feat: add card flags to CardContentProvider and api

[ColgateTotal77]

Purpose / Description

Expand CardContentProvider and api to work with card flags.

Fixes

• Fixes [API] Extension ContentResolver / api to read/write card data #21298

Approach

Added read/write for card flags in CardContentProvider and api.

How Has This Been Tested?

Implemented test for negative, too large, and valid flag codes.

Learning (optional, can help others)

I just looked at other api functions and content provider cases. Most of the code I just copied and a little tweaked for my case.

Checklist

• You have a descriptive commit message with a short title (first line, max 50 chars).
• You have commented your code, particularly in hard-to-understand areas
• You have performed a self-review of your own code
• UI changes: include screenshots of all affected screens (in particular showing any new or changed strings)
• UI Changes: You have tested your change using the Google Accessibility Scanner

[welcome]

First PR! 🚀 We sincerely appreciate that you have taken the time to propose a change to AnkiDroid! Please have patience with us as we are all volunteers - we will get to this as soon as possible.

[sanjaysargam]

Welcome to the community @ColgateTotal77
Thanks for contributing 🚀

[criticalAY]

Really strong first PR, thank you!

[criticalAY]

The comments are not resolved?

[ColgateTotal77]

The comments are not resolved?

Hi, closed some, but can you look at #21322 (comment)

and also do we need to mention David again in #21322 (comment)