feat(evolution): support v3 column default values in UpdateSchema (4/4)

AddColumn / AddRequiredColumn now accept an optional default value, used as
both the initial-default and write-default of the new column; a non-null
default also lets a required column be added (or an added column be made
required) without AllowIncompatibleChanges(). UpdateColumnDefault sets or
clears the write-default. Defaults are cast to the column type (rejecting
uncastable or out-of-range values) and preserved across rename / doc / type
updates and nested field-id reassignment.

Part 4 of the v3 column-default-values work (POC #731), built on #746.

Author: huan233usc

src/iceberg/test/resources/TableMetadataV3Valid.json

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+{
+  "format-version": 3,
+  "table-uuid": "9c12d441-03fe-4693-9a96-a0705ddf69c1",
+  "location": "s3://bucket/test/location",
+  "last-sequence-number": 34,
+  "next-row-id": 0,
+  "last-updated-ms": 1602638573590,
+  "last-column-id": 3,
+  "current-schema-id": 1,
+  "schemas": [
+    {
+      "type": "struct",
+      "schema-id": 0,
+      "fields": [
+        {
+          "id": 1,
+          "name": "x",
+          "required": true,
+          "type": "long"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "type": "struct",
+      "schema-id": 1,
+      "identifier-field-ids": [
+        1,
+        2
+      ],
+      "fields": [
+        {
+          "id": 1,
+          "name": "x",
+          "required": true,
+          "type": "long"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": 2,
+          "name": "y",
+          "required": true,
+          "type": "long",
+          "doc": "comment"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": 3,
+          "name": "z",
+          "required": true,
+          "type": "long"
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "default-spec-id": 0,
+  "partition-specs": [
+    {
+      "spec-id": 0,
+      "fields": [
+        {
+          "name": "x",
+          "transform": "identity",
+          "source-id": 1,
+          "field-id": 1000
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "last-partition-id": 1000,
+  "default-sort-order-id": 3,
+  "sort-orders": [
+    {
+      "order-id": 3,
+      "fields": [
+        {
+          "transform": "identity",
+          "source-id": 2,
+          "direction": "asc",
+          "null-order": "nulls-first"
+        },
+        {
+          "transform": "bucket[4]",
+          "source-id": 3,
+          "direction": "desc",
+          "null-order": "nulls-last"
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "properties": {},
+  "current-snapshot-id": 3055729675574597004,
+  "snapshots": [
+    {
+      "snapshot-id": 3051729675574597004,
+      "timestamp-ms": 1515100955770,
+      "sequence-number": 0,
+      "summary": {
+        "operation": "append"
+      },
+      "manifest-list": "s3://a/b/1.avro"
+    },
+    {
+      "snapshot-id": 3055729675574597004,
+      "parent-snapshot-id": 3051729675574597004,
+      "timestamp-ms": 1555100955770,
+      "sequence-number": 1,
+      "summary": {
+        "operation": "append"
+      },
+      "manifest-list": "s3://a/b/2.avro",
+      "schema-id": 1
+    }
+  ],
+  "snapshot-log": [
+    {
+      "snapshot-id": 3051729675574597004,
+      "timestamp-ms": 1515100955770
+    },
+    {
+      "snapshot-id": 3055729675574597004,
+      "timestamp-ms": 1555100955770
+    }
+  ],
+  "metadata-log": []
+}