
disappeared unexpectedly" crashes on the LG runner (16 vCPUs, 48GB RAM).

### Root Cause Analysis

The "Daemon disappeared" symptom is consistent with **process
termination under memory pressure** (e.g., OS OOM kill). On **lg
(48GB)**, the previous GitHub Actions Gradle config (`-Xmx16g`,
`workers.max=6`, `daemon=true`) could overlap with Node/Metro memory
usage and native compilation spikes.

### Solution: Optimized Gradle Memory Settings

Following [Gradle 8.10.2 Performance Best
Practices](https://docs.gradle.org/8.10.2/userguide/performance.html),
we tuned `gradle.properties.github` for the 48GB runner.

#### Improved Gradle Logging for E2E

- E2E builds now run Gradle with **`--stacktrace --info`** via
`scripts/build.sh` to provide more actionable logs when the build fails.
- Android CI uses **JDK 17** via `setup-e2e-env` defaults:
[setup-e2e-env
action](https://github.com/MetaMask/github-tools/blob/v1/.github/actions/setup-e2e-env/action.yml)

#### JVM Memory Changes

| Setting | Before | After | Reason |
|---------|--------|-------|--------|
| **Heap (`-Xmx`)** | 16GB | **12GB** | Leave room for Node.js/Metro |
| **Initial Heap (`-Xms`)** | (none) | **4GB** | Set JVM initial heap to
reduce early heap resizing: [Java launcher
docs](https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/specs/man/java.html)
|
| **MaxGCPauseMillis** | (none) | **500ms** | Tune G1 pause-time goal
for CI throughput: [G1 GC tuning
guide](https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/gctuning/garbage-first-g1-garbage-collector1.html)
|
| **ExitOnOutOfMemoryError** | (none) | **enabled** | Fail fast on JVM
OOM: [Java launcher
docs](https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/specs/man/java.html)
|
| **file.encoding** | (none) | **UTF-8** | Pin JVM default charset (JDK
17 default can depend on OS/locale):
[Charset.defaultCharset()](https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/api/java.base/java/nio/charset/Charset.html#defaultCharset())
|
| **OptimizeStringConcat** | enabled | **removed** | Remove non-standard
`-XX` tuning flag from baseline config (prefer defaults): [Java launcher
docs](https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/specs/man/java.html)
|

#### Gradle Settings Changes

| Setting | Before | After | Reason |
|---------|--------|-------|--------|
| **Workers** | 6 | **2** | Prevent memory contention |
| **Daemon** | true | **false** | Disable persistent daemon between CI
builds: [Gradle
Daemon](https://docs.gradle.org/8.10.2/userguide/gradle_daemon.html#sec:disabling_the_daemon)
|
| **configureondemand** | true | **removed** | Not recommended for
modern Gradle + Android builds: [Gradle performance
guide](https://docs.gradle.org/8.10.2/userguide/performance.html);
[Android/AGP
compatibility](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/49990933/configuration-on-demand-is-not-supported-by-the-current-version-of-the-android-g)
|

#### Unchanged Settings (kept as-is)

| Setting | Value | Why Kept |
|---------|-------|----------|
| `parallel` | true | [Recommended for multi-project
builds](https://docs.gradle.org/8.10.2/userguide/performance.html#parallel_execution)
|
| `caching` | true | [Recommended build cache
usage](https://docs.gradle.org/8.10.2/userguide/build_cache.html) |
| `vfs.watch` | false | Already disabled in baseline config; we keep it
disabled for CI |
| `MaxMetaspaceSize` | 1g | Kept from baseline config |
| `UseG1GC` | enabled | Kept from baseline config |
| `G1HeapRegionSize` | 16m | Kept from baseline config |
| `UseStringDeduplication` | enabled | Kept from baseline config |

### Memory Budget (48GB Runner)

> Note: rough budgeting (actual usage varies by task and input changes)

```
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│  Component              │  Allocation                   │
├─────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────┤
│  Gradle Heap            │  12GB                         │
│  Gradle Metaspace       │  1GB                          │
│  Node.js (Metro)        │  8GB (--max-old-space-size)   │
│  OS + System + native   │  remainder                    │
└─────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────┘
```

### Additional Optimizations

- **Skip AAB bundle for E2E** - E2E tests only use APK files.
- **Removed AAB references** from the E2E build workflow.
- **Runner moved from xl → lg** for this workflow after tuning: lg
(48GB) is sufficient.

