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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>Final Exam Review - Bio 15 Microbiology</title>
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Microbiology
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<h3>Final Exam Review</h3>
<p>All Chapters - Core Concepts</p>
</div>
<ul class="chapter-nav">
<li class="nav-group">Foundations</li>
<li><a href="#ch1" class="active">Ch 1: Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#ch2">Ch 2: Chemistry</a></li>
<li><a href="#ch3">Ch 3: Microscopy & Staining</a></li>
<li class="nav-group">Cell Biology</li>
<li><a href="#ch4">Ch 4: Cells</a></li>
<li><a href="#ch5">Ch 5: Metabolism</a></li>
<li><a href="#ch6">Ch 6: Microbial Growth</a></li>
<li class="nav-group">Control & Genetics</li>
<li><a href="#ch7">Ch 7: Microbial Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#ch8">Ch 8: Genetics</a></li>
<li><a href="#ch9">Ch 9: Biotechnology</a></li>
<li class="nav-group">Microorganisms</li>
<li><a href="#ch12">Ch 12: Fungi & Protozoa</a></li>
<li><a href="#ch13">Ch 13: Viruses</a></li>
<li class="nav-group">Treatment</li>
<li><a href="#ch20">Ch 20: Antimicrobial Drugs</a></li>
<li class="nav-group">Student Topics</li>
<li><a href="#presentations">Presentations</a></li>
</ul>
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<!-- Chapter 1: Introduction to Microbiology -->
<section id="ch1" class="chapter-section">
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<div class="chapter-number">1</div>
<h2>Introduction to Microbiology</h2>
</div>
<div class="review-card">
<h3>
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Two Types of Cells
</h3>
<table class="review-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Feature</th>
<th>Prokaryotic</th>
<th>Eukaryotic</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>Nucleus</strong></td>
<td>No membrane-bound nucleus</td>
<td>True nucleus with membrane</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Organelles</strong></td>
<td>No membrane-bound organelles</td>
<td>Mitochondria, ER, Golgi, etc.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Chromosome</strong></td>
<td>Single, circular</td>
<td>Multiple, linear</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Size</strong></td>
<td>Small, simple</td>
<td>Larger, complex</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Examples</strong></td>
<td>Bacteria, Archaea</td>
<td>Fungi, Protozoa, Animals, Plants</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="review-card">
<h3>
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Three Domains of Life
</h3>
<div class="terms-grid">
<div class="term-item">
<strong>Bacteria</strong>
<span>Prokaryotic; peptidoglycan cell walls; includes most known prokaryotes</span>
</div>
<div class="term-item">
<strong>Archaea</strong>
<span>Prokaryotic; NO peptidoglycan; live in extreme environments (methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles)</span>
</div>
<div class="term-item">
<strong>Eukarya</strong>
<span>Eukaryotic; includes fungi, protozoa, algae, plants, animals</span>
</div>
</div>
<figure class="review-image">
<img src="images/final/phylogenic tree.jpg" alt="Phylogenetic Tree showing the Three Domains of Life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya">
<figcaption>Phylogenetic Tree - Three Domains of Life</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="review-card">
<h3>
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Key Scientists
</h3>
<div class="scientist-box">
<div class="scientist-icon">🔬</div>
<div class="scientist-info">
<h4>Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)</h4>
<p>First to observe live microorganisms using magnifying lenses - called them "animalcules"</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="scientist-box">
<div class="scientist-icon">🧪</div>
<div class="scientist-info">
<h4>Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)</h4>
<p>Disproved spontaneous generation with swan-neck flask experiment; developed aseptic technique</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="scientist-box">
<div class="scientist-icon">🦠</div>
<div class="scientist-info">
<h4>Robert Koch</h4>
<p>German physician; studied anthrax; developed Koch's Postulates to link specific microbes to specific diseases</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="review-card">
<h3>
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Types of Microorganisms
</h3>
<table class="review-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Type</th>
<th>Domain</th>
<th>Key Features</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>Bacteria</strong></td>
<td>Bacteria</td>
<td>Prokaryotic; peptidoglycan walls; bacillus, coccus, spirillum shapes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Fungi</strong></td>
<td>Eukarya</td>
<td>Chitin cell walls; absorb nutrients; uni/multicellular</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Protozoa</strong></td>
<td>Eukarya</td>
<td>Unicellular; move by pseudopodia, cilia, or flagella</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Algae</strong></td>
<td>Eukarya</td>
<td>Photosynthetic; cellulose walls</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Helminths</strong></td>
<td>Eukarya</td>
<td>Multicellular parasitic worms (flatworms, roundworms)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Viruses</strong></td>
<td>Acellular</td>
<td>Non-living; obligate intracellular parasites; DNA or RNA + protein coat</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="quick-facts">
