diff --git a/src/psm/src/connection.cpp b/src/psm/src/connection.cpp
index 9308d3f27d6..afc3e8d01e1 100644
--- a/src/psm/src/connection.cpp
+++ b/src/psm/src/connection.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Connection::Connection(Node* node0, Node* node1) : node0_(node0), node1_(node1)
 
 void Connection::ensureNodeOrder()
 {
-  if (node0_ && !node0_->compare(node1_)) {
+  if (node0_ && node0_->compare(node1_) > 0) {
     std::swap(node0_, node1_);
   }
 }
@@ -70,31 +70,42 @@ int Connection::getDBUs() const
 
 bool Connection::compare(const Connection* other) const
 {
-  return compareTuple() < other->compareTuple();
-}
-
-bool Connection::compare(const std::unique_ptr<Connection>& other) const
-{
-  return compare(other.get());
-}
+  if (other == nullptr) {
+    return false;
+  }
 
-Connection::CompareInformation Connection::compareTuple() const
-{
-  Node::CompareInformation node0_info;
-  if (node0_ != nullptr) {
-    node0_info = node0_->compareTuple();
-  } else {
-    node0_info = Node::dummyCompareTuple();
+  // Compare node0_ with null handling
+  if (node0_ == nullptr && other->node0_ != nullptr) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (node0_ != nullptr && other->node0_ == nullptr) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (node0_ != nullptr && other->node0_ != nullptr) {
+    const int cmp0 = node0_->compare(other->node0_);
+    if (cmp0 != 0) {
+      return cmp0 < 0;
+    }
   }
 
-  Node::CompareInformation node1_info;
-  if (node1_ != nullptr) {
-    node1_info = node1_->compareTuple();
-  } else {
-    node1_info = Node::dummyCompareTuple();
+  // Compare node1_ with null handling
+  if (node1_ == nullptr && other->node1_ != nullptr) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (node1_ != nullptr && other->node1_ == nullptr) {
+    return false;
   }
+  if (node1_ != nullptr && other->node1_ != nullptr) {
+    const int cmp1 = node1_->compare(other->node1_);
+    return cmp1 < 0;
+  }
+
+  return false;
+}
 
-  return {node0_info, node1_info};
+bool Connection::compare(const std::unique_ptr<Connection>& other) const
+{
+  return compare(other.get());
 }
 
 std::string Connection::describeWithNodes() const
diff --git a/src/psm/src/connection.h b/src/psm/src/connection.h
index 8cf02e444f1..35c669d4edd 100644
--- a/src/psm/src/connection.h
+++ b/src/psm/src/connection.h
@@ -84,10 +84,6 @@ class Connection
   Node* node1_;
 
  private:
-  using CompareInformation
-      = std::tuple<Node::CompareInformation, Node::CompareInformation>;
-  CompareInformation compareTuple() const;
-
   template <typename T>
   bool hasNodeOfType() const;
 };
diff --git a/src/psm/src/debug_gui.cpp b/src/psm/src/debug_gui.cpp
index 150ea461253..95634152828 100644
--- a/src/psm/src/debug_gui.cpp
+++ b/src/psm/src/debug_gui.cpp
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ bool NodeDescriptor::lessThan(const std::any& l, const std::any& r) const
 {
   auto l_node = std::any_cast<Node*>(l);
   auto r_node = std::any_cast<Node*>(r);
-  return l_node->compare(r_node);
+  return l_node->compare(r_node) < 0;
 }
 
 void NodeDescriptor::highlight(const std::any& object,
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ bool ITermNodeDescriptor::lessThan(const std::any& l, const std::any& r) const
 {
   auto l_node = std::any_cast<ITermNode*>(l);
   auto r_node = std::any_cast<ITermNode*>(r);
-  return l_node->compare(r_node);
+  return l_node->compare(r_node) < 0;
 }
 
 void ITermNodeDescriptor::highlight(const std::any& object,
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ bool BPinNodeDescriptor::lessThan(const std::any& l, const std::any& r) const
 {
   auto l_node = std::any_cast<BPinNode*>(l);
   auto r_node = std::any_cast<BPinNode*>(r);
-  return l_node->compare(r_node);
+  return l_node->compare(r_node) < 0;
 }
 