### Documentation References

**Gradle 8.10.2:**
- [Performance
Guide](https://docs.gradle.org/8.10.2/userguide/performance.html)
- [Gradle
Daemon](https://docs.gradle.org/8.10.2/userguide/gradle_daemon.html)
- [Build
Cache](https://docs.gradle.org/8.10.2/userguide/build_cache.html)

**Java 17:**
- [Java launcher docs (heap, -X/-XX, OOM
behavior)](https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/specs/man/java.html)
-
[Charset.defaultCharset()](https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/api/java.base/java/nio/charset/Charset.html#defaultCharset())
- [G1 GC tuning
guide](https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/gctuning/garbage-first-g1-garbage-collector1.html)

### Official Runner Specs
([source](https://cirrus-runners.app/setup/#__tabbed_3_2))

| Runner | vCPUs | RAM | Disk |
|--------|-------|-----|------|
| **lg** | 16 | 48 GB | 200 GB |
| xl | 32 | 96 GB | 400 GB |

## **Changelog**

CHANGELOG entry: null

## **Related issues**

Fixes:
[INFRA-3174](https://consensyssoftware.atlassian.net/browse/INFRA-3174)

## **Manual testing steps**

```gherkin
Feature: Android E2E Build Optimization

  Scenario: Build completes without daemon disappearance
    Given the PR uses tuned Gradle memory settings
    And Gradle runs with --stacktrace --info for E2E

    When the Android E2E build workflow runs
    Then the build completes without the "Daemon disappeared" failure
    And APK artifacts are uploaded successfully
```

## **Screenshots/Recordings**

### **Before**

Build failing with:
```
Gradle build daemon disappeared unexpectedly (it may have been killed or may have crashed)
```

### **After**

Build results will be visible in PR checks after workflow runs.

## **Pre-merge author checklist**

- [x] I've followed [MetaMask Contributor
Docs](https://github.com/MetaMask/contributor-docs) and [MetaMask Mobile
Coding
Standards](https://github.com/MetaMask/metamask-mobile/blob/main/.github/guidelines/CODING_GUIDELINES.md).
- [x] I've completed the PR template to the best of my ability
- [x] I've included tests if applicable
- [x] I've documented my code using [JSDoc](https://jsdoc.app/) format
if applicable
- [x] I've applied the right labels on the PR (see [labeling
guidelines](https://github.com/MetaMask/metamask-mobile/blob/main/.github/guidelines/LABELING_GUIDELINES.md)).
Not required for external contributors.

## **Pre-merge reviewer checklist**

- [ ] I've manually tested the PR (e.g. pull and build branch, run the
app, test code being changed).
- [ ] I confirm that this PR addresses all acceptance criteria described
in the ticket it closes and includes the necessary testing evidence such
as recordings and or screenshots.

[INFRA-3174]:
https://consensyssoftware.atlassian.net/browse/INFRA-3174?atlOrigin=eyJpIjoiNWRkNTljNzYxNjVmNDY3MDlhMDU5Y2ZhYzA5YTRkZjUiLCJwIjoiZ2l0aHViLWNvbS1KU1cifQ

Author: Qbandev

.github/workflows/build-android-e2e.yml

@@ -9,9 +9,6 @@ on:
       apk-uploaded:
         description: 'Whether the APK was successfully uploaded'
         value: ${{ jobs.build-android-apks.outputs.apk-uploaded }}
-      aab-uploaded:
-        description: 'Whether the AAB was successfully uploaded'
-        value: ${{ jobs.build-android-apks.outputs.aab-uploaded }}
     inputs:
       build_type:
         description: 'The type of build to perform'
@@ -32,17 +29,15 @@ on:
 jobs:
   build-android-apks:
     name: Build Android E2E APKs
-    runs-on: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/ubuntu-runner-amd64:24.04-xl # Bumped from lg to xl to prevent Daemon disappearance issue (Daemon OOM issue in CI)
+    runs-on: ghcr.io/cirruslabs/ubuntu-runner-amd64:24.04-lg # lg runner: 16 vCPUs, 48GB RAM
     timeout-minutes: 40
     env:
       GRADLE_USER_HOME: /home/admin/_work/.gradle
       CACHE_GENERATION: v1 # Increment this to bust the cache (v1, v2, v3, etc.)
     outputs:
       apk-uploaded: ${{ steps.upload-apk.outcome == 'success' }}
-      aab-uploaded: ${{ steps.upload-aab.outcome == 'success' }}
       apk-target-path: ${{ steps.determine-target-paths.outputs.apk-target-path }}
       test-apk-target-path: ${{ steps.determine-target-paths.outputs.test-apk-target-path }}
-      aab-target-path: ${{ steps.determine-target-paths.outputs.aab-target-path }}
       artifact_name: ${{ steps.determine-target-paths.outputs.artifact_name }}
 