<h4>
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Quick Facts - Ch 1
</h4>
<ul>
<li><strong>Biogenesis</strong> = life arises only from living organisms (vs. spontaneous generation)</li>
<li><strong>Nomenclature</strong> = Binomial naming (Genus species) - established by Linnaeus (1735)</li>
<li>Viruses are <strong>obligate intracellular parasites</strong> - require host cells to reproduce</li>
<li>Archaea lack <strong>peptidoglycan</strong> in their cell walls (unlike Bacteria)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<!-- Chapter 2: Chemistry -->
<section id="ch2" class="chapter-section">
<div class="chapter-header-bar">
<div class="chapter-number">2</div>
<h2>Chemistry of Life</h2>
</div>
<div class="review-card">
<h3>
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Atomic Structure
</h3>
<table class="review-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Particle</th>
<th>Charge</th>
<th>Location</th>
<th>Mass</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>Proton</strong></td>
<td>+1</td>
<td>Nucleus</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Neutron</strong></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>Nucleus</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Electron</strong></td>
<td>-1</td>
<td>Electron shells</td>
<td>~0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="formula-box">
Essential Elements: <strong>CHNOPS</strong> (Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur)
</div>
</div>
<div class="review-card">
<h3>
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Chemical Bonds
</h3>
<div class="terms-grid">
<div class="term-item">
<strong>Covalent Bond</strong>
<span>Electrons <em>shared</em> between atoms; strongest bond type; found in organic compounds</span>
</div>
<div class="term-item">
<strong>Ionic Bond</strong>
<span>Electrons <em>transferred</em> between atoms; creates ions (cations +, anions -)</span>
</div>
<div class="term-item">
<strong>Hydrogen Bond</strong>
<span>H attracted to O or N; weak individually but strong in groups; holds DNA strands together</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quick-facts">
<h4>
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The Octet Rule
</h4>
<ul>
<li>Atoms want <strong>8 electrons</strong> in their outer shell (except H wants 2)</li>
<li>3 or fewer valence electrons = tend to <strong>donate</strong></li>
<li>5 or more valence electrons = tend to <strong>receive</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="review-card">
<h3>
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The Four Macromolecules
</h3>
<table class="review-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Macromolecule</th>
<th>Monomer</th>
<th>Bond Type</th>
<th>Function</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>Carbohydrates</strong></td>
<td>Monosaccharides</td>
<td>Glycosidic</td>
<td>Energy, structure</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Lipids</strong></td>
<td>Glycerol + Fatty acids</td>
<td>Ester</td>
<td>Energy storage, membranes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Proteins</strong></td>
<td>Amino acids</td>
<td>Peptide</td>
<td>Enzymes, structure, transport</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Nucleic Acids</strong></td>
<td>Nucleotides</td>
<td>Phosphodiester</td>
<td>Genetic info (DNA/RNA)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="review-card">
<h3>
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Protein Structure Levels
</h3>
<div class="process-steps">
<div class="process-step">
<p><strong>Primary:</strong> Linear sequence of amino acids (N-C-C backbone with R groups)</p>
</div>
<div class="process-step">
<p><strong>Secondary:</strong> Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets (H-bonds within/between polypeptides)</p>
</div>
<div class="process-step">
<p><strong>Tertiary:</strong> 3D folding of single polypeptide (disulfide bonds, hydrophobic interactions, salt bridges)</p>
</div>
<div class="process-step">
<p><strong>Quaternary:</strong> Multiple polypeptide chains combined (e.g., hemoglobin = 2α + 2β chains)</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quick-facts">
<h4>Denaturation</h4>
<ul>
<li>Disrupts protein shape = <strong>loss of function</strong></li>
<li>Caused by: heat, pH changes, heavy metals, agitation</li>
</ul>
</div>
<figure class="review-image">
<img src="images/final/protein structure.jpg" alt="Protein Structure Levels showing Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary structures">
<figcaption>Four Levels of Protein Structure</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="review-card">
<h3>
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DNA vs RNA
</h3>
<table class="review-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Feature</th>
<th>DNA</th>
<th>RNA</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>Sugar</strong></td>
<td>Deoxyribose</td>
<td>Ribose</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Bases</strong></td>
<td>A, T, G, C</td>
<td>A, U, G, C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Structure</strong></td>
<td>Double helix</td>
<td>Single strand</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Function</strong></td>
<td>Genetic storage</td>
<td>Carries message to ribosomes</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="formula-box">
Base Pairing: <strong>A-T</strong> (2 H-bonds) | <strong>G-C</strong> (3 H-bonds) | RNA: <strong>A-U</strong>
</div>
</div>