fix(otel): Fix X-Ray trace integration and cross-invocation retry spans

Author: ayushiahjolia

examples/src/test/java/software/amazon/lambda/durable/examples/OtelXRayIntegrationTest.java

@@ -144,14 +144,13 @@ void simpleSteps_producesUnifiedTraceInXRay() throws Exception {
 
         // Find the trace that contains our durable spans
         var durableTrace = allTraces.stream()
-                .filter(trace ->
-                        trace.segments().stream().anyMatch(seg -> segmentContains(seg, "durable.step:create-greeting")))
+                .filter(trace -> trace.segments().stream().anyMatch(seg -> segmentContains(seg, "create-greeting")))
                 .findFirst()
                 .orElse(null);
 
         assertNotNull(
                 durableTrace,
-                "Expected to find a trace with durable.step:create-greeting segment. " + "Found " + traces.size()
+                "Expected to find a trace with create-greeting segment. " + "Found " + traces.size()
                         + " traces in the time window. Segment names: "
                         + allTraces.stream()
                                 .flatMap(t -> t.segments().stream())
@@ -165,12 +164,10 @@ void simpleSteps_producesUnifiedTraceInXRay() throws Exception {
 
         // Verify expected span names appear in the trace
         assertTrue(
-                allSegmentText.contains("durable.invocation"),
-                "Expected durable.invocation span in trace. Segments: " + summarizeSegments(segmentDocuments));
-        assertTrue(
-                allSegmentText.contains("durable.step:create-greeting"),
-                "Expected durable.step:create-greeting span in trace");
-        assertTrue(allSegmentText.contains("durable.step:transform"), "Expected durable.step:transform span in trace");
+                allSegmentText.contains("invocation"),
+                "Expected invocation span in trace. Segments: " + summarizeSegments(segmentDocuments));
+        assertTrue(allSegmentText.contains("create-greeting"), "Expected create-greeting span in trace");
+        assertTrue(allSegmentText.contains("transform"), "Expected transform span in trace");
 
         // Verify all segments share the same trace ID (single unified trace)
         var uniqueTraceIds =
@@ -218,14 +215,13 @@ void waitAndResume_producesUnifiedTraceAcrossInvocations() throws Exception {
 
         // Find the trace containing our durable spans
         var durableTrace = allTraces.stream()
-                .filter(trace ->
-                        trace.segments().stream().anyMatch(seg -> segmentContains(seg, "durable.step:before-wait")))
+                .filter(trace -> trace.segments().stream().anyMatch(seg -> segmentContains(seg, "before-wait")))
                 .findFirst()
                 .orElse(null);
 
         assertNotNull(
                 durableTrace,
-                "Expected to find a trace with durable.step:before-wait segment. " + "Found " + traces.size()
+                "Expected to find a trace with before-wait segment. " + "Found " + traces.size()
                         + " traces in the time window.");
 
         // 4. Verify multi-invocation trace structure
@@ -234,14 +230,12 @@ void waitAndResume_producesUnifiedTraceAcrossInvocations() throws Exception {
         var allSegmentText = String.join("\n", segmentDocuments);
 
         // Verify spans from BOTH invocations appear in the same trace
-        assertTrue(
-                allSegmentText.contains("durable.step:before-wait"), "Expected before-wait span from first invocation");
-        assertTrue(
-                allSegmentText.contains("durable.step:after-wait"), "Expected after-wait span from second invocation");
-        assertTrue(allSegmentText.contains("durable.wait:pause"), "Expected wait:pause span in trace");
+        assertTrue(allSegmentText.contains("before-wait"), "Expected before-wait span from first invocation");
+        assertTrue(allSegmentText.contains("after-wait"), "Expected after-wait span from second invocation");
+        assertTrue(allSegmentText.contains("pause"), "Expected wait:pause span in trace");
 