     steps:
@@ -88,14 +83,12 @@ jobs:
             {
               echo "apk-target-path=android/app/build/outputs/apk/flask/release"
               echo "test-apk-target-path=android/app/build/outputs/apk/androidTest/flask/release"
-              echo "aab-target-path=android/app/build/outputs/bundle/flaskRelease"
               echo "artifact_name=app-flask-release"
             } >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           elif [[ "${{ inputs.build_type }}" == "main" ]]; then
             {
               echo "apk-target-path=android/app/build/outputs/apk/prod/release"
               echo "test-apk-target-path=android/app/build/outputs/apk/androidTest/prod/release"
-              echo "aab-target-path=android/app/build/outputs/bundle/prodRelease"
               echo "artifact_name=app-prod-release"
             } >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           else
@@ -110,7 +103,6 @@ jobs:
           path: |
             ${{ steps.determine-target-paths.outputs.apk-target-path }}/${{ steps.determine-target-paths.outputs.artifact_name }}.apk
             ${{ steps.determine-target-paths.outputs.test-apk-target-path }}/${{ steps.determine-target-paths.outputs.artifact_name }}-androidTest.apk
-            ${{ steps.determine-target-paths.outputs.aab-target-path }}/${{ steps.determine-target-paths.outputs.artifact_name }}.aab
           # Include Gradle properties in key to force rebuild when properties change
           # Keep the `hashFiles` call for Gradle config in-sync with these steps:
           # - "Cache Gradle dependencies"
@@ -241,7 +233,6 @@ jobs:
           path: |
             ${{ steps.determine-target-paths.outputs.apk-target-path }}/${{ steps.determine-target-paths.outputs.artifact_name }}.apk
             ${{ steps.determine-target-paths.outputs.test-apk-target-path }}/${{ steps.determine-target-paths.outputs.artifact_name }}-androidTest.apk
-            ${{ steps.determine-target-paths.outputs.aab-target-path }}/${{ steps.determine-target-paths.outputs.artifact_name }}.aab
           # Keep the `hashFiles` call for Gradle config in-sync with these steps:
           # - "Check and restore cached APKs if Fingerprint is found"
           # - "Cache Gradle dependencies"
@@ -264,13 +255,3 @@ jobs:
           path: ${{ steps.determine-target-paths.outputs.test-apk-target-path }}/${{ steps.determine-target-paths.outputs.artifact_name }}-androidTest.apk
           retention-days: 7
           if-no-files-found: error
-
-      - name: Upload Android AAB
-        id: upload-aab
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-        with:
-          name: ${{ inputs.build_type }}-${{ inputs.metamask_environment }}-release.aab
-          path: ${{ steps.determine-target-paths.outputs.aab-target-path }}/${{ steps.determine-target-paths.outputs.artifact_name }}.aab
-          retention-days: 7
-          if-no-files-found: warn
-        continue-on-error: true

.github/workflows/run-e2e-workflow.yml

@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@ jobs:
     outputs:
       apk-target-path: ${{ steps.determine-target-paths.outputs.apk-target-path }}
       test-apk-target-path: ${{ steps.determine-target-paths.outputs.test-apk-target-path }}
-      aab-target-path: ${{ steps.determine-target-paths.outputs.aab-target-path }}
 
     env:
       PREBUILT_IOS_APP_PATH: artifacts/MetaMask.app
@@ -131,14 +130,12 @@ jobs:
             {
               echo "apk-target-path=android/app/build/outputs/apk/flask/release"
               echo "test-apk-target-path=android/app/build/outputs/apk/androidTest/flask/release"
-              echo "aab-target-path=android/app/build/outputs/bundle/flaskRelease"
               echo "artifact_name=app-flask-release"
             } >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           elif [[ "${{ inputs.build_type }}" == "main" ]]; then
             {
               echo "apk-target-path=android/app/build/outputs/apk/prod/release"
               echo "test-apk-target-path=android/app/build/outputs/apk/androidTest/prod/release"
-              echo "aab-target-path=android/app/build/outputs/bundle/prodRelease"
               echo "artifact_name=app-prod-release"
             } >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           else
@@ -152,7 +149,6 @@ jobs:
           echo "🏗 Setting up Android artifacts from build job..."
           mkdir -p ${{ steps.determine-target-paths.outputs.apk-target-path }}
           mkdir -p ${{ steps.determine-target-paths.outputs.test-apk-target-path }}
-          mkdir -p ${{ steps.determine-target-paths.outputs.aab-target-path }}
 
