From 812ef484b8e3063426dbcce1df3de410e28ee22e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Candace Moore Date: Tue, 7 Nov 2023 17:32:54 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 01/11] start glossary page --- reference.md | 104 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-- 1 file changed, 100 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/reference.md b/reference.md index 8c82616..bdff6f4 100644 --- a/reference.md +++ b/reference.md @@ -1,9 +1,105 @@ --- -layout: reference +title: Glossary --- -## Glossary +- **AI**: + Artificial intelligence (link to glossario definition). + +- ** Algorithmic bias**: +(link try)[https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#algorithmic_bias]a + +- **Augmented Data**: + Augmented data is data created by manipulation of original raw data in a dataset. In the case of images this might be something like an affine transform or a contrast enhancement, although in this example only the affine transform allows full recovery of original data, both could allow re-identification of original data. All kinds of data could be augmented to produce more training material for AI algorithms. check for Glossario link? + +- **Automation Bias**: + The tendency to trust or favor machine generated results over human ones. We may have tendencies to ignore contrary data, especially if it is human generated. Humans may tend towards low cognitive effort decisions. This issue has a longer history of research in the aviation industry, where there may be lessons to be learned. + +- **Autonomy**: + The idea that individuals should be independant in making choices and controling their future. Autonomy is a pillar of medical ethics. + +- **Data Colonialism**: + A description of the capture of human related and generated data on individuals e.g. your social mediat activity by actors such as large corporations for their gain including financial and other types of gain (behavioural coercion) as a new form of colonialism. An interesting note is that citizens of post-colonial countries may be more at risk for this problem due to weaker legal enforcement via a vis big tech or even a lack of any laws on data privacy. [needs links] + +-** Deontological ethics**: + + +-** Doctrine of Double effect**: + This doctrine was outlined by Thomas Aquinas. It states that actions may have both an intended and unintended effect, and we are morally responsible for the intended effect so long as the unintended effect was not our goal. The classic example is one of civilian deaths when targetting combatants in a war. This is viewed as acceptable so long as it was not the goal. Can we apply such a doctrine in the case of offensive content stickers for Facebook users in Mynmar? A side effect was that they increased interaction i.e. "maximized engagement" amplifying messages of anti-Rohingya hatred. + +-** Epistemology**: + A branch of philosophy concerned with th structure and basis of knowledge. + +-** Helsinki declaration**: + + +- ** Hypernudge**: + A relatively (2017) new term to descibe an intentional system of algorithmic human behavioural regulation based on data collection and interaction without explicit use of force and coercion. Depending upon the scholar defining it, these nudges may also be adaptive, changing over time as the user behaviour changes. Hypernudging is different from simple nudging, even in digital form, in that it involves personalized data driving choice environments. For example a social media platform may have a feed which offers certain choices, meant to influence behavious, prominently, and others not at all; all based on AI based profiles of the user. This can be argued implications in terms autonomy versus paternalism and non-manipulation which may imply non-malevolnce. + + +- **Impossibility theory**: + The idea that in terms of predictive algorithms expect in two specific special cases you can't be fair in traditional social sense, and have the highest performace with a statistcial model. Example, a breast cancer prediction model in the US might perform best overall if it is biased against African-AMerican women (who while less likely to develop the disease, get it earlier if they do, and have a variety of different reasons for differing presentation); and this goes against our notion of fairness that the algorithm should work for everyone and not increase existing discrepancies. The special cases where impossibility theory is believed to not hold are when your algorithm is 100% accurate for all, or the distribution of an outcome is exactly equal across all groups. + + -** Nuremberg Code**: + +-** Long termism**: + Long termism a philosophical stance popular among techno-solutionists and others in the effective altruism movement. According to this stance we must prioritize future lives, even lives in the distant future as of equal moral weight to those of lives today. The term is new, only coinced in 2017 by philosophers William MacAskill and Toby Ord, but the concept that we should think of future generations has strong roots in multiple cultures. Longg termist ideas tend to differ from traditional convential ideas on helping future generation in the scale of the future they imagine, and the type of threats and goals they ponder i.e. AI apocylism, transhumanism etc. + + +-** Nuremberg Code**: + +-** Privacy**: + +-** Researcher Positionality**: + +-** Synthetic Data**: + Sythnetic data is data which resembles real data but is made by processes other than simple data augmentation. In some "synthetic" datasets there may be a risk to reconstruct parts of the original data. If the data was about humans e.g. hospital records, this potentially raises privacy issues. + + -** Utilitarianism**: + Utilitarianism is an ethical stance first articulated by Jeremy Bentham. According to a utilitarianist perspective we should make the most people the most happy, and the least people unhappy and this can be determined or at least modeled with simple arithematic. Since most actions do not effect all people, we can think about stakeholders. However it should be noted that environmental degredation caused by AI production may mean every human is a stakeholder. + + + -** Virtue ethics**: + + + + + + + + + + +Stochastic parrot: + + +The Chinese room argument: + + +Utilitariansim: +Consequentialism: + + + +Paternalism: The attitude that some degree of coercion and manipulation of individuals by others with more power and authority is desirable. While paternalism contrasts with autonomy, it is actually implicitly a value in the way many laws are written. Lawmakers decide if you must take certain actions which may only effect yourself such as voluntary euthenasia (in some cases). + + + +Beneficence: ... is a pillar of medical ethics. + +Nonmalevolence: ...is a pillar of medical ethics. + +Justice: Justice has been a theme in philosophy and ethics since at least the time of Plato. It is often interpreted to mean individuals should be treated imparitally. Justice is a pillar of medical ethics. In terms of medical ethics justice implies treating all people fairly and in the spirit of equality. + + +Virtue ethics: + +Helsinki declaration: + + +Protected Attribute: In the lingo of machine learning fairness/bias work, this is a human attribute (often an immutable attribute of birth like 'race') that is known to cause discrimination, but already protected by anti-discrimination laws for protected classes. + +FAT algorithm: An algorithm with fairness, accountability and transparency. These qualities can be contrasted to those of many algorithms critical to modern life as pointed out by many scholars including Cathy O'Niel Harris in her book 'Weapons of Math Destruction' who posits it is very common for algorithmic tools to be opaque and difficult to contest. + + -FIXME -{% include links.md %} From 8fc05640b67fd446204043effd0898d51e9d5bc0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Candace Moore Date: Tue, 7 Nov 2023 17:43:39 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 02/11] fixing draft --- reference.md | 75 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------ 1 file changed, 41 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-) diff --git a/reference.md b/reference.md index bdff6f4..935eaca 100644 --- a/reference.md +++ b/reference.