         // Verify multiple invocation spans (one per Lambda invocation)
-        var invocationCount = countOccurrences(allSegmentText, "durable.invocation");
+        var invocationCount = countOccurrences(allSegmentText, "invocation");
         assertTrue(
                 invocationCount >= 2,
                 "Expected at least 2 invocation spans (multi-invocation), got " + invocationCount);
@@ -264,7 +258,7 @@ private List<TraceSummary> queryTracesWithRetry(Instant startTime, Instant endTi
             throws InterruptedException {
         // Query by durable.invocation service — our spans are in a separate trace from Lambda's
         // built-in X-Ray segment (durable backend propagates its own trace root)
-        var filterExpression = "service(\"durable.invocation\")";
+        var filterExpression = "service(\"invocation\")";
         for (int attempt = 0; attempt < XRAY_QUERY_RETRIES; attempt++) {
             var response = xrayClient.getTraceSummaries(GetTraceSummariesRequest.builder()
                     .startTime(startTime)

examples/template.yaml

@@ -370,9 +370,6 @@ Resources:
         - !Sub
           - arn:aws:lambda:${AWS::Region}:901920570463:layer:aws-otel-java-agent-${AdotArch}-ver-1-32-0:6
           - AdotArch: amd64
-      Environment:
-        Variables:
-          AWS_LAMBDA_EXEC_WRAPPER: /opt/otel-handler
 
   OtelXRayWaitExampleFunction:
     Type: AWS::Serverless::Function
@@ -389,9 +386,6 @@ Resources:
         - !Sub
           - arn:aws:lambda:${AWS::Region}:901920570463:layer:aws-otel-java-agent-${AdotArch}-ver-1-32-0:6
           - AdotArch: amd64
-      Environment:
-        Variables:
-          AWS_LAMBDA_EXEC_WRAPPER: /opt/otel-handler
 
   RetryInvokeExampleFunction:
     Type: AWS::Serverless::Function

otel-plugin/src/main/java/software/amazon/lambda/durable/otel/OtelPlugin.java

@@ -5,14 +5,17 @@
 import static software.amazon.lambda.durable.otel.SpanAttributes.*;
 
 import io.opentelemetry.api.common.AttributeKey;
+import io.opentelemetry.api.common.Attributes;
 import io.opentelemetry.api.trace.Span;
 import io.opentelemetry.api.trace.SpanContext;
+import io.opentelemetry.api.trace.SpanKind;
 import io.opentelemetry.api.trace.StatusCode;
 import io.opentelemetry.api.trace.TraceFlags;
 import io.opentelemetry.api.trace.TraceState;
 import io.opentelemetry.api.trace.Tracer;
 import io.opentelemetry.context.Context;
 import io.opentelemetry.context.Scope;
+import io.opentelemetry.sdk.resources.Resource;
 import io.opentelemetry.sdk.trace.SdkTracerProvider;
 import io.opentelemetry.sdk.trace.SdkTracerProviderBuilder;
 import java.time.Instant;
@@ -128,6 +131,12 @@ public OtelPlugin(SdkTracerProviderBuilder tracerProviderBuilder, ContextExtract
     public OtelPlugin(
             SdkTracerProviderBuilder tracerProviderBuilder, ContextExtractor contextExtractor, boolean enableMdc) {
         this.idGenerator = new DeterministicIdGenerator();
+
+        // Set service.name to "invocation" — X-Ray uses this as the display name for SERVER spans,
+        // creating a separate service node in the trace map labeled "invocation".
+        var resource = Resource.create(Attributes.of(AttributeKey.stringKey("service.name"), "invocation"));
+        tracerProviderBuilder.setResource(resource);
+
         this.tracerProvider = tracerProviderBuilder.setIdGenerator(idGenerator).build();
         this.tracer = tracerProvider.get(INSTRUMENTATION_NAME);
         this.contextExtractor = contextExtractor;
@@ -152,10 +161,17 @@ public void onInvocationStart(InvocationInfo info) {
         }
         // If no extracted context, idGenerator falls back to ARN-derived trace ID
 
-        // Determine parent context for the invocation span
+        // Determine parent context for the invocation span.
+        // When the X-Ray header has a Parent field, create the invocation span as a
+        // child of that segment. This connects our OTLP-exported spans to the Lambda
+        // service's X-Ray segments.
         Context parentContext;
-        if (extractedContext != null && extractedContext.parentSpanId() != null) {
-            // Create a remote parent span context from the X-Ray Parent field
+        var activeSpan = Span.fromContext(Context.current());
+        if (activeSpan.getSpanContext().isValid()) {
+            // An auto-instrumenter (e.g., ADOT agent) is active — parent to its span
+            parentContext = Context.current();
+        } else if (extractedContext != null && extractedContext.parentSpanId() != null) {
+            // No active instrumenter, but X-Ray header has parent — create remote parent
             var parentSpanContext = SpanContext.createFromRemoteParent(
                     extractedContext.traceId(),
                     extractedContext.parentSpanId(),
@@ -166,8 +182,10 @@ public void onInvocationStart(InvocationInfo info) {
             parentContext = Context.root();
         }
 
