Modernization

.github/workflows/real-time-cpp-snippets.yml

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: host-snippets-all
         run: |
           cd ${{ matrix.chapter }}
-          ./${{ matrix.chapter }}.sh ${{ matrix.compiler }} c++20
+          ./${{ matrix.chapter }}.sh ${{ matrix.compiler }} c++23
         working-directory: ./code_snippets
   host-snippets-chapter06:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest

code_snippets/chapter03/chapter03.sh

@@ -70,6 +70,10 @@ ${GCC} -std=${STD} -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address
 ${GCC} -std=${STD} -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter03_21-001_span.cpp                     -o ./bin/chapter03_21-001_span.exe
 ${GCC} -std=${STD} -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter03_22-001_mersenne_twister_19937.cpp   -o ./bin/chapter03_22-001_mersenne_twister_19937.exe
 ${GCC} -std=${STD} -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter03_22-002_test_random_engines.cpp      -o ./bin/chapter03_22-002_test_random_engines.exe
+if [[ "${GCC}" == "g++" ]]; then
+${GCC} -std=${STD} -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter03_23-001_expected_div_int.cpp         -o ./bin/chapter03_23-001_expected_div_int.exe
+${GCC} -std=${STD} -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter03_23-002_expected_div_integral.cpp    -o ./bin/chapter03_23-002_expected_div_integral.exe
+fi
 
 if [[ "${GCC}" == "g++" ]]; then
 ls -la \
@@ -112,7 +116,9 @@ ls -la \
 ./bin/chapter03_20-002_alias.exe                      \
 ./bin/chapter03_21-001_span.exe                       \
 ./bin/chapter03_22-001_mersenne_twister_19937.exe     \
-./bin/chapter03_22-002_test_random_engines.exe
+./bin/chapter03_22-002_test_random_engines.exe        \
+./bin/chapter03_23-001_expected_div_int.exe           \
+./bin/chapter03_23-002_expected_div_integral.exe
 else
 ls -la \
 ./bin/chapter03_01-001_declare_locals.exe             \

code_snippets/chapter03/chapter03_23-001_expected_div_int.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//  Copyright Christopher Kormanyos 2025.
+//  Distributed under the Boost Software License,
+//  Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//  or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+//
+
+#include <expected>
+#include <iostream>
+
+// chapter03_23-001_expected_div_int.cpp
+
+enum class div_error
+{
+  div_none,
+  div_by_zero
+};
+
+auto safe_divide(int a, int b) noexcept -> std::expected<int, div_error>
+{
+  if (b == 0)
+  {
+    return std::unexpected(div_error::div_by_zero);
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    return a / b;
+  }
+}
+
+auto do_something() -> void
+{
+  // Division by zero.
+  auto result = safe_divide(10, 0);
+
+  if (result.error() == div_error::div_by_zero)
+  {
+    std::cout << "Division by zero" << std::endl;
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    std::cout << "Division ok, result: " << *result << std::endl;
+  }
+
+  result = safe_divide(10, 2);
+
+  if (result.error() == div_error::div_by_zero)
+  {
+    std::cout << "Division by zero" << std::endl;
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    // Division ok, result: 5
+    std::cout << "Division ok, result: " << *result << std::endl;
+  }
+}
+
+auto main() -> int
+{
+  do_something();
+}

code_snippets/chapter03/chapter03_23-002_expected_div_integral.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//  Copyright Christopher Kormanyos 2025.
+//  Distributed under the Boost Software License,
+//  Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//  or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+//
+
+#include <expected>
+#include <iostream>
+
+// chapter03_23-001_expected_div_int.cpp
+
+enum class div_error
+{
+  div_none,
+  div_by_zero
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+auto safe_divide(T a, T b)
+  -> std::enable_if_t<std::is_integral_v<T>,
+                      std::expected<T, div_error>>
+{
+  if (b == T { 0 })
+  {
+    return std::unexpected(div_error::div_by_zero);
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    return a / b;
+  }
+}
+
+auto do_something() -> void
+{
+  // Division by zero.
+  auto result = safe_divide(10U, 0U);
+
+  if (result.error() == div_error::div_by_zero)
+  {
+    std::cout << "Division by zero" << std::endl;
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    std::cout << "Division ok, result: " << *result << std::endl;
+  }
+
+  result = safe_divide(10, 2);
+
+  if (result.error() == div_error::div_by_zero)
+  {
+    std::cout << "Division by zero" << std::endl;
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    // Division ok, result: 5
+    std::cout << "Division ok, result: " << *result << std::endl;
+  }
+}
+
+auto main() -> int
+{
+  do_something();
+}