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: Glossary - **AI**: Artificial intelligence (link to glossario definition). -- ** Algorithmic bias**: +- **Algorithmic bias**: (link try)[https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#algorithmic_bias]a - **Augmented Data**: @@ -16,89 +16,96 @@ title: Glossary - **Autonomy**: The idea that individuals should be independant in making choices and controling their future. Autonomy is a pillar of medical ethics. + +- **Beneficence**: + ...pillar of medicAL ethics + +-**The Chinese room argument**: + +- **Conseuquentialism**: - **Data Colonialism**: A description of the capture of human related and generated data on individuals e.g. your social mediat activity by actors such as large corporations for their gain including financial and other types of gain (behavioural coercion) as a new form of colonialism. An interesting note is that citizens of post-colonial countries may be more at risk for this problem due to weaker legal enforcement via a vis big tech or even a lack of any laws on data privacy. [needs links] --** Deontological ethics**: +-**Deontological ethics**: --** Doctrine of Double effect**: + + +-**Doctrine of Double effect**: This doctrine was outlined by Thomas Aquinas. It states that actions may have both an intended and unintended effect, and we are morally responsible for the intended effect so long as the unintended effect was not our goal. The classic example is one of civilian deaths when targetting combatants in a war. This is viewed as acceptable so long as it was not the goal. Can we apply such a doctrine in the case of offensive content stickers for Facebook users in Mynmar? A side effect was that they increased interaction i.e. "maximized engagement" amplifying messages of anti-Rohingya hatred. --** Epistemology**: +-**Epistemology**: A branch of philosophy concerned with th structure and basis of knowledge. --** Helsinki declaration**: + +- **FAT algorithm**: An algorithm with fairness, accountability and transparency. These qualities can be contrasted to those of many algorithms critical to modern life as pointed out by many scholars including Cathy O'Niel Harris in her book 'Weapons of Math Destruction' who posits it is very common for algorithmic tools to be opaque and difficult to contest. + + +-**Helsinki declaration**: -- ** Hypernudge**: +- **Hypernudge**: A relatively (2017) new term to descibe an intentional system of algorithmic human behavioural regulation based on data collection and interaction without explicit use of force and coercion. Depending upon the scholar defining it, these nudges may also be adaptive, changing over time as the user behaviour changes. Hypernudging is different from simple nudging, even in digital form, in that it involves personalized data driving choice environments. For example a social media platform may have a feed which offers certain choices, meant to influence behavious, prominently, and others not at all; all based on AI based profiles of the user. This can be argued implications in terms autonomy versus paternalism and non-manipulation which may imply non-malevolnce. - **Impossibility theory**: The idea that in terms of predictive algorithms expect in two specific special cases you can't be fair in traditional social sense, and have the highest performace with a statistcial model. Example, a breast cancer prediction model in the US might perform best overall if it is biased against African-AMerican women (who while less likely to develop the disease, get it earlier if they do, and have a variety of different reasons for differing presentation); and this goes against our notion of fairness that the algorithm should work for everyone and not increase existing discrepancies. The special cases where impossibility theory is believed to not hold are when your algorithm is 100% accurate for all, or the distribution of an outcome is exactly equal across all groups. - -** Nuremberg Code**: - --** Long termism**: - Long termism a philosophical stance popular among techno-solutionists and others in the effective altruism movement. According to this stance we must prioritize future lives, even lives in the distant future as of equal moral weight to those of lives today. The term is new, only coinced in 2017 by philosophers William MacAskill and Toby Ord, but the concept that we should think of future generations has strong roots in multiple cultures. Longg termist ideas tend to differ from traditional convential ideas on helping future generation in the scale of the future they imagine, and the type of threats and goals they ponder i.e. AI apocylism, transhumanism etc. - - --** Nuremberg Code**: --** Privacy**: +- **Justice**: + Justice has been a theme in philosophy and ethics since at least the time of Plato. It is often interpreted to mean individuals should be treated imparitally. Justice is a pillar of medical ethics. In terms of medical ethics justice implies treating all people fairly and in the spirit of equality. --** Researcher Positionality**: --** Synthetic Data**: - Sythnetic data is data which resembles real data but is made by processes other than simple data augmentation. In some "synthetic" datasets there may be a risk to reconstruct parts of the original data. If the data was about humans e.g. hospital records, this potentially raises privacy issues. - - -** Utilitarianism**: - Utilitarianism is an ethical stance first articulated by Jeremy Bentham. According to a utilitarianist perspective we should make the most people the most happy, and the least people unhappy and this can be determined or at least modeled with simple arithematic. Since most actions do not effect all people, we can think about stakeholders. However it should be noted that environmental degredation caused by AI production may mean every human is a stakeholder. +-**Nuremberg Code**: +-**Long termism**: + Long termism a philosophical stance popular among techno-solutionists and others in the effective altruism movement. According to this stance we must prioritize future lives, even lives in the distant future as of equal moral weight to those of lives today. The term is new, only coinced in 2017 by philosophers William MacAskill and Toby Ord, but the concept that we should think of future generations has strong roots in multiple cultures. Longg termist ideas tend to differ from traditional convential ideas on helping future generation in the scale of the future they imagine, and the type of threats and goals they ponder i.e. AI apocylism, transhumanism etc. - -** Virtue ethics**: - +- **Nonmalevolence**: + ...is a pillar of medical ethics. +-**Nuremberg Code**: +-**Privacy**: +-**Paternalism**: + The attitude that some degree of coercion and manipulation of individuals by others with more power and authority is desirable. While paternalism contrasts with autonomy, it is actually implicitly a value in the way many laws are written. Lawmakers decide if you must take certain actions which may only effect yourself such as voluntary euthenasia (in some cases). +- **Protected Attribute**: + In the lingo of machine learning fairness/bias work, this is a human attribute (often an immutable attribute of birth like 'race') that is known to cause discrimination, but already protected by anti-discrimination laws for protected classes. +-**Researcher Positionality**: -Stochastic parrot: +-**Stochastic Parrot**: +-**Synthetic Data**: + Sythnetic data is data which resembles real data but is made by processes other than simple data augmentation. In some "synthetic" datasets there may be a risk to reconstruct parts of the original data. If the data was about humans e.g. hospital records, this potentially raises privacy issues. -The Chinese room argument: + -**Utilitarianism**: + Utilitarianism is an ethical stance first articulated by Jeremy Bentham. According to a