Do some more modernization

Author: ckormanyos

code_snippets/appendix0a/appendix0a.sh

@@ -15,18 +15,18 @@ fi
 if [[ "$2" != "" ]]; then
     STD="$2"
 else
-    STD=c++14
+    STD=c++20
 fi
 
 mkdir -p bin
 
 rm -f ./bin/*.*
 
-echo build snippets with GCC=$GCC STD=$STD
+echo build snippets with GCC=${GCC} STD=${STD}
 
-$GCC -std=$STD -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter01_01-001_led_program.cpp   -o ./bin/chapter01_01-001_led_program.exe
-$GCC -std=$STD -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter01_07-001_namespace.cpp     -o ./bin/chapter01_07-001_namespace.exe
-$GCC -std=$STD -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter01_07-002_namespace.cpp     -o ./bin/chapter01_07-002_namespace.exe
+${GCC} -std=${STD} -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter01_01-001_led_program.cpp   -o ./bin/chapter01_01-001_led_program.exe
+${GCC} -std=${STD} -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter01_07-001_namespace.cpp     -o ./bin/chapter01_07-001_namespace.exe
+${GCC} -std=${STD} -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter01_07-002_namespace.cpp     -o ./bin/chapter01_07-002_namespace.exe
 
 ls -la \
 ./bin/chapter01_01-001_led_program.exe \
@@ -35,6 +35,6 @@ ls -la \
 
 result_ls=$?
 
-echo "result_ls: "  "$result_ls"
+echo "result_ls: "  "${result_ls}"
 
-exit $result_ls
+exit ${result_ls}

code_snippets/chapter01/chapter01.sh

@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
 #
-#  Copyright Christopher Kormanyos 2023.
+#  Copyright Christopher Kormanyos 2023 - 2025.
 #  Distributed under the Boost Software License,
 #  Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt
 #  or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
 #
+#  cd /mnt/c/Users/ckorm/Documents/Ks/uC_Software/Boards/real-time-cpp/code_snippets/chapter04
+#  ./chapter04.sh g++ c++20
+#
 
 if [[ "$1" != "" ]]; then
     GCC="$1"
@@ -15,24 +18,24 @@ fi
 if [[ "$2" != "" ]]; then
     STD="$2"
 else
-    STD=c++14
+    STD=c++20
 fi
 
 mkdir -p bin
 
 rm -f ./bin/*.*
 
-echo build snippets with GCC=$GCC STD=$STD
+echo build snippets with GCC=${GCC} STD=${STD}
 
-$GCC -std=$STD -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter04_01-001_led_hierarchy.cpp             -o ./bin/chapter04_01-001_led_hierarchy.exe
-$GCC -std=$STD -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter04_04-001_dynamic_polymorphism.cpp      -o ./bin/chapter04_04-001_dynamic_polymorphism.exe
-$GCC -std=$STD -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter04_04-002_dynamic_polymorphism_cast.cpp -o ./bin/chapter04_04-002_dynamic_polymorphism_cast.exe
-$GCC -std=$STD -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter04_04-003_dynamic_polymorphism_ref.cpp  -o ./bin/chapter04_04-003_dynamic_polymorphism_ref.exe
-$GCC -std=$STD -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter04_07-001_led_hierarchy_uses_pwm.cpp    -o ./bin/chapter04_07-001_led_hierarchy_uses_pwm.exe
-$GCC -std=$STD -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter04_08-001_const_com_class.cpp           -o ./bin/chapter04_08-001_const_com_class.exe
-$GCC -std=$STD -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter04_08-002_nonconst_com_class.cpp        -o ./bin/chapter04_08-002_nonconst_com_class.exe
-if [[ "$GCC" == "g++" ]]; then
-$GCC -std=$STD -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter04_08-003_poll_communication.cpp        -o ./bin/chapter04_08-003_poll_communication.exe
+${GCC} -std=$STD -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter04_01-001_led_hierarchy.cpp             -o ./bin/chapter04_01-001_led_hierarchy.exe
+${GCC} -std=$STD -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter04_04-001_dynamic_polymorphism.cpp      -o ./bin/chapter04_04-001_dynamic_polymorphism.exe
+${GCC} -std=$STD -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter04_04-002_dynamic_polymorphism_cast.cpp -o ./bin/chapter04_04-002_dynamic_polymorphism_cast.exe
+${GCC} -std=$STD -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter04_04-003_dynamic_polymorphism_ref.cpp  -o ./bin/chapter04_04-003_dynamic_polymorphism_ref.exe
+${GCC} -std=$STD -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter04_07-001_led_hierarchy_uses_pwm.cpp    -o ./bin/chapter04_07-001_led_hierarchy_uses_pwm.exe
+${GCC} -std=$STD -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter04_08-001_const_com_class.cpp           -o ./bin/chapter04_08-001_const_com_class.exe
+${GCC} -std=$STD -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter04_08-002_nonconst_com_class.cpp        -o ./bin/chapter04_08-002_nonconst_com_class.exe
+if [[ "${GCC}" == "g++" ]]; then
+${GCC} -std=${STD} -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter04_08-003_poll_communication.cpp        -o ./bin/chapter04_08-003_poll_communication.exe
 fi
 
 
@@ -69,6 +72,6 @@ else
   echo Compile fail is OK
 fi
 
-echo "result_all: "  "$result_all"
+echo "result_all: "  "${result_all}"
 