-        // Create invocation span as child of Lambda's X-Ray segment (via Parent field)
-        var spanBuilder = tracer.spanBuilder("durable.invocation")
+        // Create a SERVER span to establish a separate X-Ray service node.
+        // X-Ray uses service.name for the segment display name.
+        var spanBuilder = tracer.spanBuilder("invocation")
+                .setSpanKind(SpanKind.SERVER)
                 .setParent(parentContext)
                 .setAttribute(DURABLE_EXECUTION_ARN, info.durableExecutionArn())
                 .setAttribute(DURABLE_FIRST_INVOCATION, info.isFirstInvocation());
@@ -227,8 +245,6 @@ public void onInvocationEnd(InvocationEndInfo info) {
     public void onOperationStart(OperationInfo info) {
         if (info.id() == null) return;
 
-        idGenerator.setNextSpanOperationId(info.id());
-
         var parentContext = resolveParentContext(info.parentId());
 
         var spanBuilder = tracer.spanBuilder(spanName(info.type(), info.subType(), info.name()))
@@ -237,6 +253,19 @@ public void onOperationStart(OperationInfo info) {
                 .setAttribute(DURABLE_OPERATION_ID, info.id())
                 .setAttribute(DURABLE_OPERATION_TYPE, info.type());
 
+        if (info.isContinuation()) {
+            // Operation was already started in a prior invocation — use a random span ID
+            // and add a Link to the deterministic span from the original invocation for correlation.
+            var deterministicSpanId = idGenerator.generateSpanIdForOperation(info.id());
+            var traceId = idGenerator.generateTraceId();
+            var linkedSpanContext =
+                    SpanContext.create(traceId, deterministicSpanId, TraceFlags.getSampled(), TraceState.getDefault());
+            spanBuilder.addLink(linkedSpanContext);
+        } else {
+            // First execution — use deterministic span ID so continuations can link back
+            idGenerator.setNextSpanOperationId(info.id());
+        }
+
         if (info.name() != null) {
             spanBuilder.setAttribute(DURABLE_OPERATION_NAME, info.name());
         }
@@ -400,17 +429,17 @@ private Context resolveParentContext(String parentId) {
 
     private static String spanName(String type, String subType, String name) {
         if (name != null) {
-            return "durable." + (subType != null ? subType.toLowerCase() : type.toLowerCase()) + ":" + name;
+            return name;
         }
-        return "durable." + (subType != null ? subType.toLowerCase() : type.toLowerCase());
+        return subType != null ? subType.toLowerCase() : type.toLowerCase();
     }
 
     private static String attemptSpanName(String type, String subType, String name, Integer attempt) {
         var base = spanName(type, subType, name);
         if (attempt != null) {
-            return base + " [attempt " + attempt + "]";
+            return base + " attempt " + attempt;
         }
-        return base + " [fn]";
+        return base;
     }
 
     private static String attemptKey(String operationId, Integer attempt) {

otel-plugin/src/main/java/software/amazon/lambda/durable/otel/XRayContextExtractor.java

@@ -25,14 +25,21 @@ public class XRayContextExtractor implements ContextExtractor {
 
     private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(XRayContextExtractor.class);
     private static final String XRAY_ENV_VAR = "_X_AMZN_TRACE_ID";
+    private static final String XRAY_SYSTEM_PROPERTY = "com.amazonaws.xray.traceHeader";
     private static final Pattern HEX_32 = Pattern.compile("[0-9a-f]{32}");
     private static final Pattern HEX_16 = Pattern.compile("[0-9a-f]{16}");
 
     @Override
     public ExtractedContext extract() {
-        var traceHeader = System.getenv(XRAY_ENV_VAR);
+        // Try system property first — Lambda runtime updates this per invocation
+        // and it avoids JVM environment variable caching issues.
+        var traceHeader = System.getProperty(XRAY_SYSTEM_PROPERTY);
         if (traceHeader == null || traceHeader.isEmpty()) {
-            logger.debug("No X-Ray trace header found in environment");
+            // Fallback to environment variable
+            traceHeader = System.getenv(XRAY_ENV_VAR);
+        }
+        if (traceHeader == null || traceHeader.isEmpty()) {
+            logger.debug("No X-Ray trace header found in environment or system properties");
             return null;
         }