utilitarianist perspective we should make the most people the most happy, and the least people unhappy and this can be determined or at least modeled with simple arithematic. Since most actions do not effect all people, we can think about stakeholders. However it should be noted that environmental degredation caused by AI production may mean every human is a stakeholder. -Utilitariansim: -Consequentialism: + -**Virtue ethics**: + -Paternalism: The attitude that some degree of coercion and manipulation of individuals by others with more power and authority is desirable. While paternalism contrasts with autonomy, it is actually implicitly a value in the way many laws are written. Lawmakers decide if you must take certain actions which may only effect yourself such as voluntary euthenasia (in some cases). +- -Beneficence: ... is a pillar of medical ethics. -Nonmalevolence: ...is a pillar of medical ethics. -Justice: Justice has been a theme in philosophy and ethics since at least the time of Plato. It is often interpreted to mean individuals should be treated imparitally. Justice is a pillar of medical ethics. In terms of medical ethics justice implies treating all people fairly and in the spirit of equality. -Virtue ethics: -Helsinki declaration: -Protected Attribute: In the lingo of machine learning fairness/bias work, this is a human attribute (often an immutable attribute of birth like 'race') that is known to cause discrimination, but already protected by anti-discrimination laws for protected classes. -FAT algorithm: An algorithm with fairness, accountability and transparency. These qualities can be contrasted to those of many algorithms critical to modern life as pointed out by many scholars including Cathy O'Niel Harris in her book 'Weapons of Math Destruction' who posits it is very common for algorithmic tools to be opaque and difficult to contest. From 1203a3bf6fead84a783307912fda981b3d1386e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Candace Moore Date: Tue, 7 Nov 2023 17:45:26 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 03/11] more format stuff --- reference.md | 19 ++++++------------- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/reference.md b/reference.md index 935eaca..5d71755 100644 --- a/reference.md +++ b/reference.md @@ -63,30 +63,29 @@ title: Glossary Long termism a philosophical stance popular among techno-solutionists and others in the effective altruism movement. According to this stance we must prioritize future lives, even lives in the distant future as of equal moral weight to those of lives today. The term is new, only coinced in 2017 by philosophers William MacAskill and Toby Ord, but the concept that we should think of future generations has strong roots in multiple cultures. Longg termist ideas tend to differ from traditional convential ideas on helping future generation in the scale of the future they imagine, and the type of threats and goals they ponder i.e. AI apocylism, transhumanism etc. - - **Nonmalevolence**: - ...is a pillar of medical ethics. +...is a pillar of medical ethics. -**Nuremberg Code**: -**Privacy**: -**Paternalism**: - The attitude that some degree of coercion and manipulation of individuals by others with more power and authority is desirable. While paternalism contrasts with autonomy, it is actually implicitly a value in the way many laws are written. Lawmakers decide if you must take certain actions which may only effect yourself such as voluntary euthenasia (in some cases). + The attitude that some degree of coercion and manipulation of individuals by others with more power and authority is desirable. While paternalism contrasts with autonomy, it is actually implicitly a value in the way many laws are written. Lawmakers decide if you must take certain actions which may only effect yourself such as voluntary euthenasia (in some cases). - **Protected Attribute**: - In the lingo of machine learning fairness/bias work, this is a human attribute (often an immutable attribute of birth like 'race') that is known to cause discrimination, but already protected by anti-discrimination laws for protected classes. + In the lingo of machine learning fairness/bias work, this is a human attribute (often an immutable attribute of birth like 'race') that is known to cause discrimination, but already protected by anti-discrimination laws for protected classes. -**Researcher Positionality**: -**Stochastic Parrot**: -**Synthetic Data**: - Sythnetic data is data which resembles real data but is made by processes other than simple data augmentation. In some "synthetic" datasets there may be a risk to reconstruct parts of the original data. If the data was about humans e.g. hospital records, this potentially raises privacy issues. + Sythnetic data is data which resembles real data but is made by processes other than simple data augmentation. In some "synthetic" datasets there may be a risk to reconstruct parts of the original data. If the data was about humans e.g. hospital records, this potentially raises privacy issues. - -**Utilitarianism**: - Utilitarianism is an ethical stance first articulated by Jeremy Bentham. According to a utilitarianist perspective we should make the most people the most happy, and the least people unhappy and this can be determined or at least modeled with simple arithematic. Since most actions do not effect all people, we can think about stakeholders. However it should be noted that environmental degredation caused by AI production may mean every human is a stakeholder. +-**Utilitarianism**: + Utilitarianism is an ethical stance first articulated by Jeremy Bentham. According to a utilitarianist perspective we should make the most people the most happy, and the least people unhappy and this can be determined or at least modeled with simple arithematic. Since most actions do not effect all people, we can think about stakeholders. However it should be noted that environmental degredation caused by AI production may mean every human is a stakeholder. -**Virtue ethics**: @@ -95,12 +94,6 @@ title: Glossary -- - - - - - From 113c158cefbb6ed58e18e38791a42fdc97e927ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Candace Moore Date: Tue, 7 Nov 2023 17:48:26 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 04/11] further formatting --- reference.md | 14 ++++++-------- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/reference.md b/reference.md index 5d71755..7aa3ef5 100644 --- a/reference.md +++ b/reference.md @@ -15,12 +15,12 @@ title: Glossary The tendency to trust or favor machine generated results over human ones. We may have tendencies to ignore contrary data, especially if it is human generated. Humans may tend towards low cognitive effort decisions. This issue has a longer history of research in the aviation industry, where there may be lessons to be learned. - **Autonomy**: - The idea that individuals should be independant in making choices and controling their future. Autonomy is a pillar of medical ethics. + The idea that individuals should be independant in making choices and controling their future. Autonomy is a pillar of medical ethics. - **Beneficence**: - ...pillar of medicAL ethics + ...pillar of medicAL ethics --**The Chinese room argument**: +- **The Chinese room argument**: - **Conseuquentialism**: @@ -30,13 +30,11 @@ title: Glossary -**Deontological ethics**: - - -**Doctrine of Double effect**: - This doctrine was outlined by Thomas Aquinas. It states that actions may have both an intended and unintended effect, and we are morally responsible for the intended effect so long as the unintended effect was not our goal. The classic example is one of civilian deaths when targetting combatants in a war. This is viewed as acceptable so long as it was not the goal. Can we apply such a doctrine in the case of offensive content stickers for Facebook users in Mynmar? A side effect was that they increased interaction i.e. "maximized engagement" amplifying messages of anti-Rohingya hatred. + This doctrine was outlined by Thomas Aquinas. It states that actions may have both an intended and