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<p><strong>Safe Agricultural Products and Water Graph (SAWGraph)</strong>: An <b>Open Knowledge Network </b> to Monitor and Trace PFAS and Other Contaminants in the Nation's Food and Water Systems
<p>The goal of SAWGraph is to connect federal and other datasets to more quickly analyze data and make decisions around per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) sources, testing, impacts, and risks.
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The graph integrates data and provides interfaces that support:
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<ul><li>analysis, mapping and communication of the results of testing for PFAS contamination</li>
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<li>spatial connections to known and potential sources</li></ul>
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to support PFAS research and decision making around PFAS testing and mitigation.</p>
<p>In contrast to the current ecosystem of disconnected datasources, SAWGraph works by integrating and aligning data into a geospatial knowledge graph that supports interface that can dynamically answer questions about the related datasets. </p>
The primary end users of SAWGraphs are personnel at state and federal agencies who monitor the environment and the safety of drinking water and agricultural land and products.
<h4class="w3-border-bottom w3-border-light-grey w3-padding-16">What are PFAS?</h4>
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<p>PFAS: A group of thousands of manmade chemicals</p>
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<h3class="w3-border-bottom w3-border-light-grey w3-padding-16">Competency questions and User queries
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</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>Highly Persistent due to strong carbon-fluorine bonds</li>
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<li>Informally named <b>"Forever Chemicals"</b>, due to their properties, they do not break down easily</li>
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<li><b>Testing Coverage and Gaps:</b> Where (locations/towns) should we prioritize environmental/water testing?
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<ul><li>E.g. which wells are within 5 miles of landfills/airports/biosludge application sites? Which wells near locations with a reported PFOA contamination above 4ppt have not been tested?
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</li></ul></li>
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<li><b>Assessing Contamination Impacts:</b> Where and who is impacted? (Prevalence, risk/vulnerability mapping)
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<ul><li>E.g. Which towns or counties have multiple test results with PFOS levels above 20ppt with no known contamination source nearby? Which chemicals show the highest average readings in samples from a particular region? Which towns/counties are most vulnerable based on their proximity to known or potential PFAS sources?
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</li></ul></li>
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<li><b>Contaminant Tracing:</b> What are potential sources of contamination at a particular location or area?
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<ul><li>E.g. What potential contamination sources exist 20 miles upstream from the sample result? What wells are hydrologically connected to other wells with a reported contamination of +10ppt
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</li></ul></li>
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</ul>
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<divclass="w3-panel w3-leftbar w3-light-grey">
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<p>Toxicology and human health impacts of PFAS according to <ahref="www.atsdr.cdc.gov/pfas/">ATSDR (CDC)</a>:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Exposure and effects are poorly understood and likely underestimated</li>
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<li>Increased cholesterol levels</li>
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<li>Decreased vaccine response in children</li>
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<li>Changes in liver enzymes</li>
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<li>Small decreases in infant birth weights</li>
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<li>Increased risk of high blood pressure or pre-eclampsia in pregnant women</li>
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<li>Increased risk of kidney or testicular cancer</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<h4class="w3-border-bottom w3-border-light-grey w3-padding-16">Where are PFAS?</h4>
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<ul><li>They are dispersed via air, soil and water</li>
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<li>How does PFAs get into the environment?</li>
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<ul><li>Chemical Plants</li>
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<li>Landfills</li>
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<li>Wastewater</li>
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<li>Biosolids used as fertilizer in agriculture</li>
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<li>Other Point Sources: Airports, firefighting training sites, etc.</li>
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<li>Non-point Sources: spills, wet or dry deposition, commercial uses</li></ul></ul>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<!-- About KGs -->
@@ -151,193 +136,8 @@ <h4 class="w3-border-bottom w3-border-light-grey w3-padding-16">Read more about
<p>The SAWGraph Knowledge Graph provides a comprehensive view of PFAS contamination, potential sources, and potential impacts. These are organized into a series of interconnected knowledge graphs to facilitate reuse and modularize the large graphs.</p>
<tdclass="s4">Facility Registry Service / Envirofacts</td>
