[FLINK-40040][cdc-runtime] Wrap coordinator failure in SerializedThrowable across the RPC boundary

[Zhile]

What is the purpose of the change

Schema-evolution coordination responses are dropped when the failure's cause is a class that only lives in the user classloader (e.g. com.mysql.cj.exceptions.ConnectionIsClosedException). flink-rpc-akka deserializes the coordination response with an isolated classloader and throws ClassNotFoundException, so the response never reaches SchemaOperator, which then blocks on responseFuture.get(rpcTimeout) and fails with a misleading TimeoutException -- turning a transient error into a restart loop that only a full job restart recovers from.

Observed in production (Flink CDC 3.6.0 on Flink 1.20.3):

ERROR org.apache.pekko.remote.Remoting - com.mysql.cj.exceptions.ConnectionIsClosedException
java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: com.mysql.cj.exceptions.ConnectionIsClosedException
    at org.apache.pekko.util.ClassLoaderObjectInputStream.resolveClass(...)
    at ...MiscMessageSerializer.deserializeStatusFailure(...)

JIRA: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/FLINK-40040

Brief change log

• SchemaRegistry.failJob now wraps the cause into SerializedThrowable (idempotent, not re-wrapped if already one) before calling handleUnrecoverableError (which completes pending coordination responses exceptionally) and context.failJob. SerializedThrowable carries the original exception as bytes plus a stringified stack trace, so the receiving side can deserialize it without the original class and still see the real cause.
• SchemaRegistry.runInEventLoop's catch block now routes through failJob instead of duplicating the fail path, so every exit shares the wrapping.
• Applies to both the regular and distributed SchemaCoordinator, since both complete pending response futures via the shared failJob -> handleUnrecoverableError path.

Verifying this change

Added SchemaRegistryFailJobSerializationTest:

• failJobWrapsExceptionIntoSerializedThrowable asserts the failure delivered to the coordinator context is a SerializedThrowable.
• wrappedFailureSurvivesIsolatedClassloaderButRawOneDoesNot shows a raw exception whose cause is a classloader-isolated type fails to deserialize (ClassNotFoundException), while the SerializedThrowable-wrapped one deserializes and preserves the real cause text.

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): no
• Public API / SDK: no
• Serializers / state: no (wraps only the failure carried over the coordinator RPC channel; no state format change)

[yuxiqian]

Could you please check the failing test cases?