unintended effect, and we are morally responsible for the intended effect so long as the unintended effect was not our goal. The classic example is one of civilian deaths when targetting combatants in a war. This is viewed as acceptable so long as it was not the goal. Can we apply such a doctrine in the case of offensive content stickers for Facebook users in Mynmar? A side effect was that they increased interaction i.e. "maximized engagement" amplifying messages of anti-Rohingya hatred. -**Epistemology**: - A branch of philosophy concerned with th structure and basis of knowledge. + A branch of philosophy concerned with th structure and basis of knowledge. - **FAT algorithm**: An algorithm with fairness, accountability and transparency. These qualities can be contrasted to those of many algorithms critical to modern life as pointed out by many scholars including Cathy O'Niel Harris in her book 'Weapons of Math Destruction' who posits it is very common for algorithmic tools to be opaque and difficult to contest. @@ -46,7 +44,7 @@ title: Glossary - **Hypernudge**: - A relatively (2017) new term to descibe an intentional system of algorithmic human behavioural regulation based on data collection and interaction without explicit use of force and coercion. Depending upon the scholar defining it, these nudges may also be adaptive, changing over time as the user behaviour changes. Hypernudging is different from simple nudging, even in digital form, in that it involves personalized data driving choice environments. For example a social media platform may have a feed which offers certain choices, meant to influence behavious, prominently, and others not at all; all based on AI based profiles of the user. This can be argued implications in terms autonomy versus paternalism and non-manipulation which may imply non-malevolnce. + A relatively (2017) new term to descibe an intentional system of algorithmic human behavioural regulation based on data collection and interaction without explicit use of force and coercion. Depending upon the scholar defining it, these nudges may also be adaptive, changing over time as the user behaviour changes. Hypernudging is different from simple nudging, even in digital form, in that it involves personalized data driving choice environments. For example a social media platform may have a feed which offers certain choices, meant to influence behavious, prominently, and others not at all; all based on AI based profiles of the user. This can be argued implications in terms autonomy versus paternalism and non-manipulation which may imply non-malevolnce. - **Impossibility theory**: From 76e217212b076fae6e6322fac796b50e11f6d6ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Candace Moore Date: Tue, 7 Nov 2023 17:52:04 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 05/11] last before meeting --- reference.md | 24 ++++++------------------ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) diff --git a/reference.md b/reference.md index 7aa3ef5..5cfc840 100644 --- a/reference.md +++ b/reference.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ title: Glossary Augmented data is data created by manipulation of original raw data in a dataset. In the case of images this might be something like an affine transform or a contrast enhancement, although in this example only the affine transform allows full recovery of original data, both could allow re-identification of original data. All kinds of data could be augmented to produce more training material for AI algorithms. check for Glossario link? - **Automation Bias**: - The tendency to trust or favor machine generated results over human ones. We may have tendencies to ignore contrary data, especially if it is human generated. Humans may tend towards low cognitive effort decisions. This issue has a longer history of research in the aviation industry, where there may be lessons to be learned. + The tendency to trust or favor machine generated results over human ones. We may have tendencies to ignore contrary data, especially if it is human generated. Humans may tend towards low cognitive effort decisions. This issue has a longer history of research in the aviation industry, where there may be lessons to be learned. - **Autonomy**: The idea that individuals should be independant in making choices and controling their future. Autonomy is a pillar of medical ethics. @@ -52,13 +52,13 @@ title: Glossary - **Justice**: - Justice has been a theme in philosophy and ethics since at least the time of Plato. It is often interpreted to mean individuals should be treated imparitally. Justice is a pillar of medical ethics. In terms of medical ethics justice implies treating all people fairly and in the spirit of equality. + Justice has been a theme in philosophy and ethics since at least the time of Plato. It is often interpreted to mean individuals should be treated imparitally. Justice is a pillar of medical ethics. In terms of medical ethics justice implies treating all people fairly and in the spirit of equality. -**Nuremberg Code**: -**Long termism**: - Long termism a philosophical stance popular among techno-solutionists and others in the effective altruism movement. According to this stance we must prioritize future lives, even lives in the distant future as of equal moral weight to those of lives today. The term is new, only coinced in 2017 by philosophers William MacAskill and Toby Ord, but the concept that we should think of future generations has strong roots in multiple cultures. Longg termist ideas tend to differ from traditional convential ideas on helping future generation in the scale of the future they imagine, and the type of threats and goals they ponder i.e. AI apocylism, transhumanism etc. + Long termism a philosophical stance popular among techno-solutionists and others in the effective altruism movement. According to this stance we must prioritize future lives, even lives in the distant future as of equal moral weight to those of lives today. The term is new, only coinced in 2017 by philosophers William MacAskill and Toby Ord, but the concept that we should think of future generations has strong roots in multiple cultures. Longg termist ideas tend to differ from traditional convential ideas on helping future generation in the scale of the future they imagine, and the type of threats and goals they ponder i.e. AI apocylism, transhumanism etc. - **Nonmalevolence**: @@ -75,9 +75,9 @@ title: Glossary - **Protected Attribute**: In the lingo of machine learning fairness/bias work, this is a human attribute (often an immutable attribute of birth like 'race') that is known to cause discrimination, but already protected by anti-discrimination laws for protected classes. --**Researcher Positionality**: +- **Researcher Positionality**: --**Stochastic Parrot**: +- **Stochastic Parrot**: -**Synthetic Data**: Sythnetic data is data which resembles real data but is made by processes other than simple data augmentation. In some "synthetic" datasets there may be a risk to reconstruct parts of the original data. If the data was about humans e.g. hospital records, this potentially raises privacy issues. @@ -86,18 +86,6 @@ title: Glossary Utilitarianism is an ethical stance first articulated by Jeremy Bentham. According to a utilitarianist perspective we should make the most people the most happy, and the least people unhappy and this can be determined or at least modeled with simple arithematic. Since most actions do not effect all people, we can think about stakeholders. However it should be noted that environmental degredation caused by AI production may mean every human is a stakeholder. - -**Virtue ethics**: +-**Virtue ethics**: - - - - - - - - - - - - From 392e9767ee0b63d2b72cfa502d6b3438702d4548 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Candace Moore Date: Fri, 10 Nov 2023 13:07:07 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 06/11] better1 --- reference.md | 16 +++++++++------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/reference.md b/reference.md index 5cfc840..f05bc10 100644 --- a/reference.md +++ b/reference.