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总之,除了少数我认为确实存在*真知灼见*的观点外,我看到的哲学形如:在混沌无常的某种 word vector[^word-vector]甚至说 *world vector*[^world-vector] 的某种*巫术*。对此,我认为应当做的是:*念头通达*即可,以及[把哲学看作一种魔术](https://www.zhihu.com/question/1894013843518223384/answer/1899710938837414347)。
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总之,除了少数我认为确实称得上*真知灼见*的观点外,我看到的哲学,常常像是在一个混沌的 word vector[^word-vector]空间里施展某种*巫术*。其中一部分当然有趣[^magic],但我们似乎并未达成什么*真正*的成果[^progress],因为连许多关键词汇都没有公认定义。对此常见的回应是:即便没有完美结论,讨论本身仍会让我们更谨慎,也更能理解问题的真实难度;不必过度追求精确,也可能抵达某种深刻。[^witt]
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但是我们可以从根本上去怀疑。例如说 Problem of other minds他心问题:我们如何知道其它人类存在和自己类似的心智,不是恰好表现得能够理解自己说的话呢?也许人类的生理把运用自己的经验整合成了一种*内在*的机制,使得我们*相信*其它人类存在心智,但我们难道可以下定论说极小的概率就不会发生吗?
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但我们也可以从根本处发问。比如 Problem of other minds(他心问题):我们如何知道他人确实有与我们相似的心智,而不是只是恰好表现得“像是能理解”呢?也许人类的生理机制会把经验整合成一种*内在*倾向,使我们*相信*他人有心智;可我们真的能断言,哪怕极小概率的反例都不可能发生吗?
如果文章到这里就结束,确实意义不大,也容易被看成无理取闹。于是我去看了 Philosophy StackExchange 上的问题 [How to avoid radical skepticism?](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/134884/how-to-avoid-radical-skepticism) 及其回答。
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先来看看这个回答:
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> Everyone from Pyrrho to Robert Audi has a solution. You can start by not reinventing the wheel, one of the advantages of attentive study. Consider any one of the strategies following from the WP article "[Philosophical Skepticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism)". But you have to find something that appeals to your intuitions.
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这个条目中提及的 solution 包含:
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- 对于 Pyrrhonian suspension of judgment 我承认可以暂停判断以换取内心平静(并且人们应该就是如此生活的),但这没有给出正面回应
- Methodological/pragmatic response (treat skepticism as a tool, not a final worldview) 并没有回答我的问题
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> However, if you're looking for something sophisticated and contemporary, consider the arguments put forth for [process reliabilism (IEP)](https://iep.utm.edu/reliabilism/#H2) which essentially puts forth the following claim:
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> > Process reliabilism, by contrast, asks whether the general belief-forming process by which S formed the belief that p would produce a high ratio of true beliefs to false beliefs.
> Radical scepsis is not necessarily bad or something to avoid. Why would you need to avoid it? If you conclude by some reasoning, that appears to be valid to you, that all the voices in a dispute express opinions that are not tenable or not completely convincing, then that conclusion is your new starting point. It may not enable you to take sides in the debate, or to judge who is right, but is that a bad thing? For one, it frees you up. It may show you that all the other participants seem to be missing something - even if you yourself don't have all the answers either. So, it may free you up to ask further questions.
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