chore(csharp): Bump Azure.Identity from 1.14.2 to 1.17.1 (#3738)

Updated [Azure.Identity](https://github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-net)
from 1.14.2 to 1.17.1.

<details>
<summary>Release notes</summary>

_Sourced from [Azure.Identity's
releases](https://github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-net/releases)._

## 1.17.1

## 1.17.1 (2025-11-18)

### Other Changes

- Updated `Microsoft.Identity.Client` and
`Microsoft.Identity.Client.Extensions.Msal` dependencies to version
4.78.0.


Commits viewable in [compare
view](https://github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-net/commits/Azure.Identity_1.17.1).
</details>

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csharp/Directory.Packages.props

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
     <PackageVersion Include="Apache.Arrow.Adbc.Drivers.Interop.Snowflake" Version="[$(Version)]" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Apache.Arrow.Flight" Version="22.1.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="ApacheThrift" Version="0.22.0" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="Azure.Identity" Version="1.14.2" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Azure.Identity" Version="1.17.1" />
     <PackageVersion Include="BenchmarkDotNet" Version="0.15.6" />
     <PackageVersion Include="coverlet.collector" Version="6.0.4" />
     <PackageVersion Include="DuckDB.NET.Bindings.Full" Version="1.4.1" />