       - name: Download Android build artifacts
         if: ${{ inputs.platform == 'android' }}

android/gradle.properties.github

@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 # GitHub Actions-specific Gradle settings
 # Optimized for E2E builds on GitHub Actions runners
 
-# JVM configuration - balanced settings to avoid OOM while maintaining performance
-# Using 16GB heap to leave room for parallel workers and native memory
-org.gradle.jvmargs=-Xmx16g -XX:MaxMetaspaceSize=1g -XX:+UseG1GC -XX:G1HeapRegionSize=16m -XX:+UseStringDeduplication -XX:+OptimizeStringConcat
+# JVM configuration - tuned for 48GB runner to avoid OOM while maintaining performance
+# Heap: 12GB to leave room for Node.js/Metro and native memory
+# ExitOnOutOfMemoryError: fail-fast on OOM for CI
+org.gradle.jvmargs=-Xmx12g -Xms4g -XX:MaxMetaspaceSize=1g -XX:+UseG1GC -XX:G1HeapRegionSize=16m -XX:+UseStringDeduplication -XX:MaxGCPauseMillis=500 -XX:+ExitOnOutOfMemoryError -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8
 
 # Enable performance optimizations but limit parallelism to prevent OOM
 org.gradle.parallel=true
-org.gradle.configureondemand=true
 org.gradle.caching=true
-org.gradle.daemon=true
-org.gradle.workers.max=6
+org.gradle.daemon=false
+org.gradle.workers.max=2
 org.gradle.vfs.watch=false
 
 # CI-specific optimizations - enabled for GitHub Actions
@@ -54,4 +54,4 @@ hermesEnabled=true
 android.disableResourceValidation=true
 
 # Use legacy packaging to compress native libraries in the resulting APK.
-expo.useLegacyPackaging=false 
+expo.useLegacyPackaging=false

scripts/build.sh

@@ -547,6 +547,8 @@ generateAndroidBinary() {
 	local reactNativeArchitecturesArg=""
 	# Define Test build type arg
 	local testBuildTypeArg=""
+	# Define Gradle debug flags
+	local gradleDebugFlags=""
 
 	# Check if configuration is valid
 	if [ "$configuration" != "Debug" ] && [ "$configuration" != "Release" ] ; then
@@ -572,14 +574,19 @@ generateAndroidBinary() {
 		if [ "$METAMASK_ENVIRONMENT" = "e2e" ] ; then
 			# Only build for x86_64 for E2E builds
 			reactNativeArchitecturesArg="-PreactNativeArchitectures=x86_64"
+			# Enable Gradle debugging flags for E2E builds to investigate Daemon disappearance issues
+			gradleDebugFlags="--stacktrace --info"
+			echo "📊 E2E build: Enabling Gradle debugging flags (--stacktrace --info)"
 		fi
 	fi
 
 	# Generate Android APKs
 	echo "Generating Android binary for ($flavor) flavor with ($configuration) configuration"
-	./gradlew $assembleApkTask $assembleTestApkTask $testBuildTypeArg $reactNativeArchitecturesArg
+	./gradlew $assembleApkTask $assembleTestApkTask $testBuildTypeArg $reactNativeArchitecturesArg $gradleDebugFlags
 
-	if [ "$configuration" = "Release" ] ; then		
+	# Skip AAB bundle for E2E environments - AAB cannot be installed on emulators
+	# and is only needed for Play Store distribution
+	if [ "$configuration" = "Release" ] && [ "$METAMASK_ENVIRONMENT" != "e2e" ] ; then		
 		# Generate AAB bundle (not needed for E2E)
 		bundleConfiguration="bundle${flavor}Release"
 		echo "Generating AAB bundle for ($flavor) flavor with ($configuration) configuration"