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ title: Glossary --- - **AI**: - Artificial intelligence (link to glossario definition). + Artificial intelligence (link to glossario definition) (link try)[https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#artificial_intelligence]a. - **Algorithmic bias**: (link try)[https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#algorithmic_bias]a @@ -18,11 +18,13 @@ title: Glossary The idea that individuals should be independant in making choices and controling their future. Autonomy is a pillar of medical ethics. - **Beneficence**: - ...pillar of medicAL ethics + Beneficence is a pillar of medical ethics which implies acting for the good or benefit of individual patients. - **The Chinese room argument**: + The [chinese room argument](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/chinese-room/) is a well know philisophical argument about a computer program by John Searl interpreted by many to imply that the Turing test is inadequte to diagnose true understanding and intelligence. - **Conseuquentialism**: + Consequentialism is the ethical stance that we must weight the consequences of our actions to understand their morality. Taken to a logical end this would mean actions commonly understood as morally deficient e.g. murder, might be the ethical best choices depending upon the circumstance. - **Data Colonialism**: A description of the capture of human related and generated data on individuals e.g. your social mediat activity by actors such as large corporations for their gain including financial and other types of gain (behavioural coercion) as a new form of colonialism. An interesting note is that citizens of post-colonial countries may be more at risk for this problem due to weaker legal enforcement via a vis big tech or even a lack of any laws on data privacy. [needs links] @@ -64,11 +66,11 @@ title: Glossary - **Nonmalevolence**: ...is a pillar of medical ethics. --**Nuremberg Code**: +- **Nuremberg Code**: --**Privacy**: +- **Privacy**: --**Paternalism**: +- **Paternalism**: The attitude that some degree of coercion and manipulation of individuals by others with more power and authority is desirable. While paternalism contrasts with autonomy, it is actually implicitly a value in the way many laws are written. Lawmakers decide if you must take certain actions which may only effect yourself such as voluntary euthenasia (in some cases). @@ -79,10 +81,10 @@ title: Glossary - **Stochastic Parrot**: --**Synthetic Data**: +- **Synthetic Data**: Sythnetic data is data which resembles real data but is made by processes other than simple data augmentation. In some "synthetic" datasets there may be a risk to reconstruct parts of the original data. If the data was about humans e.g. hospital records, this potentially raises privacy issues. --**Utilitarianism**: +- **Utilitarianism**: Utilitarianism is an ethical stance first articulated by Jeremy Bentham. According to a utilitarianist perspective we should make the most people the most happy, and the least people unhappy and this can be determined or at least modeled with simple arithematic. Since most actions do not effect all people, we can think about stakeholders. However it should be noted that environmental degredation caused by AI production may mean every human is a stakeholder. From e3745e80aef1c23218b778c78294a40f7e0ba829 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Candace Moore Date: Fri, 10 Nov 2023 13:16:44 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 07/11] improve2 --- reference.md | 5 +++-- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/reference.md b/reference.md index f05bc10..cc1aa9f 100644 --- a/reference.md +++ b/reference.md @@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ title: Glossary --- - **AI**: - Artificial intelligence (link to glossario definition) (link try)[https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#artificial_intelligence]a. + [Artificial intelligence](https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#artificial_intelligence) can be used to refer to a series of existing algorithm families e.g. machine learning, reinforcement learning, deep learning and generative algorithms but also poential algorithms that can perform tasks one thought to be unique to human intelligence.. - **Algorithmic bias**: -(link try)[https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#algorithmic_bias]a +[Algorithmic bias](https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#algorithmic_bias) refers to bias in an algorithm, and is often particularly problematic with algorithms meant to predict human behaviour e.g. criminality or diagnose medical conditions.. - **Augmented Data**: Augmented data is data created by manipulation of original raw data in a dataset. In the case of images this might be something like an affine transform or a contrast enhancement, although in this example only the affine transform allows full recovery of original data, both could allow re-identification of original data. All kinds of data could be augmented to produce more training material for AI algorithms. check for Glossario link? @@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ title: Glossary A description of the capture of human related and generated data on individuals e.g. your social mediat activity by actors such as large corporations for their gain including financial and other types of gain (behavioural coercion) as a new form of colonialism. An interesting note is that citizens of post-colonial countries may be more at risk for this problem due to weaker legal enforcement via a vis big tech or even a lack of any laws on data privacy. [needs links] -**Deontological ethics**: + Deonological ethics could be contrasted with consequentialism. In this ethical approach actions must be weighed regardless of conseuqences or in spite of them as would be the case in the story of [(Immanuel) Kant's axe](https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/culture/philosophy/kants-axe). -**Doctrine of Double effect**: From 13d53d0162c6fc9a468dc9ecdbd7171b8dec72ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Candace Moore Date: Fri, 10 Nov 2023 13:27:58 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 08/11] go3 --- reference.md | 18 ++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/reference.md b/reference.md index cc1aa9f..6af44fb 100644 --- a/reference.md +++ b/reference.md @@ -29,21 +29,22 @@ title: Glossary - **Data Colonialism**: A description of the capture of human related and generated data on individuals e.g. your social mediat activity by actors such as large corporations for their gain including financial and other types of gain (behavioural coercion) as a new form of colonialism. An interesting note is that citizens of post-colonial countries may be more at risk for this problem due to weaker legal enforcement via a vis big tech or even a lack of any laws on data privacy. [needs links] --**Deontological ethics**: +- **Deontological ethics**: Deonological ethics could be contrasted with consequentialism. In this ethical approach actions must be weighed regardless of conseuqences or in spite of them as would be the case in the story of [(Immanuel) Kant's axe](https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/culture/philosophy/kants-axe). --**Doctrine of Double effect**: +- **Doctrine of Double effect**: This doctrine was outlined by Thomas Aquinas. It states that actions may have both an intended and unintended effect, and we are morally responsible for the intended effect so long as the unintended effect was not our goal. The classic example is one of civilian deaths when targetting combatants in a war. This is viewed as acceptable so long as it was not the goal. Can we apply such a doctrine in the case of offensive content stickers for Facebook users in Mynmar? A side effect was that they increased interaction i.e. "maximized engagement" amplifying messages of anti-Rohingya hatred. --**Epistemology**: +- **Epistemology**: A branch of