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    content="Finite element study on bone tunnel placement influencing shear stresses after coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction.">

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          <h2 class="h2 article-title">Bone Tunnel Stress in AC Joint Reconstruction</h2>
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          <h4 class="h4">Bone Tunnel Placement Influences Shear Stresses at the Coracoid Process after Coracoclavicular
            Ligament Reconstruction</h4>

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              <li class="author-info-item">
                <span class="info-label">Main Author:</span>
                <span class="info-value">Benjamin Bockmann</span>
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                <span class="info-label">Affiliation:</span>
                <span class="info-value">Ruhr University Bochum</span>
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              <li class="author-info-item">
                <span class="info-label">Type:</span>
                <span class="info-value">Research Project</span>
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              <li class="author-info-item">
                <span class="info-label">Co-Author:</span>
                <span class="info-value"> A. Kumar, J. J. Timothy, G. Meschke</span>
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              <li class="author-info-item">
                <span class="info-label">Date:</span>
                <span class="info-value">2023</span>
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                <span class="info-label">Journal:</span>
                <span class="info-value">ARTHROSCOPY AND SPORTS MEDICINE</span>
              </li>
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            <h4 class="h4">Project Overview</h4>
            <p>
              This study investigated how bone tunnel placement during coracoclavicular (CC) ligament reconstruction
              affects shear stresses on the coracoid process.
              Using a 3D finite element (FE) model combined with a radiological analysis of patient data, the project
              evaluated different bone tunnel configurations to identify safer surgical techniques that reduce the risk
              of coracoid fractures.
            </p>
            <h4 class="h4">Problem & Motivation</h4>
            <p>
              Arthroscopically assisted AC joint reconstructions often involve drilling tunnels in the clavicle and
              coracoid. However, stress fractures at the coracoid are a known complication, leading to poor clinical
              outcomes. Cadaver studies offer limited insights due to variable bone quality, so there is a need for
              computational and clinical analyses to identify optimal bone tunnel configurations that minimize
              mechanical stress.
            </p>

            <h4 class="h4">Key Contributions</h4>
            <ul class="feature-list">
              <li>Built a 3D finite element model of the AC joint using CT imaging and virtual bone tunnels.</li>
              <li>Tested six different tunnel configurations for clavicle–coracoid reconstruction.</li>
              <li>Conducted a radiological review of 40 patient cases to validate tunnel placement in real surgeries.
              </li>
              <li>Identified that a proximal coracoid tunnel combined with a lateral clavicle tunnel minimized shear
                stresses.</li>
              <li>Showed that certain configurations increased stress by up to 23%, raising fracture risk.</li>
            </ul>

            <h4 class="h4">Technical Highlights</h4>
            <ul class="tech-list">
              <li>Tools & Platforms: CT-based 3D modeling, 3D Slicer, GiD pre/post-processing, Kratos FE solver.</li>
              <li>Methods: Finite Element Analysis (Von Mises stress evaluation), radiological measurement of clavicle
                drill holes, statistical analysis with SPSS.</li>
              <li>Model Details: 420,793 tetrahedral finite elements, applied surface loading, Dirichlet boundary
                conditions.</li>
              <li>Validation: Compared FE predictions with radiological evidence from post-surgical X-rays of AC joint
                reconstructions.</li>
            </ul>

            <h4 class="h4">Results & Impact</h4>
            <p>
              The study demonstrated that bone tunnel placement strongly influences stress distribution at the coracoid.
              A lateral traction direction with a proximal tunnel significantly lowered stresses, while medial or distal
              placements increased fracture risk.
            </p>

            <h4 class="h4">Publication Details</h4>
            <p>
              <strong>Journal:</strong> Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery<br>
              <strong>Year:</strong> 2023<br>
              <strong>DOI:</strong> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-022-04382-9" target="_blank"
                class="text-link">10.1007/s00402-022-04382-9</a>
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