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<td>Facilities</td>
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<tdclass="s3">Facilities and program records about facilities (location, identifiers, NAICS) from different state and EPA program information systems</td>
<br><atarget="_blank" href="https://mgs-maine.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/maine-well-database-well-depth/explore">MGS Maine Well Database</a><br>
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<atarget="_blank" href="https://mgs-maine.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/maine-well-database-unlocated-wells/explore">MGS Maine Well Database Unlocated</a>
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<br><atarget="_blank" href="https://services1.arcgis.com/RbMX0mRVOFNTdLzd/ArcGIS/rest/services/MGS_Wells_Database/FeatureServer/0">MGS Maine Well Database Geoserver</a></td>
<atarget="_blank" href="https://mgs-maine.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/maine::maine-well-database-well-depth/about">MGS Maine Well Database Metadata</a><br>
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<atarget="_blank" href="https://mgs-maine.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/maine::maine-well-database-unlocated-wells/about">MGS Maine Well Database Unlocated Metadata</a><br>
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<atarget="_blank" href="https://www.maine.gov/dacf/mgs/pubs/digital/well.htm">Maine DACF Water Well Database Metadata</a></td>
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</tr>
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<trstyle="height: 30px">
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<td>Hydrology</td>
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<td>Aquifers</td>
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<td>Aquifers</td>
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<td>Aquifers at various scales, from large national aquifer systems to more local aquifers, from deep bedrock to shallow sand and gravel</td>
<td>Political units, boundaries, FIPS codes, and hierarchy</td>
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<td>KnowWhereGraph (Levels 1 & 2)<br>Census Bureau (Level 3)</td>
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<td><atarget="_blank" href="https://www.knowwheregraph.org/">KnowWhereGraph</a><br><atarget="_blank" href="https://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/geo/shapefiles/index.php">Census Bureau TIGER/linefiles</a></td>
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<td>Each Census Bureau shapefile includes a *.iso.xml metadata file</td>
<li>PFAS testing results from drinking water (federal: PFAS Analytics Tools; original source UCMR data and select state data); ground and surface water, soil and tissue samples.
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</li>
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<li>Point sources for PFAS based on the Facilities Registry Service using North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) as well as DoD sites, DoE sites, airports, and superfund sites and landfills
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</li>
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<li>EPA’s PFAS release data collected in accordance with the Clean Water and Clean Air Acts
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</li>
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<li>Potentially impacted features like private water wells and drinking water protection areas from select states.
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</li>
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<li>Data layers on agricultural uses; surface water (stream reaches, watersheds) and groundwater (aquifers) features via connections to geoconnex and KnowWhereGraph.
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</li>
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<li>Geospatial relations to connect data: locations and sites are spatially integrated via S2 cells (level 13 or finer) and via administrative regions (geoIds, FIPS codes, ZIP codes, etc.) and hydrologic connections
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</li>
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</ul>-->
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<h4class="w3-border-bottom w3-border-light-grey w3-padding-16">Competency questions and User queries
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</h4>
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<ul>
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<li>Testing Coverage and Gaps: Where (locations/towns) should we prioritize environmental/water testing?
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<li>E.g. which wells are within 5 miles of landfills/airports/biosludge application sites? Which wells near locations with a reported PFOA contamination above 4ppt have not been tested?
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</li></li>
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<li>Assessing Contamination Impacts: Where and who is impacted? (Prevalence, risk/vulnerability mapping)
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<li>E.g. Which towns or counties have multiple test results with PFOS levels above 20ppt with no known contamination source nearby? Which chemicals show the highest average readings in samples from a particular region? Which towns/counties are most vulnerable based on their proximity to known or potential PFAS sources?
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</li></li>
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<li>Contaminant Tracing: What are potential sources of contamination at a particular location or area?
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<li>E.g. What potential contamination sources exist 20 miles upstream from the sample result? What wells are hydrologically connected to other wells with a reported contamination of +10ppt
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