Convert AST nodes to frozen dataclasses (70% faster decode, 40% faster parsing)

[corydolphin]

Refactor all of the GraphQL AST Nodes to use Python dataclasses to provide
better type safety, immutability guarantees, and cleaner code while maintaining
backwards compatibility with existing APIs.

Benchmark comparison (837f604 base vs dataclasses):

Benchmark	Base	Dataclass	Change
test_parse_large_query	33,108	18,689	44% faster
test_parse_kitchen_sink	577	361	37% faster
test_pickle_large_query_decode	18,520	5,549	70% faster (3x)
test_pickle_large_query_encode	9,038	4,117	54% faster (2x)
test_pickle_large_query_round	28,048	10,206	64% faster (3x)
test_many_repeated_fields	15,918	14,909	6% faster
test_execute_basic_sync	310	292	6% faster
test_execute_basic_async	354	338	5% faster

Thank you for contributing to GraphQL-core!

If your pull-request is non-trivial, adds a feature or contains a non-breaking change, then please, first open an issue to discuss the proposed changes and add a link to that issue.

GraphQL-core tries very hard to stay within the scope of being just a Python port of GraphQL.js.

Any additional feature or incompatible change will be only accepted in rare cases and requires a compelling reason, because they aggravate maintenance and synchronization with the developments in the upstream project. So please discuss such changes upfront in an issue before sending a PR. Maybe there are other ways to solve the problem.

If possible, also add unit tests, or provide runnable example code as part of the accompanying issue, from which unit tests can be derived.

[corydolphin]

This change is part of the following stack:

• Add Serialization Benchmark #8
  • Use tuples for all AST collection fields (instead of lists) #9
    • Update minimum Python version to 3.10 #10
      • Make visitor immutable-friendly #11
        • Fix tests to use proper AST node construction and types #12
          • Fix parser type safety for stricter AST types #13
            • Convert AST nodes to frozen dataclasses (70% faster decode, 40% faster parsing) #14 ◀

_{Change managed by git-spice.}