diff --git a/api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/ModelBuilderRequest.java b/api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/ModelBuilderRequest.java
index 826ffe8fc4c5..bb8f524749da 100644
--- a/api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/ModelBuilderRequest.java
+++ b/api/maven-api-core/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/ModelBuilderRequest.java
@@ -332,8 +332,8 @@ private static class DefaultModelBuilderRequest extends BaseRequest<Session> imp
                 this.activeProfileIds = activeProfileIds != null ? List.copyOf(activeProfileIds) : List.of();
                 this.inactiveProfileIds = inactiveProfileIds != null ? List.copyOf(inactiveProfileIds) : List.of();
                 this.systemProperties =
-                        systemProperties != null ? Map.copyOf(systemProperties) : session.getSystemProperties();
-                this.userProperties = userProperties != null ? Map.copyOf(userProperties) : session.getUserProperties();
+                        Map.copyOf(systemProperties != null ? systemProperties : session.getSystemProperties());
+                this.userProperties = Map.copyOf(userProperties != null ? userProperties : session.getUserProperties());
                 this.repositoryMerging = repositoryMerging;
                 this.repositories = repositories != null ? List.copyOf(validate(repositories)) : null;
                 this.lifecycleBindingsInjector = lifecycleBindingsInjector;
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/AbstractRequestCache.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/AbstractRequestCache.java
index 0b7fac393bf8..4d655c762083 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/AbstractRequestCache.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/AbstractRequestCache.java
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 package org.apache.maven.impl.cache;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.IdentityHashMap;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.function.Function;
@@ -60,7 +60,14 @@ public abstract class AbstractRequestCache implements RequestCache {
     @SuppressWarnings("all")
     public <REQ extends Request<?>, REP extends Result<REQ>> REP request(REQ req, Function<REQ, REP> supplier) {
         CachingSupplier<REQ, REP> cs = doCache(req, supplier);
-        return cs.apply(req);
+        try {
+            return cs.apply(req);
+        } catch (CachingSupplier.CyclicCacheAccessException e) {
+            // Re-entrant access from the same thread (e.g., a batch requests() computation
+            // triggered a singular request() that found the same cached entry). Compute
+            // directly with the caller's supplier to break the cycle.
+            return supplier.apply(req);
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -85,7 +92,7 @@ public <REQ extends Request<?>, REP extends Result<REQ>> REP request(REQ req, Fu
     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     public <REQ extends Request<?>, REP extends Result<REQ>> List<REP> requests(
             List<REQ> reqs, Function<List<REQ>, List<REP>> supplier) {
-        final Map<REQ, Object> nonCachedResults = new HashMap<>();
+        final Map<REQ, Object> nonCachedResults = new IdentityHashMap<>();
         List<RequestResult<REQ, REP>> allResults = new ArrayList<>(reqs.size());
 
         Function<REQ, REP> individualSupplier = req -> {
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/CachingSupplier.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/CachingSupplier.java
index d1960b194484..85b2411e0169 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/CachingSupplier.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/impl/cache/CachingSupplier.java
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@
 public class CachingSupplier<REQ, REP> implements Function<REQ, REP> {
     protected final Function<REQ, REP> supplier;
     protected volatile Object value;
+    // Guarded by synchronized(this) — tracks which thread is currently computing
+    private Thread computingThread;
 
     public CachingSupplier(Function<REQ, REP> supplier) {
         this.supplier = supplier;
@@ -46,10 +48,18 @@ public REP apply(REQ req) {
         if ((v = value) == null) {
             synchronized (this) {
                 if ((v = value) == null) {
+                    if (computingThread == Thread.currentThread()) {
+                        throw new CyclicCacheAccessException();
+                    }
+                    computingThread = Thread.currentThread();
                     try {
                         v = value = supplier.apply(req);
+                    } catch (CyclicCacheAccessException e) {
+                        throw e;
                     } catch (Exception e) {
                         v = value = new AltRes(e);
+                    } finally {
+                        computingThread = null;
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -60,6 +70,16 @@ public REP apply(REQ req) {
         return (REP) v;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Thrown when a re-entrant call is detected on the same thread that is already
+     * computing this supplier's value. Prevents self-deadlock when a batch
+     * {@code requests()} computation triggers a singular {@code request()} that
+     * finds the same CachingSupplier in the cache.
+     */
+    public static class CyclicCacheAccessException extends RuntimeException {
+        CyclicCacheAccessException() {}
+    }
+
     /**
      * Special holder class for exceptions that occur during supplier execution.
      * Allows caching and re-throwing of exceptions on subsequent calls.