Enhance URI scheme validation for Windows paths #8029

Job	Run time
cibw-dev-env-smoke-test	31s
integration-test-gcs	1m 4s
integration-test-adls	1m 14s
lint-and-unit-test (3.13)	1m 2s
integration-test	10m 43s
lint-and-unit-test (3.12)	1m 0s
integration-test-s3	1m 5s
lint-and-unit-test (3.10)	58s
lint-and-unit-test (3.11)	58s
integration-coverage-report	28s
	19m 3s

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