philosophy concerned with th structure and basis of knowledge. - **FAT algorithm**: An algorithm with fairness, accountability and transparency. These qualities can be contrasted to those of many algorithms critical to modern life as pointed out by many scholars including Cathy O'Niel Harris in her book 'Weapons of Math Destruction' who posits it is very common for algorithmic tools to be opaque and difficult to contest. --**Helsinki declaration**: +- **Helsinki declaration**: + The Helinksi declaration is essentially a global guideline that is codified locally in countries to help define ethical boandaries around human medical experiments. Respect for the individual, consent and consideration for their well-being. Along with the Nuremberg code it is the backbone of the globally accepted code for ethical aspects of human research. - **Hypernudge**: @@ -58,18 +59,19 @@ title: Glossary Justice has been a theme in philosophy and ethics since at least the time of Plato. It is often interpreted to mean individuals should be treated imparitally. Justice is a pillar of medical ethics. In terms of medical ethics justice implies treating all people fairly and in the spirit of equality. --**Nuremberg Code**: - -**Long termism**: Long termism a philosophical stance popular among techno-solutionists and others in the effective altruism movement. According to this stance we must prioritize future lives, even lives in the distant future as of equal moral weight to those of lives today. The term is new, only coinced in 2017 by philosophers William MacAskill and Toby Ord, but the concept that we should think of future generations has strong roots in multiple cultures. Longg termist ideas tend to differ from traditional convential ideas on helping future generation in the scale of the future they imagine, and the type of threats and goals they ponder i.e. AI apocylism, transhumanism etc. - **Nonmalevolence**: -...is a pillar of medical ethics. +Nonmalevolence is a pillar of medical ethics. It implies acting towards patients in a way to 'do no harm' or "primum, non nocere". + - **Nuremberg Code**: + The Nuremberg code is a globally accepted code about experiments in humans. It was established in the aftermath of world war II, during which horrific and unethical experiments were carried out on prisoners. - **Privacy**: + Privacy implies freedom from the extraction and sharing of sensitive personal information. Most research protocols must be made to consider the privacy of participants. - **Paternalism**: The attitude that some degree of coercion and manipulation of individuals by others with more power and authority is desirable. While paternalism contrasts with autonomy, it is actually implicitly a value in the way many laws are written. Lawmakers decide if you must take certain actions which may only effect yourself such as voluntary euthenasia (in some cases). @@ -89,6 +91,6 @@ title: Glossary Utilitarianism is an ethical stance first articulated by Jeremy Bentham. According to a utilitarianist perspective we should make the most people the most happy, and the least people unhappy and this can be determined or at least modeled with simple arithematic. Since most actions do not effect all people, we can think about stakeholders. However it should be noted that environmental degredation caused by AI production may mean every human is a stakeholder. --**Virtue ethics**: +- **Virtue ethics**: From f748a5dea5eec00a9a4ec84c706e63805e38ae1d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Candace Moore Date: Fri, 10 Nov 2023 13:52:32 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 09/11] spell check --- reference.md | 51 +++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-) diff --git a/reference.md b/reference.md index 6af44fb..96272a3 100644 --- a/reference.md +++ b/reference.md @@ -3,69 +3,62 @@ title: Glossary --- - **AI**: - [Artificial intelligence](https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#artificial_intelligence) can be used to refer to a series of existing algorithm families e.g. machine learning, reinforcement learning, deep learning and generative algorithms but also poential algorithms that can perform tasks one thought to be unique to human intelligence.. + [Artificial intelligence](https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#artificial_intelligence) can be used to refer to a series of existing algorithm families e.g. machine learning, reinforcement learning, deep learning and generative algorithms but also potential algorithms that can perform tasks one thought to be unique to human intelligence.. - **Algorithmic bias**: [Algorithmic bias](https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#algorithmic_bias) refers to bias in an algorithm, and is often particularly problematic with algorithms meant to predict human behaviour e.g. criminality or diagnose medical conditions.. - **Augmented Data**: - Augmented data is data created by manipulation of original raw data in a dataset. In the case of images this might be something like an affine transform or a contrast enhancement, although in this example only the affine transform allows full recovery of original data, both could allow re-identification of original data. All kinds of data could be augmented to produce more training material for AI algorithms. check for Glossario link? + Augmented data is data created by manipulation of original raw data in a dataset. In the case of images this might be something like an affine transform or a contrast enhancement, although in this example only the affine transform allows full recovery of original data, both could allow re-identification of original data. All kinds of data could be augmented to produce more training material for AI algorithms. - **Automation Bias**: - The tendency to trust or favor machine generated results over human ones. We may have tendencies to ignore contrary data, especially if it is human generated. Humans may tend towards low cognitive effort decisions. This issue has a longer history of research in the aviation industry, where there may be lessons to be learned. + The tendency to trust or favour machine generated results over human ones. We may have tendencies to ignore contrary data, especially if it is human generated. Humans may tend towards low cognitive effort decisions. This issue has a longer history of research in the aviation industry, where there may be lessons to be learned. - **Autonomy**: - The idea that individuals should be independant in making choices and controling their future. Autonomy is a pillar of medical ethics. + The idea that individuals should be independent in making choices and controlling their future. Autonomy is a pillar of medical ethics. - **Beneficence**: Beneficence is a pillar of medical ethics which implies acting for the good or benefit of individual patients. - **The Chinese room argument**: - The [chinese room argument](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/chinese-room/) is a well know philisophical argument about a computer program by John Searl interpreted by many to imply that the Turing test is inadequte to diagnose true understanding and intelligence. + The [Chinese room argument](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/chinese-room/) is a well know philosophical argument about a computer program by John Searle interpreted by many to imply that the Turing test is inadequate to diagnose true understanding and intelligence. -- **Conseuquentialism**: +- **Consequentialism**: Consequentialism is the ethical stance that we must weight the consequences of our actions to understand their morality. Taken to a logical end this would mean actions commonly understood as morally deficient e.g. murder, might be the ethical best choices depending upon the circumstance. - **Data Colonialism**: - A description of the capture of human related and generated data on individuals e.g. your social mediat activity by actors such as large corporations for their gain including financial and other types of gain (behavioural coercion) as a new form of colonialism. An