 void BPinNodeDescriptor::highlight(const std::any& object,
diff --git a/src/psm/src/ir_network.cpp b/src/psm/src/ir_network.cpp
index 7a7079b3766..55e2088c682 100644
--- a/src/psm/src/ir_network.cpp
+++ b/src/psm/src/ir_network.cpp
@@ -709,9 +709,9 @@ std::set<Node*> IRNetwork::getSharedShapeNodes() const
     const auto layer_shapes = getShapeTree(layer);
 
     for (const auto& node : nodes) {
-      const Point pt(node->getPoint().x(), node->getPoint().y());
       const auto shapes = std::distance(
-          layer_shapes.qbegin(boost::geometry::index::intersects(pt)),
+          layer_shapes.qbegin(
+              boost::geometry::index::intersects(node->getPoint())),
           layer_shapes.qend());
       if (shapes > 1) {
         shared_nodes.insert(node.get());
@@ -804,7 +804,7 @@ void IRNetwork::sortNodes()
 
   for (auto& [layer, nodes] : nodes_) {
     std::ranges::stable_sort(nodes, [](const auto& lhs, const auto& rhs) {
-      return lhs->compare(rhs);
+      return lhs->compare(rhs) < 0;
     });
   }
 }
@@ -813,10 +813,9 @@ void IRNetwork::sortConnections()
 {
   const utl::DebugScopedTimer timer(
       logger_, utl::PSM, "timer", 1, "Sorting connections: {}");
-  std::ranges::stable_sort(
-      connections_,
-
-      [](const auto& lhs, const auto& rhs) { return lhs->compare(rhs); });
+  std::ranges::stable_sort(connections_, [](const auto& lhs, const auto& rhs) {
+    return lhs->compare(rhs);
+  });
 }
 
 int IRNetwork::getEffectiveNumberOfCuts(const odb::dbShape& shape) const
@@ -1299,4 +1298,19 @@ Node::NodeSet IRNetwork::getBPinShapeNodes() const
   return pin_nodes;
 }
 
+void IRNetwork::clearVisitedNodes()
+{
+  for (const auto& [layer, nodes] : nodes_) {
+    for (const auto& node : nodes) {
+      node->setVisited(false);
+    }
+  }
+  for (const auto& node : iterm_nodes_) {
+    node->setVisited(false);
+  }
+  for (const auto& node : bpin_nodes_) {
+    node->setVisited(false);
+  }
+}
+
 }  // namespace psm
diff --git a/src/psm/src/ir_network.h b/src/psm/src/ir_network.h
index f70e599251c..da58f63e560 100644
--- a/src/psm/src/ir_network.h
+++ b/src/psm/src/ir_network.h
@@ -45,10 +45,6 @@ class IRNetwork
   template <typename T>
   using LayerMap = std::map<odb::dbTechLayer*, T>;
 
-  using Point
-      = boost::geometry::model::d2::point_xy<int,
-                                             boost::geometry::cs::cartesian>;
-
   using TerminalTree
       = boost::geometry::index::rtree<TerminalNode*,
                                       boost::geometry::index::quadratic<16>,
@@ -106,6 +102,8 @@ class IRNetwork
 
   std::size_t getNodeCount(bool include_iterms = false) const;
 
+  void clearVisitedNodes();
+
   const Connections& getConnections() const { return connections_; }
   NodePtrMap<Connection> getConnectionMap() const;
 
diff --git a/src/psm/src/ir_solver.cpp b/src/psm/src/ir_solver.cpp
index 9d9389c1345..5a64bb784db 100644
--- a/src/psm/src/ir_solver.cpp
+++ b/src/psm/src/ir_solver.cpp
@@ -141,27 +141,12 @@ bool IRSolver::check(bool check_bterms)
   return connected_.value();
 }
 