-exit $result_all
+exit ${result_all}

code_snippets/chapter03/chapter03.sh

@@ -1,63 +1,73 @@
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-//  Copyright Christopher Kormanyos 2018 - 2023.
+//  Copyright Christopher Kormanyos 2018 - 2025.
 //  Distributed under the Boost Software License,
 //  Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt
 //  or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
 //
 
 // chapter04_01-001_led_hierarchy.cpp
-// See also https://godbolt.org/z/7MzKGEevh
+// See also https://godbolt.org/z/b4e5E1M8q
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cstdint>
-#include <iostream>
 
 class led_base
 {
 public:
-  virtual void toggle() = 0;     // Pure abstract.
-  virtual ~led_base() = default; // Virtual destructor.
+  // Virtual default destructor.
+  virtual ~led_base() = default;
+
+  // Pure virtual.
+  virtual auto toggle() noexcept -> void = 0;
 
   // Interface for querying the LED state.
-  constexpr auto state_is_on() const noexcept -> bool { return is_on; }
+  auto state_is_on() const noexcept
+    -> bool { return is_on; }
 
-  // Non-implemented (deleted) copy constructors.
-  led_base(const led_base&) = delete;
-  led_base(led_base&&) noexcept = delete;
+protected:
+  // A protected default constructor.
+  led_base() = default;
 
-  // Non-implemented (deleted) assignment operators.
-  constexpr auto operator=(const led_base&) -> led_base& = delete;
-  constexpr auto operator=(led_base&&) noexcept -> led_base& = delete;
+  auto set_is_on(const bool val) noexcept
+    -> void { is_on = val; }
 
-protected:
+private:
   bool is_on { };
 
-  // A protected default constructor.
-  constexpr led_base() = default;
+  // Private non-implemented copy constructor.
+  led_base(const led_base&) = delete;
+
+  // Private non-implemented assignment operator.
+  auto operator=(const led_base&)
+    -> const led_base& = delete;
 };
 
 class led_port : public led_base
 {
 public:
-  using port_type = std::uint8_t;
-  using bval_type = std::uint8_t;
+  using port_type = std::uintptr_t;
+  using bval_type = std::uintptr_t;
 
-  explicit constexpr led_port(const port_type p,
-                              const bval_type b = static_cast<bval_type>(UINT8_C(0)))
-    : port(p),
-      bval(b) { static_cast<void>(bval); }
+  explicit led_port(const port_type p,
+                    const bval_type b) : port(p),
+                                         bval(b)
+  {
+    // ...
+  }
 
   ~led_port() override = default;
 
-  auto toggle() -> void override
+  auto toggle() noexcept -> void override
   {
-    // Toggle the is_on indication flag.
-    is_on = (!is_on);
+    // Toggle the LED.
+    *reinterpret_cast<volatile bval_type*>(port)
+      ^= bval;
 
-    // Show the PC simulated port LED.
-    std::cout << "LED port(" << std::showbase << std::hex << unsigned(port) << "): ";
+    // Toggle the is_on indication flag.
+    const bool val_on
+      { (!led_base::state_is_on()) };
 
-    std::cout << (is_on ? "is on" : "is off") << std::endl;
+    led_base::set_is_on(val_on);
   }
 
 private:
@@ -101,52 +111,53 @@ class led_pwm : public led_base
 
   ~led_pwm() override = default;
 
-  auto toggle() -> void override
+  auto toggle() noexcept -> void override
   {
     // Toggle the duty cycle.
-    const auto duty =
-      static_cast<std::uint8_t>
-      (
-        (my_pwm->get_duty() > static_cast<std::uint8_t>(UINT8_C(0)))
-          ? static_cast<std::uint8_t>(UINT8_C(0))
-          : static_cast<std::uint8_t>(UINT8_C(100))
-      );
-
-    my_pwm->set_duty(duty);
+    const std::uint8_t duty =
+      (my_pwm->get_duty() > 0U) ? 0U : 100U;
 
     // Toggle the LED with the PWM signal.
-    is_on = (my_pwm->get_duty() > static_cast<std::uint8_t>(UINT8_C(0)));
+    my_pwm->set_duty(duty);
 
-    // Show the PC simulated pwm LED.
-    std::cout << "LED pwm(" << std::dec << static_cast<unsigned>(my_pwm->get_channel()) << "): ";
+    const bool val_on { (duty != 0U) };
 
-    std::cout << (is_on ? "is on" : "is off") << std::endl;
+    led_base::set_is_on(val_on);
   }
 
   // This LED class also supports dimming.
   auto dimming(const std::uint8_t duty) -> void
   {
     my_pwm->set_duty(duty);
-
-    is_on = (duty != static_cast<std::uint8_t>(UINT8_C(0)));
+    led_base::set_is_on(duty != 0U);
   }
 
 private:
-  pwm* my_pwm { nullptr };
+  pwm* my_pwm { };
 };
 
+namespace mcal
+{
+  namespace reg
+  {
+    // Simulate the transmit and receive hardware buffers on the PC.
+    std::uint8_t dummy_register_port0 { };
+    std::uint8_t dummy_register_port1 { };
+  }
+}
+
 namespace
 {
   // Two simulated port LEDs.
   led_port led0
   {
-    static_cast<led_port::port_type>(UINT8_C(0x12)),
+    reinterpret_cast<led_port::port_type>(&mcal::reg::dummy_register_port0),
     static_cast<led_port::bval_type>(UINT8_C(1))
   };
 
   led_port led1
   {
-    static_cast<led_port::port_type>(UINT8_C(0x34)),
+    reinterpret_cast<led_port::port_type>(&mcal::reg::dummy_register_port1),
     static_cast<led_port::bval_type>(UINT8_C(2))
   };