interesting note is that citizens of post-colonial countries may be more at risk for this problem due to weaker legal enforcement via a vis big tech or even a lack of any laws on data privacy. [needs links] + A description of the capture of human related and generated data on individuals e.g. your social media activity by actors such as large corporations for their gain including financial and other types of gain (behavioural coercion) as a new form of colonialism. An interesting note is that citizens of post-colonial countries may be more at risk for this problem due to weaker legal enforcement via a vis big tech or even a lack of any laws on data privacy. - **Deontological ethics**: - Deonological ethics could be contrasted with consequentialism. In this ethical approach actions must be weighed regardless of conseuqences or in spite of them as would be the case in the story of [(Immanuel) Kant's axe](https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/culture/philosophy/kants-axe). + Deontological ethics could be contrasted with consequentialism. In this ethical approach actions must be weighed regardless of consequences or in spite of them as would be the case in the story of [(Immanuel) Kant's axe](https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/culture/philosophy/kants-axe). - **Doctrine of Double effect**: - This doctrine was outlined by Thomas Aquinas. It states that actions may have both an intended and unintended effect, and we are morally responsible for the intended effect so long as the unintended effect was not our goal. The classic example is one of civilian deaths when targetting combatants in a war. This is viewed as acceptable so long as it was not the goal. Can we apply such a doctrine in the case of offensive content stickers for Facebook users in Mynmar? A side effect was that they increased interaction i.e. "maximized engagement" amplifying messages of anti-Rohingya hatred. + This doctrine was outlined by Thomas Aquinas. It states that actions may have both an intended and unintended effect, and we are morally responsible for the intended effect so long as the unintended effect was not our goal. The classic example is one of civilian deaths when targeting combatants in a war. This is viewed as acceptable so long as it was not the goal. Can we apply such a doctrine in the case of offensive content stickers for Facebook users in Mynmar? A side effect was that they increased interaction i.e. "maximized engagement" amplifying messages of anti-Rohingya hatred. - **Epistemology**: - A branch of philosophy concerned with th structure and basis of knowledge. - + A branch of philosophy concerned with the structure and basis of knowledge. - **FAT algorithm**: An algorithm with fairness, accountability and transparency. These qualities can be contrasted to those of many algorithms critical to modern life as pointed out by many scholars including Cathy O'Niel Harris in her book 'Weapons of Math Destruction' who posits it is very common for algorithmic tools to be opaque and difficult to contest. - - **Helsinki declaration**: - The Helinksi declaration is essentially a global guideline that is codified locally in countries to help define ethical boandaries around human medical experiments. Respect for the individual, consent and consideration for their well-being. Along with the Nuremberg code it is the backbone of the globally accepted code for ethical aspects of human research. + The Helsinki declaration is essentially a global guideline that is codified locally in countries to help define ethical boundaries around human medical experiments. Respect for the individual, consent and consideration for their well-being. Along with the Nuremberg code it is the backbone of the globally accepted code for ethical aspects of human research. - **Hypernudge**: - A relatively (2017) new term to descibe an intentional system of algorithmic human behavioural regulation based on data collection and interaction without explicit use of force and coercion. Depending upon the scholar defining it, these nudges may also be adaptive, changing over time as the user behaviour changes. Hypernudging is different from simple nudging, even in digital form, in that it involves personalized data driving choice environments. For example a social media platform may have a feed which offers certain choices, meant to influence behavious, prominently, and others not at all; all based on AI based profiles of the user. This can be argued implications in terms autonomy versus paternalism and non-manipulation which may imply non-malevolnce. - + A relatively (2017) new term to describe an intentional system of algorithmic human behavioural regulation based on data collection and interaction without explicit use of force and coercion. Depending upon the scholar defining it, these nudges may also be adaptive, changing over time as the user behaviour changes. Hypernudging is different from simple nudging, even in digital form, in that it involves personalized data driving choice environments. For example a social media platform may have a feed which offers certain choices, meant to influence behaviours, prominently, and others not at all; all based on AI based profiles of the user. This can be argued implications in terms autonomy versus paternalism and non-manipulation which may imply non-malevolence. - **Impossibility theory**: - The idea that in terms of predictive algorithms expect in two specific special cases you can't be fair in traditional social sense, and have the highest performace with a statistcial model. Example, a breast cancer prediction model in the US might perform best overall if it is biased against African-AMerican women (who while less likely to develop the disease, get it earlier if they do, and have a variety of different reasons for differing presentation); and this goes against our notion of fairness that the algorithm should work for everyone and not increase existing discrepancies. The special cases where impossibility theory is believed to not hold are when your algorithm is 100% accurate for all, or the distribution of an outcome is exactly equal across all groups. - + The idea that in terms of predictive algorithms expect in two specific special cases you can't be fair in traditional social sense, and have the highest performance with a statistical model. Example, a breast cancer prediction model in the US might perform best overall if it is biased against African-American women (who while less likely to develop the disease, get it earlier if they do, and have a variety of different reasons for differing presentation); and this goes against our notion of fairness that the algorithm should work for everyone and not increase existing discrepancies. The special cases where impossibility theory is believed to not hold are when your algorithm is 100% accurate for all, or the distribution of an outcome is exactly equal across all groups. - **Justice**: - Justice has been a theme in philosophy and ethics since at least the time of Plato. It is often interpreted to mean individuals should be treated imparitally. Justice is a pillar of medical ethics. In terms of medical ethics justice implies treating all people fairly and in the spirit of equality. - + Justice has been a theme in philosophy and ethics since at least the time of Plato. It is often interpreted to mean individuals should be treated impartially. Justice is a pillar of medical ethics. In terms of medical ethics justice implies treating all people fairly and in the spirit of equality. -**Long termism**: - Long termism a philosophical stance popular among techno-solutionists and others in the effective altruism movement. According to this stance we must prioritize future lives, even lives in the distant future as of equal moral weight to those of lives today. The term is new, only coinced in 2017 by philosophers William MacAskill and Toby Ord, but the concept that we should think of future generations has strong roots in multiple cultures. Longg termist ideas tend to differ from traditional convential ideas