Add ADR-004: Explicit timeout required for all lock operations

- All lock acquisition methods MUST require explicit TimeoutDuration parameter
- No default timeout, no 'wait forever' convenience methods
- Production safety: prevents accidental infinite waits
- Self-documenting code: timeout value signals expected lock contention
- Consistent with PostgreSQL best practices

Author: antonkomarev

adr/adr-004-explicit-timeout-everywhere.md

@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+# ADR-004: Explicit timeout required for all lock operations
+
+## Status
+
+Accepted
+
+## Context
+
+When acquiring locks, developers must decide how long to wait for lock availability. There are several approaches:
+
+1. **Optional timeout with default** — `acquire($timeout = null)` where `null` means "wait forever"
+2. **Separate methods** — `tryAcquire()` (non-blocking) vs `acquire()` (blocking forever) vs `acquireWithTimeout($timeout)`
+3. **Explicit timeout everywhere** — All methods require explicit `TimeoutDuration` parameter
+
+The choice affects:
+- API verbosity
+- Risk of accidental infinite blocking
+- Clarity of developer intent
+- Consistency across the library
+
+## Decision
+
+**All lock acquisition methods MUST require an explicit `TimeoutDuration` parameter.**
+
+There is no "default timeout" and no "wait forever" convenience method.
+
+### Rationale
+
+1. **Explicit intent over convenience**
+   - Forcing timeout specification makes developers think about lock contention scenarios
+   - No accidental infinite waits that hang production systems
+   - Clear documentation: "how long is this willing to wait?"
+
+2. **Consistent API surface**
+   - `tryAcquire(TimeoutDuration::zero())` — non-blocking
+   - `tryAcquire(TimeoutDuration::ofSeconds(5))` — 5-second timeout
+   - `tryAcquire(TimeoutDuration::ofMinutes(1))` — 1-minute timeout
+   - No special cases, no optional parameters, no nulls
+
+3. **Production safety**
+   - Infinite blocking is almost never correct in production
+   - If truly needed: `TimeoutDuration::ofHours(24)` makes intent explicit
+   - Code review catches unreasonable timeouts
+
+4. **Alignment with PostgreSQL philosophy**
+   - PostgreSQL `lock_timeout` setting requires explicit value
+   - No "wait forever" is recommended practice
+   - Library enforces good practices by design
+
+### Examples
+
+```php
+// ✅ GOOD: Explicit timeout, clear intent
+$lock->tryAcquire(TimeoutDuration::zero()); // immediate
+$lock->tryAcquire(TimeoutDuration::ofSeconds(5)); // 5s max
+$lock->tryAcquire(TimeoutDuration::ofMilliseconds(100)); // 100ms max
+
+// ❌ BAD: Would allow these anti-patterns if timeout was optional
+$lock->tryAcquire(); // unclear: blocking or non-blocking?
+$lock->acquire(); // dangerous: infinite wait
+$lock->acquire(null); // ambiguous: what does null mean?
+```
+
+## Consequences
+
+### Positive
+
+- **No accidental infinite waits** — Every lock operation has bounded wait time
+- **Self-documenting code** — Timeout value signals expected lock contention
+- **Easier debugging** — No mystery hangs from forgotten timeout configuration
+- **Consistent with library philosophy** — Transaction-level locks preferred (auto-release), session-level as escape hatch with explicit bounds
+
+### Negative
+
+- **Slightly more verbose** — Must write `TimeoutDuration::zero()` instead of just `tryAcquire()`
+- **No "blocking acquire"** — If you need long timeout, must specify large value explicitly
+
+### Mitigation
+
+The verbosity cost is minimal:
+- `TimeoutDuration::zero()` is 22 characters — acceptable for safety gained
+- IDE autocomplete makes it fast to type
+- Named constructors are readable: `ofSeconds(5)` is clearer than `5000` milliseconds
+
+## Alternatives Considered
+
+### Alternative 1: Optional timeout with sensible default
+
+```php
+public function tryAcquire(
+    ?TimeoutDuration $timeout = null,
+ ): bool {
+    $timeout ??= TimeoutDuration::ofSeconds(30); // default
+    // ...
+}
+```
+
+**Rejected because:**
+- Hidden default makes code less clear
+- What is "sensible" varies by use case (background job vs user request vs batch process)
+- Default encourages not thinking about timeout strategy
+
+### Alternative 2: Separate methods for blocking vs non-blocking
+
+```php
+public function tryAcquire(): bool; // non-blocking
+public function acquireWithTimeout(TimeoutDuration $t): bool; // explicit timeout
+public function acquire(): void; // blocking forever, throws on failure
+```
+
+**Rejected because:**
+- Three methods instead of one increases API surface
+- `acquire()` encourages infinite blocking (bad practice)
+- Inconsistent: why does one need timeout but others don't?
+
+### Alternative 3: Global timeout configuration
+
+```php
+$lock = new PostgresSessionLock(
+    $connection,
+    $key,
+    defaultTimeout: TimeoutDuration::ofSeconds(30),
+);
+$lock->tryAcquire(); // uses configured default
+```
+
+**Rejected because:**
+- Still allows per-call override → two ways to do same thing
+- Default stored in object state → less visible at call site
+- What if different operations need different timeouts?
+
+## Implementation Notes
+
+### For stateless `PostgresAdvisoryLocker`
+
+All public methods require `TimeoutDuration $timeoutDuration` parameter:
+
+```php
+public function acquireTransactionLevelLock(
+    ConnectionAdapterInterface $dbConnection,
+    PostgresLockKey $key,
+    TimeoutDuration $timeoutDuration, // ✅ Required
+    PostgresLockAccessModeEnum $accessMode = PostgresLockAccessModeEnum::Exclusive,
+): TransactionLevelLockHandle;
+```
+
+**No methods like:**
+- ❌ `tryAcquire()` — ambiguous
+- ❌ `acquire()` — dangerous infinite wait
+- ❌ `acquireOrFail()` — when does it fail?
+
+### For `TimeoutDuration` value object
+
+Consider adding named constructors for common cases:
+
+```php
+final class TimeoutDuration
+{
+    public static function zero(): self;
+    public static function ofMilliseconds(int $ms): self;
+    public static function ofSeconds(int $s): self;
+}
+```
+
+## References
+
+- PostgreSQL lock_timeout documentation: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-client.html#GUC-LOCK-TIMEOUT