[bug](jdbc) fix sqlserver couldn't get schema with higher version driver jar (#63626)

### What problem does this PR solve?
Problem Summary:

https://github.com/microsoft/mssql-jdbc/blob/v13.4.0/src/main/java/com/microsoft/sqlserver/jdbc/SQLServerDatabaseMetaData.java#L1887-L1934
```
SQLServer JDBC catalog lists schemas through DatabaseMetaData.getSchemas(conn.getCatalog(), null). With mssql-jdbc 13.4.x, when catalog is non-empty and schemaPattern is null, the       
driver filters built-in schemas such as dbo, guest, sys, INFORMATION_SCHEMA, and db_*. As a result, SHOW DATABASES on a SQLServer JDBC catalog may miss schemas that were visible with    
older mssql-jdbc versions.                                                                                                                                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                           
Now SQLServer-specific override for schema discovery and passes schemaPattern % to getSchemas. % is the JDBC wildcard pattern for matching all schemas, so mssql-jdbc 13.4.x   
returns the expected schemas without the driver-side built-in schema filtering. Older mssql-jdbc versions are also compatible with this behavior.
```

Author: zhangstar333

be/src/service/internal_service.cpp

@@ -991,6 +991,13 @@ void PInternalService::test_jdbc_connection(google::protobuf::RpcController* con
                                             const PJdbcTestConnectionRequest* request,
                                             PJdbcTestConnectionResult* result,
                                             google::protobuf::Closure* done) {
+    if (!doris::config::enable_java_support) {
+        doris::Status status = doris::Status::InternalError(
+                "you can change be config enable_java_support to true and restart be.");
+        status.to_protobuf(result->mutable_status());
+        done->Run();
+        return;
+    }
     bool ret = _heavy_work_pool.try_offer([request, result, done]() {
         VLOG_RPC << "test jdbc connection";
         brpc::ClosureGuard closure_guard(done);

fe/fe-connector/fe-connector-jdbc/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/connector/jdbc/client/JdbcConnectorClient.java

@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ public List<String> getDatabaseNameList() {
                 String current = conn.getSchema();
                 names.add(current);
             } else {
-                rs = conn.getMetaData().getSchemas(conn.getCatalog(), null);
+                rs = conn.getMetaData().getSchemas(conn.getCatalog(), getSchemaPatternForDatabaseNameList());
                 while (rs.next()) {
                     names.add(rs.getString("TABLE_SCHEM"));
                 }
@@ -365,6 +365,18 @@ public List<String> getDatabaseNameList() {
         return filterDatabaseNames(names);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Schema pattern passed to {@link java.sql.DatabaseMetaData#getSchemas(String, String)} when listing
+     * remote database names.
+     *
+     * <p>The default {@code null} follows JDBC semantics of "schema name should not be used to narrow
+     * the search", preserving the existing generic behavior. Subclasses should override this only when
+     * a driver treats {@code null} specially and does not return the schemas Doris expects.
+     */
+    protected String getSchemaPatternForDatabaseNameList() {
+        return null;
+    }
+
     public List<String> getTablesNameList(String remoteDbName) {
         List<String> names = new ArrayList<>();
         String[] tableTypes = getTableTypes();

fe/fe-connector/fe-connector-jdbc/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/connector/jdbc/client/JdbcSQLServerConnectorClient.java

@@ -110,6 +110,13 @@ public ConnectorType jdbcTypeToConnectorType(JdbcFieldInfo fieldInfo) {
         }
     }
 
+    @Override
+    protected String getSchemaPatternForDatabaseNameList() {
+        // "%" is a JDBC schemaPattern wildcard that matches all schemas. mssql-jdbc 13.4 filters
+        // built-in schemas when catalog is non-empty and schemaPattern is null.
+        return "%";
+    }
+
     @Override
     public long getRowCount(String dbName, String tableName) {
         String sql = "SELECT sum(rows) FROM sys.partitions "

fe/fe-connector/fe-connector-jdbc/src/test/java/org/apache/doris/connector/jdbc/client/JdbcSQLServerConnectorClientTest.java

@@ -127,4 +127,11 @@ void testTimestampTypeMapping() {
         Assertions.assertEquals("STRING", ct.getTypeName(),
                 "SQL Server timestamp (rowversion) should map to STRING");
     }
+
+    @Test
+    void testUseWildcardSchemaPatternForDatabaseNameList() {
+        JdbcSQLServerConnectorClient client = createClient();
+
+        Assertions.assertEquals("%", client.getSchemaPatternForDatabaseNameList());
+    }
 }

fe/fe-core/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/datasource/jdbc/client/JdbcClient.java