code_snippets/chapter05/chapter05.sh

@@ -36,16 +36,18 @@ $GCC -std=$STD  -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -Wconversion -Wsign-conversion
 $GCC -std=$STD  -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -Wconversion -Wsign-conversion -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter05_05-002_template_point.cpp                     -o ./bin/chapter05_05-002_template_point.exe
 $GCC -std=$STD  -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -Wconversion -Wsign-conversion -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter05_05-003_template_point.cpp                     -o ./bin/chapter05_05-003_template_point.exe
 $GCC -std=$STD  -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -Wconversion -Wsign-conversion -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter05_06-001_template_specialization.cpp            -o ./bin/chapter05_06-001_template_specialization.exe
-$GCC -std=$STD  -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -Wconversion -Wsign-conversion -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter05_06-002_template_point.cpp                     -o ./bin/chapter05_06-002_template_point.exe
+$GCC -std=$STD  -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -Wconversion -Wsign-conversion -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter05_06-002_template_enable_if.cpp                 -o ./bin/chapter05_06-002_template_enable_if.exe
+$GCC -std=$STD  -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -Wconversion -Wsign-conversion -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter05_06-003_template_concepts.cpp                  -o ./bin/chapter05_06-003_template_concepts.exe
+$GCC -std=$STD  -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -Wconversion -Wsign-conversion -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter05_06-004_template_point.cpp                     -o ./bin/chapter05_06-004_template_point.exe
 $GCC -std=$STD  -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -Wconversion -Wsign-conversion -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter05_07-001_led_static_polymorphism.cpp            -o ./bin/chapter05_07-001_led_static_polymorphism.exe
 $GCC -std=$STD  -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -Wconversion -Wsign-conversion -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter05_08-001_using_the_stl.cpp                      -o ./bin/chapter05_08-001_using_the_stl.exe
 $GCC -std=$STD  -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -Wconversion -Wsign-conversion -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter05_08-002_using_the_stl_algo.cpp                 -o ./bin/chapter05_08-002_using_the_stl_algo.exe
 $GCC -std=$STD  -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -Wconversion -Wsign-conversion -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter05_08-003_std_for_each.cpp                       -o ./bin/chapter05_08-003_std_for_each.exe
 $GCC -std=$STD  -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -Wconversion -Wsign-conversion -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter05_09-001_factory_simple.cpp                     -o ./bin/chapter05_09-001_factory_simple.exe
 $GCC -std=$STD  -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -Wconversion -Wsign-conversion -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter05_09-002_factory_variadic_template.cpp          -o ./bin/chapter05_09-002_factory_variadic_template.exe
 $GCC -std=$STD  -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -Wconversion -Wsign-conversion -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter05_10-001_metaprogram_factorial.cpp              -o ./bin/chapter05_10-001_metaprogram_factorial.exe
-$GCC -std=$STD  -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -Wconversion -Wsign-conversion -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter05_10-002_metaprogram_pow10.cpp                  -o ./bin/chapter05_10-002_metaprogram_pow10.exe
-$GCC -std=$STD  -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -Wconversion -Wsign-conversion -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter05_10-003_metaprogram_inner_product.cpp          -o ./bin/chapter05_10-003_metaprogram_inner_product.exe
+$GCC -std=$STD  -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -Wconversion -Wsign-conversion -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter05_10-002_const_eval_pow10.cpp                   -o ./bin/chapter05_10-002_const_eval_pow10.exe
+$GCC -std=$STD  -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -Wconversion -Wsign-conversion -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter05_10-003_const_eval_inner_product.cpp           -o ./bin/chapter05_10-003_const_eval_inner_product.exe
 $GCC -std=$STD  -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -Wconversion -Wsign-conversion -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter05_11-001_tuple_things_simple.cpp                -o ./bin/chapter05_11-001_tuple_things_simple.exe
 $GCC -std=$STD  -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -Wconversion -Wsign-conversion -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter05_11-002_tuple_things_metaprogram.cpp           -o ./bin/chapter05_11-002_tuple_things_metaprogram.exe
 $GCC -std=$STD  -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -Wconversion -Wsign-conversion -O3 -m64 -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=shift -fsanitize=shift-exponent -fsanitize=shift-base -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=null -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -fsanitize=bounds -fsanitize=alignment -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow -fsanitize=enum ./chapter05_11-003_tuple_things_metaprogram.cpp           -o ./bin/chapter05_11-003_tuple_things_metaprogram.exe
@@ -67,16 +69,18 @@ ls -la \
 ./bin/chapter05_05-002_template_point.exe                  \
 ./bin/chapter05_05-003_template_point.exe                  \
 ./bin/chapter05_06-001_template_specialization.exe         \
-./bin/chapter05_06-002_template_point.exe                  \
+./bin/chapter05_06-002_template_enable_if.exe              \
+./bin/chapter05_06-003_template_concepts.exe               \
+./bin/chapter05_06-004_template_point.exe                  \
 ./bin/chapter05_07-001_led_static_polymorphism.exe         \
 ./bin/chapter05_08-001_using_the_stl.exe                   \
 ./bin/chapter05_08-002_using_the_stl_algo.exe              \
 ./bin/chapter05_08-003_std_for_each.exe                    \
 ./bin/chapter05_09-001_factory_simple.exe                  \
 ./bin/chapter05_09-002_factory_variadic_template.exe       \
 ./bin/chapter05_10-001_metaprogram_factorial.exe           \
-./bin/chapter05_10-002_metaprogram_pow10.exe               \
-./bin/chapter05_10-003_metaprogram_inner_product.exe       \
+./bin/chapter05_10-002_const_eval_pow10.exe                \
+./bin/chapter05_10-003_const_eval_inner_product.exe        \
 ./bin/chapter05_11-001_tuple_things_simple.exe             \
 ./bin/chapter05_11-002_tuple_things_metaprogram.exe        \
 ./bin/chapter05_11-003_tuple_things_metaprogram.exe        \

