Consolidating InMemoryCatalog and SqlCatalog tests (#2906)

Closes #2870

# Rationale for this change

Eliminates code duplication between `test_base.py` and `test_sql.py` by
consolidating shared catalog behavior tests into a single parameterized
test suite. This ensures consistent behavior testing across both catalog
implementations and makes it easier to add new catalog implementations
with shared test coverage.

## Changes
- New `tests/catalog/test_catalog_behaviors.py` with parameterized tests
covering both catalogs
- Added catalog fixtures to `tests/conftest.py`
- Reduced `test_base.py` to InMemoryCatalog-specific tests
- Reduced `test_sql.py` to SqlCatalog-specific tests
- Fixed return type annotation for `test_partition_spec` fixture in
`tests/conftest.py`
- Removed an import from `tests/table/test_upsert.py`

## Are these changes tested?

`make test` ran successfully locally

## Are there any user-facing changes?

No

<!-- In the case of user-facing changes, please add the changelog label.
-->

Author: nssalian