@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ public List<String> getDatabaseNameList() {
                 String currentDatabase = conn.getSchema();
                 remoteDatabaseNames.add(currentDatabase);
             } else {
-                rs = conn.getMetaData().getSchemas(conn.getCatalog(), null);
+                rs = conn.getMetaData().getSchemas(conn.getCatalog(), getSchemaPatternForDatabaseNameList());
                 while (rs.next()) {
                     remoteDatabaseNames.add(rs.getString("TABLE_SCHEM"));
                 }
@@ -331,6 +331,18 @@ public List<String> getDatabaseNameList() {
         return filterDatabaseNames(remoteDatabaseNames);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Schema pattern passed to {@link java.sql.DatabaseMetaData#getSchemas(String, String)} when listing
+     * remote database names.
+     *
+     * <p>The default {@code null} follows JDBC semantics of "schema name should not be used to narrow
+     * the search", preserving the existing generic behavior. Subclasses should override this only when
+     * a driver treats {@code null} specially and does not return the schemas Doris expects.
+     */
+    protected String getSchemaPatternForDatabaseNameList() {
+        return null;
+    }
+
     /**
      * get all tables of one database
      */

fe/fe-core/src/main/java/org/apache/doris/datasource/jdbc/client/JdbcSQLServerClient.java

@@ -27,6 +27,13 @@ protected JdbcSQLServerClient(JdbcClientConfig jdbcClientConfig) {
         super(jdbcClientConfig);
     }
 
+    @Override
+    protected String getSchemaPatternForDatabaseNameList() {
+        // "%" is a JDBC schemaPattern wildcard that matches all schemas. mssql-jdbc 13.4 filters
+        // built-in schemas when catalog is non-empty and schemaPattern is null.
+        return "%";
+    }
+
     @Override
     protected Type jdbcTypeToDoris(JdbcFieldSchema fieldSchema) {
         String originSqlserverType = fieldSchema.getDataTypeName().orElse("unknown");

regression-test/data/external_table_p0/jdbc/type_test/select/test_sqlserver_all_types_select.out

@@ -53,3 +53,19 @@ IPv6_Nullable	text	Yes	true	\N
 -- !select_all_types_multi_block --
 4100
 
+-- !order_show_db --
+db_accessadmin
+db_backupoperator
+db_datareader
+db_datawriter
+db_ddladmin
+db_denydatareader
+db_denydatawriter
+db_owner
+db_securityadmin
+dbo
+guest
+information_schema
+mysql
+sys
+

regression-test/suites/external_table_p0/jdbc/type_test/select/test_sqlserver_all_types_select.groovy

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ suite("test_sqlserver_all_types_select", "p0,external") {
     String s3_endpoint = getS3Endpoint()
     String bucket = getS3BucketName()
     String driver_url = "https://${bucket}.${s3_endpoint}/regression/jdbc_driver/mssql-jdbc-11.2.3.jre8.jar"
+    String driver_url13 = "https://${bucket}.${s3_endpoint}/regression/jdbc_driver/mssql-jdbc-13.4.0.jre8.jar"
     if (enabled != null && enabled.equalsIgnoreCase("true")) {
         String sqlserver_port = context.config.otherConfigs.get("sqlserver_2022_port");
 
@@ -43,5 +44,18 @@ suite("test_sqlserver_all_types_select", "p0,external") {
         qt_select_all_types_multi_block """select count(*) from dbo.extreme_test_multi_block;"""
 
         sql """drop catalog if exists sqlserver_all_type_test """
+
+        sql """drop catalog if exists sqlserver_13_test """
+        sql """create catalog if not exists sqlserver_13_test properties(
+                    "type"="jdbc",
+                    "user"="sa",
+                    "password"="Doris123456",
+                    "jdbc_url" = "jdbc:sqlserver://${externalEnvIp}:${sqlserver_port};encrypt=false;databaseName=doris_test;",
+                    "driver_url" = "${driver_url13}",
+                    "driver_class" = "com.microsoft.sqlserver.jdbc.SQLServerDriver"
+        );"""
+        sql """switch sqlserver_13_test"""
+        qt_order_show_db """show databases"""
+        sql """drop catalog if exists sqlserver_13_test """
     }
 }