add: median of medians algorithm in maths

Author: shubhangiisinghh

maths/median_of_medians.py

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+"""
+Median of Medians Algorithm
+Guarantees O(n) worst-case time complexity for finding the k-th smallest element.
+Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_of_medians
+"""
+
+
+def partition(arr: list, pivot: int) -> tuple:
+    """Partition array into elements less than, equal to, and greater than pivot."""
+    low = [x for x in arr if x < pivot]
+    high = [x for x in arr if x > pivot]
+    equal = [x for x in arr if x == pivot]
+    return low, equal, high
+
+
+def median_of_medians(arr: list, k: int) -> int:
+    """
+    Find the k-th smallest element in an unsorted list using Median of Medians.
+
+    Args:
+        arr: List of comparable elements
+        k: 1-based index of the desired smallest element
+
+    Returns:
+        The k-th smallest element in arr
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If k is out of range
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> median_of_medians([3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6], 3)
+        2
+        >>> median_of_medians([7, 2, 10, 5], 1)
+        2
+        >>> median_of_medians([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 5)
+        5
+    """
+    if not 1 <= k <= len(arr):
+        raise ValueError(f"k={k} is out of range for array of length {len(arr)}")
+
+    # Base case
+    if len(arr) <= 5:
+        return sorted(arr)[k - 1]
+
+    # Step 1: Divide into chunks of 5 and find median of each chunk
+    chunks = [arr[i : i + 5] for i in range(0, len(arr), 5)]
+    medians = [sorted(chunk)[len(chunk) // 2] for chunk in chunks]
+
+    # Step 2: Recursively find median of medians
+    pivot = median_of_medians(medians, len(medians) // 2 + 1)
+
+    # Step 3: Partition around pivot
+    low, equal, high = partition(arr, pivot)
+
+    # Step 4: Recurse into the correct partition
+    if k <= len(low):
+        return median_of_medians(low, k)
+    elif k <= len(low) + len(equal):
+        return pivot
+    else:
+        return median_of_medians(high, k - len(low) - len(equal))
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import doctest
+    doctest.testmod()
+    
+    sample = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6, 5, 3, 5]
+    print(f"Array: {sample}")
+    for i in range(1, len(sample) + 1):
+        print(f"  {i}-th smallest: {median_of_medians(sample, i)}")