on helping future generation in the scale of the future they imagine, and the type of threats and goals they ponder i.e. AI apocylism, transhumanism etc. - + Long termism a philosophical stance popular among techno-solutionists and others in the effective altruism movement. According to this stance we must prioritize future lives, even lives in the distant future as of equal moral weight to those of lives today. The term is new, only coined in 2017 by philosophers William MacAskill and Toby Ord, but the concept that we should think of future generations has strong roots in multiple cultures. Long termism ideas tend to differ from traditional conventional ideas on helping future generation in the scale of the future they imagine, and the type of threats and goals they ponder i.e. AI apocylipsism, transhumanism etc. - **Nonmalevolence**: -Nonmalevolence is a pillar of medical ethics. It implies acting towards patients in a way to 'do no harm' or "primum, non nocere". - +Non-malevolence is a pillar of medical ethics. It implies acting towards patients in a way to 'do no harm' or "primum, non nocere". - **Nuremberg Code**: The Nuremberg code is a globally accepted code about experiments in humans. It was established in the aftermath of world war II, during which horrific and unethical experiments were carried out on prisoners. @@ -74,23 +67,25 @@ Nonmalevolence is a pillar of medical ethics. It implies acting towards patients Privacy implies freedom from the extraction and sharing of sensitive personal information. Most research protocols must be made to consider the privacy of participants. - **Paternalism**: - The attitude that some degree of coercion and manipulation of individuals by others with more power and authority is desirable. While paternalism contrasts with autonomy, it is actually implicitly a value in the way many laws are written. Lawmakers decide if you must take certain actions which may only effect yourself such as voluntary euthenasia (in some cases). - + The attitude that some degree of coercion and manipulation of individuals by others with more power and authority is desirable. While paternalism contrasts with autonomy, it is actually implicitly a value in the way many laws are written. Lawmakers decide if you must take certain actions which may only effect yourself such as voluntary euthanasia (in some cases). - **Protected Attribute**: In the lingo of machine learning fairness/bias work, this is a human attribute (often an immutable attribute of birth like 'race') that is known to cause discrimination, but already protected by anti-discrimination laws for protected classes. - **Researcher Positionality**: + Researcher positionality is related to any individual researchers beliefs and positions as they influence the research they carry out. It is a well known idea that the beliefs and values of a researcher will be influenced by their gender, religion, social class, ethnic background and other sensitive characteristics. The background of the researcher as well as the subjects, and context all create a certain positionality which may in turn effect research design and execution. - **Stochastic Parrot**: + A term popularized after the [Bender, Gebru, McMilland and Mitchel paper](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3442188.3445922) whose title included an emoji. The term has come to imply a large language model with production of human sounding responses but no true intelligence or comprehension. - **Synthetic Data**: - Sythnetic data is data which resembles real data but is made by processes other than simple data augmentation. In some "synthetic" datasets there may be a risk to reconstruct parts of the original data. If the data was about humans e.g. hospital records, this potentially raises privacy issues. + Synthetic data is data which resembles real data but is made by processes other than simple data augmentation. In some "synthetic" datasets there may be a risk to reconstruct parts of the original data. If the data was about humans e.g. hospital records, this potentially raises privacy issues. - **Utilitarianism**: - Utilitarianism is an ethical stance first articulated by Jeremy Bentham. According to a utilitarianist perspective we should make the most people the most happy, and the least people unhappy and this can be determined or at least modeled with simple arithematic. Since most actions do not effect all people, we can think about stakeholders. However it should be noted that environmental degredation caused by AI production may mean every human is a stakeholder. - + Utilitarianism is an ethical stance first articulated by Jeremy Bentham. According to a utilitarianist perspective we should make the most people the most happy, and the least people unhappy and this can be determined or at least modelled with simple arithmetic. Since most actions do not effect all people, we can think about stakeholders. However it should be noted that environmental degradation caused by AI production may mean every human is a stakeholder. - **Virtue ethics**: + [Vitrue ethics](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-virtue/) can be contrasted with both consequentialism and deontological approaches. This approach emphasized benevolent and moral actions over consequences or unmoving rules. + From 6e7d54f15331bb363c51220ea6085776cab939b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Candace Moore Date: Fri, 10 Nov 2023 13:54:19 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 10/11] new title --- reference.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/reference.md b/reference.md index 96272a3..0113315 100644 --- a/reference.md +++ b/reference.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ --- title: Glossary ---- +=============== - **AI**: [Artificial intelligence](https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#artificial_intelligence) can be used to refer to a series of existing algorithm families e.g. machine learning, reinforcement learning, deep learning and generative algorithms but also potential algorithms that can perform tasks one thought to be unique to human intelligence.. @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ title: Glossary - **Justice**: Justice has been a theme in philosophy and ethics since at least the time of Plato. It is often interpreted to mean individuals should be treated impartially. Justice is a pillar of medical ethics. In terms of medical ethics justice implies treating all people fairly and in the spirit of equality. --**Long termism**: +- **Long termism**: Long termism a philosophical stance popular among techno-solutionists and others in the effective altruism movement. According to this stance we must prioritize future lives, even lives in the distant future as of equal moral weight to those of lives today. The term is new, only coined in 2017 by philosophers William MacAskill and Toby Ord, but the concept that we should think of future generations has strong roots in multiple cultures. Long termism ideas tend to differ from traditional conventional ideas on helping future generation in the scale of the future they imagine, and the type of threats and goals they ponder i.e. AI apocylipsism, transhumanism etc. - **Nonmalevolence**: From acd63851af101dc0611b83dabe9cf9060f9adb50 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Candace Moore Date: Fri, 10 Nov 2023 13:55:16 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 11/11] fix title --- reference.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/reference.md b/reference.md index 0113315..6391453 100644 --- a/reference.md +++ b/reference.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ --- -title: Glossary -=============== +Glossary +======== - **AI**: [Artificial intelligence](https://glosario.carpentries.org/en/#artificial_intelligence) can be used to refer to a series of existing algorithm families e.g. machine learning, reinforcement learning, deep learning and generative algorithms but also potential algorithms that can perform tasks one thought to be unique to human intelligence..