feat(ci): Split Linux CI workflow and add container images pipeline

[adamcavendish]

Added a new workflow, container_images.yml, to automate building and pushing CI container images to GitHub Container Registry, ensuring consistent environments for CI runs across Linux distributions.

Added a dedicated CI workflow for Linux to streamline testing across multiple CUDA and OS configurations. It reuses the images built from container_images.yml workflow to avoid installing CUDA toolkits every time to save time.

Key changes:

• Matrix configurations for Ubuntu 22/24, RockyLinux 9 with CUDA 12.8.1
• Dockerfiles updated with required dependencies (clang, CUDA toolchains, etc.) to support bindgen and build examples.
• Removed redundant CI steps from rust.yml now handled in ci_linux.yml

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Resolves #185.

Please note that I have disabled push on pull_request events so we need to manually trigger once before we can have a successful Linux CI run.

[adamcavendish]

@LegNeato As mentioned in the description, would you help trigger the Build CI Container Images workflow manually so the CI can correctly use these images?

Reference triggers in my forked repo: https://github.com/adamcavendish/Rust-CUDA/actions/workflows/container_images.yml

cc @jorge-ortega since it'll conflict his changes as well.

[jorge-ortega]

I think there is a permission issue because the branch is from a fork. I'm going to duplicate the branch on the main repo which should kick off the container imagine builds with the right permissions.

[jorge-ortega]

That seemed to do the trick. Going to merge and rebase the bindgen changes. Thanks @adamcavendish!

[adamcavendish]

I think there is a permission issue because the branch is from a fork. I'm going to duplicate the branch on the main repo which should kick off the container imagine builds with the right permissions.

Yeah, that's why I posted a link showing that my own actions are working correctly so you guys will be confident to take it.