code_snippets/chapter05/chapter05_06-001_template_specialization.cpp

@@ -1,52 +1,34 @@
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-//  Copyright Christopher Kormanyos 2017 - 2018.
+//  Copyright Christopher Kormanyos 2017 - 2025.
 //  Distributed under the Boost Software License,
 //  Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt
 //  or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
 //
 
 #include <iostream>
+#include <string>
 
 // chapter05_06-001_template_specialization.cpp
 
-// The original add template function.
+// Generic add template function.
 template<typename T>
-T add(const T& a, const T& b)
+auto add(T a, T b) -> T
 {
   return a + b;
 }
 
-// Make template specializations of add() with
-// easy-to-detect errors for float, double
-// and long double.
-
-template<>
-float add<float>(const float&, const float&)
-{
-  // Explicitly create an erroneous result!
-  return 0.0F;
-}
-
+// Specialize add() for the type int.
 template<>
-double add<double>(const double&, const double&)
+auto add<int>(int a, int b) -> int
 {
-  // Explicitly create an erroneous result!
-  return 0.0;
+  return a + b;
 }
 
-template<>
-long double add<long double>(const long double&,
-                             const long double&)
+auto main() -> int
 {
-  // Explicitly create an erroneous result!
-  return 0.0L;
-}
+  // Add with generic template to get result "abcxyz".
+  std::cout << add(std::string("abc"), std::string("xyz")) << std::endl;
 
-int main()
-{
-  // 3
+  // Add with specialized template to get result 3.
   std::cout << add(1, 2) << std::endl;
-
-  // 0
-  std::cout << add(1.0F, 2.0F) << std::endl;
 }

code_snippets/chapter05/chapter05_06-002_template_enable_if.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//  Copyright Christopher Kormanyos 2017 - 2025.
+//  Distributed under the Boost Software License,
+//  Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//  or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+//
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+// chapter05_06-002_template_enable_if.cpp
+
+// The original add template function.
+template<typename T>
+auto add(T a, T b) noexcept
+  -> std::enable_if_t<!std::is_floating_point_v<T>, T>
+{
+  return a + b;
+}
+
+// Easy-to-detect errors for float, double
+// and long double.
+
+template<typename T>
+auto add(T, T) noexcept
+  -> std::enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point_v<T>, T>
+{
+  // Explicitly create an erroneous result!
+  return T { 0.0F };
+}
+
+auto main() -> int;
+
+auto main() -> int
+{
+  // 3
+  std::cout << add(1, 2) << std::endl;
+
+  // 0
+  std::cout << add(1.0F, 2.0F) << std::endl;
+}