-bool IRSolver::wasNodeVisited(const std::unique_ptr<ITermNode>& node) const
-{
-  return wasNodeVisited(node.get());
-}
-
-bool IRSolver::wasNodeVisited(const std::unique_ptr<Node>& node) const
-{
-  return wasNodeVisited(node.get());
-}
-
-bool IRSolver::wasNodeVisited(const Node* node) const
-{
-  return visited_.find(node) != visited_.end();
-}
-
 bool IRSolver::checkOpen()
 {
   const utl::DebugScopedTimer timer(
       logger_, utl::PSM, "timer", 1, "Check open: {}");
 
-  visited_.clear();
+  network_->clearVisitedNodes();
   const std::size_t total_nodes = network_->getNodeCount(true);
   const auto connections_map = network_->getConnectionMap();
 
@@ -179,7 +164,7 @@ bool IRSolver::checkOpen()
   while (!queue.empty()) {
     Node* node = queue.front();
     queue.pop();
-    if (wasNodeVisited(node)) {
+    if (node->isVisited()) {
       // already been here, so we can continue to next node
       continue;
     }
@@ -196,11 +181,11 @@ bool IRSolver::checkOpen()
                  total_nodes);
     }
 
-    visited_.insert(node);
+    node->setVisited(true);
 
     for (const auto* conn : connections_map.at(node)) {
       Node* next = conn->getOtherNode(node);
-      if (wasNodeVisited(next)) {
+      if (next->isVisited()) {
         // already been here, so we do not need to add it to the queue
         continue;
       }
@@ -210,7 +195,7 @@ bool IRSolver::checkOpen()
 
   for (const auto& [layer, layer_nodes] : network_->getNodes()) {
     for (const auto& node : layer_nodes) {
-      if (wasNodeVisited(node)) {
+      if (node->isVisited()) {
         continue;
       }
 
@@ -249,7 +234,7 @@ IRSolver::ConnectivityResults IRSolver::getConnectivityResults() const
 
   for (const auto& [layer, nodes] : network_->getNodes()) {
     for (const auto& node : nodes) {
-      if (wasNodeVisited(node)) {
+      if (node->isVisited()) {
         continue;
       }
 
@@ -258,7 +243,7 @@ IRSolver::ConnectivityResults IRSolver::getConnectivityResults() const
   }
 
   for (const auto& node : network_->getITermNodes()) {
-    if (wasNodeVisited(node)) {
+    if (node->isVisited()) {
       continue;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/psm/src/ir_solver.h b/src/psm/src/ir_solver.h
index 0c21e5ad725..1a158ecf927 100644
--- a/src/psm/src/ir_solver.h
+++ b/src/psm/src/ir_solver.h
@@ -162,9 +162,6 @@ class IRSolver
 
   void reportUnconnectedNodes() const;
   void reportMissingBTerm() const;
-  bool wasNodeVisited(const std::unique_ptr<ITermNode>& node) const;
-  bool wasNodeVisited(const std::unique_ptr<Node>& node) const;
-  bool wasNodeVisited(const Node* node) const;
 
   std::map<Node*, Connection::ConnectionSet> getNodeConnectionMap(
       const Connection::ConnectionMap<Connection::Conductance>& conductance)
@@ -216,8 +213,6 @@ class IRSolver
 
   const PDNSim::GeneratedSourceSettings& generated_source_settings_;
 
-  // Holds nodes that were visited during the open net check
-  std::set<const Node*> visited_;
   std::optional<bool> connected_;
 
   std::map<sta::Scene*, ValueNodeMap<Voltage>> voltages_;
diff --git a/src/psm/src/node.cpp b/src/psm/src/node.cpp
index 1cbef9785b9..f77af30ebc8 100644
--- a/src/psm/src/node.cpp
+++ b/src/psm/src/node.cpp
@@ -18,30 +18,50 @@ Node::Node(const odb::Point& pt, odb::dbTechLayer* layer)
 {
 }
 
-Node::CompareInformation Node::compareTuple() const
+int Node::compare(const Node* other) const
 {
-  const int x = pt_.getX();
-  const int y = pt_.getY();
-  const int layer = layer_->getNumber();
+  if (other == nullptr) {
+    return 1;
+  }
 
-  return {layer, x, y, getType(), getTypeCompareInfo()};
-}
+  // Compare layer
+  const int layer1 = layer_->getNumber();
+  const int layer2 = other->layer_->getNumber();
+  if (layer1 != layer2) {
+    return layer1 < layer2 ? -1 : 1;
+  }
 
-Node::CompareInformation Node::dummyCompareTuple()
-{
-  return {-1, 0, 0, NodeType::kUnknown, -1};
-}
+  // Compare x coordinate
+  const int x1 = pt_.getX();
+  const int x2 = other->pt_.getX();
+  if (x1 != x2) {
+    return x1 < x2 ? -1 : 1;
+  }
 
-bool Node::compare(const Node* other) const
-{
-  if (other == nullptr) {
-    return true;
+  // Compare y coordinate
+  const int y1 = pt_.getY();
+  const int y2 = other->pt_.getY();
+  if (y1 != y2) {
+    return y1 < y2 ? -1 : 1;
   }
 
-  return compareTuple() < other->compareTuple();
+  // Compare node type
+  const NodeType type1 = getType();
+  const NodeType type2 = other->getType();
+  if (type1 != type2) {
+    return type1 < type2 ? -1 : 1;
+  }
+
+  // Compare type-specific info
+  const int info1 = getTypeCompareInfo();
+  const int info2 = other->getTypeCompareInfo();
+  if (info1 == info2) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return info1 < info2 ? -1 : 1;
 }
 
-bool Node::compare(const std::unique_ptr<Node>& other) const
+int Node::compare(const std::unique_ptr<Node>& other) const
 {
   return compare(other.get());
 }
diff --git a/src/psm/src/node.h b/src/psm/src/node.h
index 475231461f2..180b1aa5c90 100644
--- a/src/psm/src/node.h
+++ b/src/psm/src/node.h
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class Node
   {
     bool operator()(const Node* lhs, const Node* rhs) const
     {
-      return lhs->compare(rhs);
+      return lhs->compare(rhs) < 0;
     }
   };
 
@@ -52,22 +52,22 @@ class Node
   Node(const odb::Point& pt, odb::dbTechLayer* layer);
   virtual ~Node() = default;
 
-  bool compare(const Node* other) const;
-  bool compare(const std::unique_ptr<Node>& other) const;
+  // Returns -1 if this < other, 0 if equal, +1 if this > other
+  int compare(const Node* other) const;
+  int compare(const std::unique_ptr<Node>& other) const;
 
   const odb::Point& getPoint() const { return pt_; };
   odb::dbTechLayer* getLayer() const { return layer_; };
 
+  bool isVisited() const { return visited_; }
+  void setVisited(bool visited) { visited_ = visited; }
+
   void print(utl::Logger* logger, const std::string& prefix = "") const;
   virtual std::string describe(const std::string& prefix) const;
 
   std::string getName() const;
   std::string getTypeName() const;
 
-  using CompareInformation = std::tuple<int, int, int, NodeType, int>;
-  CompareInformation compareTuple() const;
-  static CompareInformation dummyCompareTuple();
-
  protected:
   virtual NodeType getType() const { return NodeType::kNode; }
 
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ class Node
 
   odb::Point pt_;
   odb::dbTechLayer* layer_;
+  bool visited_ = false;
 };
 
 class SourceNode : public Node
diff --git a/src/psm/src/shape.cpp b/src/psm/src/shape.cpp
index 1be3185637f..15c4ec626d2 100644
--- a/src/psm/src/shape.cpp
+++ b/src/psm/src/shape.cpp
@@ -44,7 +44,6 @@ Connections Shape::connectNodes(const IRNetwork::NodeTree& layer_nodes)
 
   for (auto* node : sorted_nodes) {
     const auto& pt = node->getPoint();
-    const IRNetwork::Point point(pt.x(), pt.y());
 
     std::vector<Node*> ordered_neighbors;
 
@@ -52,7 +51,7 @@ Connections Shape::connectNodes(const IRNetwork::NodeTree& layer_nodes)
 
     tree.query(boost::geometry::index::satisfies([&](const auto value) {
                  return used.find(value) == used.end();
-               }) && boost::geometry::index::nearest(point, 1),
+               }) && boost::geometry::index::nearest(pt, 1),
                std::back_inserter(ordered_neighbors));
 
     for (Node* other : ordered_neighbors) {